糖化酶在丝素膜上的固定化及性质研究

利用丝素作糖化酶的固定化载体,应用包埋法和共价交联法两种方法,制备了固定化糖化酶丝素膜,研究结果表明,共价交联法制备的酶膜活力较高,且回收率可达50%以上;与溶液酶相比,固定化酶的最适温度提高了10℃,热稳定性与贮存稳定性也有了很大提高。     

酶电极法快速测定甘油含量的研究

利用酶固定化技术,以甘油激酶（GK）、甘油-3-磷酸氧化酶（GPO）为反应酶,研究GK、GPO的固定化方法及固定化模式,制备甘油酶膜、甘油酶电极,并利用其测定甘油含量。结果表明,GK、GPO按1：1比例固定化时,酶电极电流信号最高;最高效固定模式为：GK固定于核微孔膜,共价偶联GPO固定于Biodyne膜,形成共价双酶膜,进而组装为甘油酶电极。性能研究表明,甘油酶电极最适pH值为7.0,最佳温度为28~32℃;最佳实验条件下,线性范围为0.05~9.00 g/L;回收率为98.4%~102.4%,稳定性高,相对标准偏差（RSD）<5%;测定结果与高效液相色谱法、高碘酸氧化法比较,无明显差异（P>0.05）,且该方法操作简单,专一性强,检测快速,适于实际生产中甘油的实时定量及监控。     

一种新的检测黄曲霉毒素B1的酶生物传感器的制作

本文报道了一种新的检测黄曲霉毒素B1的生物传感器,该传感器以开管的多壁纳米碳管固定化黄曲霉毒素氧化还原酶制作传感电极检测黄曲霉毒素B1,其线性范围达到0.16μM-3.2μM,当把特异性的黄曲霉毒素B1抗体与黄曲霉毒素氧化还原酶通过多壁纳米碳管共固定化制作修饰电极,传感器的检测限提高到16nM,灵敏度提高了10倍。用这种方法制作黄曲霉毒素酶生物传感器,使黄曲霉毒素酶生物传感器向实用化迈进了一步。     

大孔树脂共吸附固定葡聚糖-脂肪酶催化合成香茅酯

以大孔树脂为载体对脂肪酶和葡聚糖进行共吸附固定,考察葡聚糖的共吸附对脂肪酶固定化效果的影响,并应用所得固定化酶在无溶剂体系催化合成月桂酸香茅酯。结果表明:在固定化过程中添加终质量浓度为0.75mg/m L的葡聚糖可提高固定化酶酶活回收率,使用该固定化酶在无溶剂体系催化月桂酸与香茅醇酯化,酶的催化效率及操作稳定性均有提高。在底物月桂酸与香茅醇物质的量的比为1∶1,加入1 U的固定化脂肪酶,在50℃时无溶剂体系中反应10 h,反应的酯化率达95.3%。添加终质量浓度为0.75 mg/m L的T-20及T-40(葡聚糖相对分子质量为2×10~4和4×10~4)制备的固定化酶可将到达95%酯化率的反应时间缩短至6 h,其中添加T-40的固定化酶经10次连续催化后,仍保持75%以上的催化活性。     

发酵技术中新的生物催化剂—联合固定化系统

常用的固定化生物催化剂是将一种酶或一种微生物固定化,制成固定化酶或固定化细胞。近年来,德国、丹麦等科学家报道了一种新的联合固定化方法。该法是将一种微生物与另一种来源的酶固定在同一载体上,以形成联合固定化系统。目前已报道了两种联合固定化方法,一是将酶首先固定在载体上,再将微生物细胞包埋到固定酶中;二是将一种酶溶液与一种微生物混合,再经戊二醛或单宁等处理得到联合固定化物。丹麦Godtfzedson等人报道了将一种酶交联在葡聚糖凝胶上,再将不溶性的固定化葡聚     

“构象记忆”的辣根过氧化物酶的微水相共价固定化

本研究利用酶在微水溶剂中的"构象记忆"特性,以壳聚糖微球为载体,以辣根过氧化物酶(Horseradish peroxidase,HRP)为研究对象,将HRP于活性构象下冻干"固定"后,在二氧六环:水=99:1(V/V)微水介质中与载体进行共价交联,同时与传统水介质中共价交联固定化的HRP进行比较。结果发现,两种介质中固定化HRP的最适温度都提高到60°C,最适pH均为6.5,而微水相中固定的酶活力损失较低,酶活比传统水相中固定的酶高6倍以上;70°C保温30min后,微水相中固定的酶保留75.42%的活力,而水相中固定的HRP仅存15.4%的活力;微水相中固定的HRP具有更好的操作稳定性和热稳定性,60°C下连续操作5次之后,微水相固定的HRP保留77.69%的酶活,而水相固定的HRP仅存16.67%的酶活;微水相中固定的HRP在苯酚的去除中表现得更具优势;微水相中共价交联制备的CS-HRP-SWCNTs/Au酶修饰电极对H2O2的响应信号比水相中共价固定的酶电极强2.5倍,灵敏度更高。本研究表明利用酶的"构象记忆"在微水介质中进行共价交联是固定化酶的一种可行方法,所制备的固定化酶具有更优良的性质。     

苯醌修饰葡萄糖氧化酶电极

本文用苯醌作为电子传递介体,石墨电极为基础电极。葡萄糖氧化酶和苯醌吸附在石墨电极表面,再用戊二醛交联固定。制成的酶电极以电流法测定底物葡萄糖浓度,其线性响应范围为(0－15mmol/L)。本工作测定了介体改良酶电极对葡萄糖的响应值,酶电极的pH范围,介体的循环伏安图谱,以及温度对酶电极的影响。     

丝素膜固定β—葡萄糖苷酶性质的研究

采用共价法和包埋法将酶固定在丝素蛋白膜上,方法简便易行,制造的酶膜稳定,机械性能好,固定化酶的最适ｐＨ值由４５偏向中性,热稳定性提高,７０℃保存１小时活力几乎不降低,而溶液酶降低８５％左右,同时ｐＨ值稳定性也有所提高,固定化酶膜可用于果酒增香中     

两种固定化载体在谷氨酸传感器研制中的比较

以海藻酸钠和聚乙烯醇为固定化载体,将谷氨酸脱羧酶包埋制成酶膜,与ＣＯ２气敏电极偶联制成谷氨酸生物传感器,经比较研究,用聚乙烯醇包埋制备的传感器,其响应时间,响应值及稳定性均优于海藻酸钠包埋制备的传感器。     

测蔗糖复合酶电极的研究

采用酶电极流动注射分析系统(EFIA),由固定化酶膜包括蔗糖转化酶(INV),葡萄糖变旋酶(MuT)及葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)与氧电极共同组成的复合酶电极用于蔗糖的快速测定。实验确定每张酶膜的最适酶量(Iu比)为lNV：MUT：GOD：72：48：2．4。酶经固定化后,INV与MUT的综合回收活力>42．9％。其最适pH为5．8—6．5。最适温度范围是35—45℃。动态法和稳态法测试的线性范围分别为：5×10^-4—10^-1和10-5—2×10^-3mol／L,响应时间分别<20s和<2 min。实验的重复性良好,变异系数<1．7％。用此酶电极测定以蔗糖为碳源的发酵液中的蔗糖含量,平均回收率达到98％。发酵液中的蔗糖分解产生的葡萄糖对本电极的干扰可通过平行运行的GOD电极来校正。连续使用的寿命至少为120h。比前年报道的14th有了显著的提高。酶膜显示了较好的保存稳定性(30天,保存于4℃蒸馏水中)和一定的抗热性(50℃,30min)。     

Rapid and sensitive galactose oxidase-peroxidase biosensor for galactose detection with prolonged stability

Galactose oxidase was co-immobilised with peroxidase by drop-coating on the surface of a graphite electrode with adsorbed ferrocene. This system offers low detection limit – 0.51 mg galactose l^–1 and fast response: 44 s in phosphate buffer or 25 s in borate buffer. Optimal working potential for galactose detection was 150 mV vs. SCE (saturated calomel electrode) with optimal pH of 7.85. The storage stability was highly improved, more than 12 times in comparison to control without stabilisers, by addition of DEAE-dextran and inositol. During repeated assays for 5.25 h, signal dropped only to 95% of original one. The response was linear in phosphate buffer in the range 1–110 mg l^–1, while in borate buffer linear range was extended to 3–210 mg l^–1 because of chelating effect of borate.     

Expression of plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor mRNA in human fibroblasts grown on different substrates

mRNA levels for urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA), tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) were examined in human diploid (neonatal foreskin) fibroblasts grown in 200-ml microcarrier suspension culture. Four different substrates were used. These included gelatin-coated polystyrene plastic, DEAE-dextran, glass-coated polystyrene plastic and uncoated polystyrene plastic. Our previous studies have shown that culture fluids from diploid fibroblasts grown on DEAE-dextran contained higher levels of plasminogen-dependent fibrinolytic activity than culture fluids from the same cells grown on other substrates. The increased plasminogen activator activity was due largely to elevated amounts of tPA (In Vitro Cell. Develop. Biol. 22: 575–582, 1986). The present study shows that there is a corresponding elevation of tPA mRNA in diploid fibroblasts cultured on DEAE-dextran relative to the other substrates. There does not appear to be any difference in uPA mRNA or in mRNA for PAI-1 or PAI-2 produced by the same cells on the four substrates. These data suggest that the influence of the substrate on plasminogen activator production is mediated at the genetic level.     

Enhancement of simian virus 40 uptake by permissive, semi-permissive and non-permissive cells.

The uptake of simian virus 40 (SV40) by cells that are both non-permissive for virus replication and resistant to virus infection could be enhanced markedly by infecting the cells in presence of DEAE-dextran. Virus uptake by semi-permissive and permissive cells was also enhanced by DEAE-dextran. Optimum enhancement of virus uptake occurred at 100 microgram of DEAE-dextran per ml and under the conditions employed, the polycation was not toxic to cells. The increased cellular uptake of virus may result from the uptake of virus aggregates formed in the presence of DEAE-dextran.     

DEAE-葡聚糖在SHIV病毒TCID50滴定及扩增中的作用

目的 确定DEAE-葡聚糖对CEMx174细胞的半数抑制浓度,明确其在SHIV病毒TCID50滴定及病毒扩增中的促进作用.方法 分别使用含DEAE和无DEAE的DMEM完全培养基测定SHIVchn19p7的TCID50.用无血清DMEM培养基系列稀释DEAE,加入CEMx174细胞,使用cck-8测定细胞破坏率.分别选取DEAE浓度为28.125μg/mL和14.0625μg/mL的无血清DMEM培养基对CEMx174细胞预处理3 h.再加入SHIV-KB9病毒液,定期测定培养上清中的P24水平,同时做正常病毒对照和DEAE-1640对照,比对不同处理下的病毒扩增情况.结果 使用了DEAE后,SHIVchn19p7的TCID50达到了3.16×104TCID50/mL,不使用DEAE,病毒的TCID50测定为阴性.DEAE对CEMx174细胞的IC50为44.85μg/mL.经浓度为28.125μg/mL和14.0625 μg/mL的DEAE预处理后,SHIV-KB9病毒扩增在13 d～17 d达到高峰.而用不含DEAE的1640生长液培养的实验孔在19 d才开始出现阳性反应.结论 高浓度的DEAE对细胞有较强的杀伤作用,低浓度的DEAE对细胞的破坏率较低,并且能显著促进病毒扩增.DEAE在病毒进入细胞的过程中确实起了重要的作用.     

Laccase electrode for direct electrocatalytic reduction of O2 to H2O with high-operational stability and resistance to chloride inhibition

Laccase from Trametes hirsuta basidiomycete has been covalently bound to graphite electrodes electrochemically modified with phenyl derivatives as a way to attach the enzyme molecules with an adequate orientation for direct electron transfer (DET). Current densities up to 0.5mA/cm(2) of electrocatalytic reduction of O(2) to H(2)O were obtained in absence of redox mediators, suggesting preferential orientation of the T1 Cu centre of the laccase towards the electrode. The covalent attachment of the laccase molecules to the functionalized electrodes permitted remarkable operational stability. Moreover, O(2) bioelectroreduction based on DET between the laccase and the electrode was not inhibited by chloride ions, whereas mediated bioelectrocatalysis was. In contrast, fluoride ions inhibited both direct and mediated electron transfers-based bioelectrocatalytic reduction of O(2). Thus, two different modes of laccase inhibition by halides are discussed.     

Substrate-dependent differences in growth and biological properties of fibroblasts and epithelial cells grown in microcarrier culture

Normal diploid human fibroblasts and first passage monkey kidney epithelial cells were examined for growth and metabolic activity on microcarriers made from glass and on microcarriers made from DEAE-dextran. The cells grew to a higher density (cells cm2 of surface area) on the glass microcarriers made from glass and on microcarriers made from DEAE-dextran. The cells grew to a higher density (cells/cm2 of surface area) on the glass microcarriers than they did on the DEAE-dextran microcarriers and morphological differences were observed between the cells growing on the two substrates. On the DEAE-dextran microcarriers, the cells were much more resistant to protease-mediated detachment than were the cells on the glass microcarriers. In these respects, the cells grown on the glass microcarriers were similar to cells grown in conventional monolayer culture. Interestingly, the cells grown on the DEAE-dextran microcarriers expressed higher levels of proteolytic enzyme activity than the cells grown on the glass microcarriers. Substrate-dependent differences in prostaglandin production also occurred--both in unstimulated cells and in cells stimulated with 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate. The unstimulated cells on the glass microcarriers produced slightly higher levels of three different prostaglandins than did the cells on the DEAE-dextran microcarriers. However, after stimulation the levels were much higher in the DEAE-dextran microcarrier cultures than in the glass microcarrier cultures. In contrast to these results, there was no significant, substrate-dependent difference in the production of infectious herpes simplex virus. Taken together, these findings suggest that when commercially-useful cells such as normal fibroblasts and epithelial cells are grown in large quantities on microcarriers, the nature of the substrate may have a profound effect on the growth and physiology of the cells. They also suggest that when microcarriers are used, unexpected results based on preliminary work in conventional monolayer culture may be obtained.     

Efficient gene transfer by sequential treatment of mammalian cells with DEAE-dextran and deoxyribonucleic acid

A variation of the classical DEAE-dextran method of gene transfer was developed for efficient transfection of HeLa cells with plasmid DNA. A brief exposure of the cells to medium containing DEAE-dextran was found to be sufficient for subsequent uptake of pRSVcat and to be superior to cocultivation of the cells with DEAE-dextran plus DNA. This sequential method of gene transfer is nontoxic and yielded up to 60% of HeLa cells positive for a surface protein encoded by the transfected sequence. The implications of this sequential transfection technique regarding the mechanisms of gene transfer are discussed.     

Electrochemical immunosensor based on electron transfer mediated by graphene oxide initiated silver enhancement

A new electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of protein biomarker platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) was developed based on graphene oxide (GO) initiated silver enhancement. The immunosensor was fabricated based on the traditional sandwich protocol using secondary anti-PDGF-BB antibody (Ab(2)) modified GO as label. Gold electrode was first modified with self-assembled monolayer (SAM) to block the electron transfer between the electrode and K(3)Fe(CN)(6) solution. After the immobilization of primary anti-PDGF-BB antibody (Ab(1)) onto electrode via aminidation to the carboxylic group of SAM and the formation of the sandwich immuno-structure onto electrode surface, the electrode was immersed into silver enhancement solution for silver deposition. The deposited metal silver onto GO then mediated electron transfer across the SAM, producing redox current. The resulting immunosensor displays a wide range of linear response, low detection limit, good reproducibility and stability. The immunosensor was used to the detection of PDGF-BB contents in serum samples with satisfactory results.     

Binding of polycation DEAE-dextran to Chinese hamster ovary cells induces reversible Ca2+ influx and inhibits capping of concanavalin A acceptor proteins

Binding of the polycation DEAE-dextran to the cell surface of HA-1 CHO cells caused a marked increase in 45Ca2+ exchange influx. The effect was fairly selective for Ca2+, undirectional (efflux was not increased) and was rapidly reversed by treatment with polyanion dextran sulfate. 45Ca2+ influx could not be stimulated by treatment with multivalent lectins or fibronectin. In addition to stimulating 45Ca2+ flux, DEAE-dextran inhibited the capping of concanavalin-A acceptor proteins. Inhibition of capping occurred over the same DEAE-dextran concentration range (20-200 micrograms/ml) which stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake, possibly implicating increased cellular [Ca2+] in the inhibition of concanavalin A acceptor protein capping in this cell type. The profound effect of DEAE-dextran on cellular Ca2+ uptake and the rapid reversal of the effect by dextran sulfate might make the polycation a useful agent for the induction of transient increases in cellular [Ca2+].     

Investigation of charged polymer influence on green fluorescent protein thermal stability

Methods of stabilization and formulation of proteins are important in both biopharmaceutical and biocatalysis industries. Polymers are often used as modifiers of characteristics of biological macromolecules to improve the biochemical activity and stability of proteins or drug bioavailability. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) shows remarkable structural stability and high fluorescence; its stability can be directly related to its fluorescence output, among other characteristics. GFP is stable under increasing temperatures, and its thermal denaturation is highly reproducible. Relative thermal stability was undertaken by incubation of GFP at varying temperatures and GFP fluorescence was used as a reporter for unfolding. At 80°C, DEAE-dextran did not have any effect on GFP fluorescence, indicating that it does not confer stability.