东北典型城市绿地蝗虫夏秋空间分布规律研究

绿地中蝗虫的密度关系到植被的生长, 正确认识蝗虫密度的空间和时间分布规律是丰富绿地生态系统昆虫多样性和有效防治蝗灾的重要依据。本文选择对典型的东北城市绿地生态系统中蝗虫密度进行监测, 研究其时空变化规律及其影响因素, 旨在为东北城市绿地生态系统建设提供理论和技术支撑。研究结果表明, 研究区蝗虫密度从8 月上旬至9月中旬平均值呈下降趋势, 八月上旬最大值为7 只⋅(3m)–2, 九月中旬最小值为1 只⋅(3m)–2。八月上旬、中旬和下旬蝗虫空间变异程度均属于中等变异水平, 九月中旬为强度变异水平。蝗虫密度空间分布可通过高斯模型或指数模型模拟。研究区蝗虫密度从南向北呈阶梯状逐渐增加, 主要受温度和食物空间分布决定。考虑人为影响因素, 通常可在134 m 间隔之内进行采样。     

蝗虫的发生与防控

蝗虫暴发引起的灾害是全球重要的生物灾害,可影响到全世界十分之一的人口。自2019年,东部非洲、西亚、南亚多个国家遭遇严重的沙漠蝗虫灾害,这场蝗灾不但对该区域的粮食安全构成严重威胁,而且还有可能引发严重的人道主义危机。为了制定合理的防治方案,实施有效防控,避免大规模蝗灾的发生,需要掌握蝗虫的生物学、生态学、暴发和为害规律、防治策略和技术特点及其进展等。本文介绍了世界各地包括沙漠蝗、飞蝗、澳大利亚疫蝗在内的11种可以引起灾害的重要种类的主要分布、为害和特性,并对国内外蝗虫防治策略、技术进展进行了重点综述。最后,针对目前蝗虫防治存在的问题提出了相应建议。     

新疆蝗虫及其监控技术研究进展

因蝗虫种群种类多、分布范围广,导致新疆是我国蝗虫灾害发生最突出、最典型的地区,也是遭受邻国蝗虫跨境危害最严重的地区。本文概述了几十年来新疆蝗虫基础理论研究及监测预警与防控技术进展,同时总结了中哈边境蝗虫跨境迁飞过程及雷达监测的最新研究结果,并就中亚迁飞场理论和实证研究、区域迁飞害虫监测网络平台建立和生物防治技术三个方面进行了展望,以期为监测和治理新疆本地蝗虫及西北边境迁飞害虫提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

蝗虫生境评价信息系统的设计与实现

主要论述了蝗虫生境评价信息系统的设计目标、数据流程及结构设计、数据库设计、模型库设计及功能设计,并简要说明了所建系统的实现。研究表明,基于GIS技术所建立的蝗虫生境评价信息系统,可对影响蝗虫发生的生境因子进行综合分析以及针对蝗虫潜在发生可能性对蝗虫生境进行定量评价,从而为蝗虫发生和成灾的监测和防治提供强有力的技术手段。蝗虫生境评价信息系统除了应具备信息系统的基本功能和一般统计分析功能外,还应重点加强其生境评价功能,如评价因子选择和权重管理,评价指标量化,评价等级划分,评价指标的加权求和,以及总分值的划分。     

新疆维吾尔自治区的蝗虫研究:蝗虫的分布

解放以来,中国科学院昆虫研究所(1955)、中国科学院新疆综合考察队昆虫组(1956—1960)以及动物研究所(1967—1969、1974—1979)曾在新疆地区进行了多年的昆虫考察和蝗虫生态地理学的研究。 本篇报告系根据多年所获得的蝗虫材料,对新疆的蝗虫分布规律作出分析。 新疆的蝗虫分布规律与特点,可从三方面来分析,即区系分布、区域分布和生态地理分布。这三方面的相互联系,既有其普遍性,又有其特殊性。它们综合地反映着蝗虫种群和群落的结构在时间、数量、空间上的差异性和规律性。本文着重讨论新疆的蝗虫区系分布与区域分布。下篇讨论生态地理分布规律。     

新疆维吾尔自治区的蝗虫研究蝗虫的分布(续)

新疆的蝗虫区系与区域分布,上文已作了分析探讨(陈永林,1980),本篇讨论新疆的蝗虫生态地理分布规律。 三、生态地理分布 根据新疆的蝗虫分布与生态地理因素之间的关系,可以认为地形、气候、植被、土壤等因素对蝗虫分布的影响是综合的;其中,植被、小气候以及土壤的类型与分布的关系尤为直接和密切。前者与蝗虫的食性、发育生殖,后二者与蝗虫行为习性,特别是分布、水热条     

GIS支持下青海湖地区草地蝗虫发生与月均温的相关性

为有效地进行草地蝗虫发生的预测预报,必须摸清其生长和繁殖与地理环境特征的关系,在青海湖地区,气温是影响草地蝗虫发生的主要因素,在Arc/Info和ArcView地理信息系统的支持下,选择了环湖地区邻近的16个气象站点,采用综合方法,在小尺度上模拟该区所需月份的月均温,建立了空间分布式气温信息数据库,然后,把野外调查的蝗虫密度在空间数据与相对应的月均温空间数据进行叠加,计算并分析月均温与草地蝗虫发生的关系。结果表明,月均温对草地蝗虫发生的影响是和该区蝗虫优势种的生命史密切相关的,即5、6月（孵化期）和7月（蝗蝻期）的月均温影响当年草地蝗虫发生;8、9月（交尾、产卵期）的月均温则影响次年草地蝗虫的发生,为该区草地蝗虫发生预报模型的建立提供依据。     

草地贪夜蛾综合防控技术研究进展

草地贪夜蛾是世界重大入侵性害虫,我国于2019年初发现草地贪夜蛾大面积危害西南地区玉米、高粱、甘蔗等多种作物,随后迅速扩散至主要玉米产区,严重威胁和影响我国粮食安全。国内研究人员已开展了大量关于草地贪夜蛾监测预警与防控技术的研究,在其种群发生规律监测、迁飞路径研判、化学防治、生物防治、物理防治等方面取得了系列进展,基本明确了草地贪夜蛾在我国西南、江南江淮、北方各地区的发生与危害规律,建立了一套草地贪夜蛾综合防控技术体系,有效阻断了其大面积扩散危害。本文综述了2019—2022年间国内草地贪夜蛾防控技术的研究进展,以期为开发草地贪夜蛾综合防控技术提供参考。     

我国蝗虫暴发成灾的现状及其持续控制对策

概述并分析了我国蝗虫暴发成灾的现状及原因 ,认为全球气候变暖和区域性气候异常、人类活动的影响、监测预警技术手段落后、成灾蝗种增多和发生为害类型复杂、蝗虫研究队伍锐减及基础理论与高新技术研究滞后导致了近年来蝗虫的暴发成灾。对此 ,作者从蝗虫灾害的规律性、监测预警高新技术和综合治理技术等方面提出了实现蝗灾可持续控制的对策     

新疆维吾尔自治区蝗虫的研究:草原优势种蝗虫的生物学特性

新疆维吾尔自治区的蝗虫种类十分繁多,我们近年来在整理新疆蝗虫标本过程中,已鉴定出约有120种以上。其中对各季草场及其附近的农作物能造成严重危害的蝗虫也有10种左右。研究这些优势种蝗虫的生物学特性,不但有助于了解它们的发生动态规律;而且对开展蝗虫的预测预报、进行及时有效的防治和根除蝗害,保护、建设草场,发展畜牧业都有十分重要的意义。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Microbial and protozoan pathogens of grasshoppers and locusts as potential biocontrol agents

Worldwide, grasshoppers and locusts destroy several billion dollars (US) worth of crops every year. The known microbial and protozoan pathogens of grasshoppers and locusts are reviewed. They may be valuable control agents, particularly for some of the economically devastating locust species in Africa and Asia, and grasshopper species in North America and Asia. Aspects of the pathogenic process, if known, of fungi, protozoa, viruses and rickettsia towards acridids are discussed. Finally, production, formulation and application of these biocontrol agents are reviewed.     

Pathological and physiological responses of ring-necked pheasant chicks following dietary exposure to the fungus Metarhizium flavoviride, a biocontrol agent for locusts in Africa

Metarhizium flavoviride, a fungal pathogen of grasshoppers and locusts, appears to be an effective, non-chemical insecticide (mycoinsecticide) for control of grasshoppers and locusts. This study, conducted during June and July, 1997, examined the pathogenic potential of this entomopathogenic fungus to non-target avian species that encounter infected insect prey items or contaminated food sources. Ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) chicks were exposed to one of three diets, (spore-coated feed, infected insects, or untreated feed), either from 4 to 9 days of age, or, from 35 to 40 days of age. Necropsies were conducted on birds 10 days and 46 days old, respectively. Neither consumption of infected insects, nor of spore-coated feed, resulted in pathological changes, or significant changes in weight, growth rate, behavior, or mortality rate. Histological examination of organs indicated either no changes related to treatment, or normal tissue responses to antigenic challenge.     

Modelling locust foraging: How and why food affects group formation

Locusts are short horned grasshoppers that exhibit two behaviour types depending on their local population density. These are: solitarious, where they will actively avoid other locusts, and gregarious where they will seek them out. It is in this gregarious state that locusts can form massive and destructive flying swarms or plagues. However, these swarms are usually preceded by the aggregation of juvenile wingless locust nymphs. In this paper we attempt to understand how the distribution of food resources affect the group formation process. We do this by introducing a multi-population partial differential equation model that includes non-local locust interactions, local locust and food interactions, and gregarisation. Our results suggest that, food acts to increase the maximum density of locust groups, lowers the percentage of the population that needs to be gregarious for group formation, and decreases both the required density of locusts and time for group formation around an optimal food width. Finally, by looking at foraging efficiency within the numerical experiments we find that there exists a foraging advantage to being gregarious.     

Epizootics of the entomopathogenic fungus,Entomophaga grylli (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae), in a grasshopper population in Northwest China

Plagues caused by locusts and grasshoppers have led to severe crop damage and great economic loss in many countries. Nevertheless, populations of these pests are often suppressed by naturally occurring predators and disease. Among such natural control factors, the entomopathogenic fungus, Entomophaga grylli, can markedly disrupt the dynamics of grasshopper populations. However, there are few reports of epizootics of this entomopathogenic fungus occurring in consecutive years. Here we report on a consecutive 2-year field survey of E. grylli epizootics in Xinjiang, Northwest China. E. grylli were observed to infect at least four species of grasshopper, Calliptamus italicus, Gomphocerus sibiricus, Chorthippus sp., and Stauroderus scalaris. This is the first record of infection of the last two species by this pathogen. The highest infection rates at the two study sites (Chonghuer and Jiadengyu, Altay Prefecture) were ≥50%, observed in mid-July 2011, and the lowest rate was >16% in early summer. The density of infected grasshoppers was positively correlated with the density of total grasshoppers collected (r?=?0.981). Therefore, E. grylli is an important natural factor regulating the dynamics of grasshopper populations in regions that are not subjected to artificial treatments.     

Insect pathological investigations on Swedish thysanura: Observations on Malamoeba locustae (Protozoa,Amoebidae) from Lepisma saccharina (Thysanura,Lepismatidae)

A case of spontaneous infection of Malamoeba locustae from a free-living indoor population of Lepisma saccharina is reported. The source of infection was probably a culture of Schistocerca gregaria reared in the same room. Measurements of fixed cysts from L. saccharina are compared with measurements of fixed and unfixed cysts from S. gregaria and with published data from other species of grasshoppers and locusts.     

Composition of Acridid gut bacterial communities as revealed by 16S rRNA gene analysis

The gut bacterial community from four species of feral locusts and grasshoppers was determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA gene fragments. The study revealed an effect of phase polymorphism on gut bacterial diversity in brown locusts from South Africa. A single bacterial phylotype, consistent with Citrobacter sp. dominated the gut microbiota of two sympatric populations of Moroccan and Italian locusts in Spain. There was evidence for Wollbachia sp. in the meadow grasshopper caught locally in the UK. Sequence analysis of DGGE products did not reveal evidence for unculturable bacteria and homologies suggested that bacterial species were principally Gammaproteobacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae similar to those recorded previously in laboratory reared locusts.     

Femoral stiffness and jumping in grasshoppers and locusts

There is a close relationship between maximal jumping force and animal mass. Likewise, the relative stiffness of the hind femoral exoskeletal cuticle is very highly correlated with both animal mass and the force exerted during a jump. It is suggested that femoral stiffness has functional importance in the extensor energy storage system utilized in jumping by grasshoppers and locusts.     

国际蝗虫灾害的防治策略和技术：现状与展望

简要地综述了国际上对蝗虫灾害管理策略与控制技术的发展现状,包括：监测与预警技术、化学防治、生物防治、综合管理对策以及目前的研究热点方向。比较分析了国际、国内蝗虫发生及其治理中存在问题的异同。国际上控制蝗虫灾害的理论、技术、措施、对策,对中国有重要的借鉴作用。一般来说, 控制蝗虫灾害的IPM计划中应该包括：在策略上,强调提前预防压制优于后期灭杀处理;在规律认识上,重视基础生物学和生态学的研究,并将之模型化和标准化;在测报方法上,积极发展和改善监测预警技术水平,将地理信息系统(GIS）和遥感（RS）技术集成引入到防治决策的整体系统中,使信息能够快速、准确地传递;在防治手段上,注意新型防治药剂和施药技术的研究开发和集成,增加用药效果;在天敌利用和环境保护方面,充分认识和评估自然天敌的控制作用,正确地估计防治效益和挽回的损失,重视对环境价值的评价;同时加强多个地区间的联合与协调。