草地贪夜蛾的性信息素通讯研究进展

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda原产于美洲,具有长距离迁飞特性。该虫于1988年入侵欧洲,2016年入侵非洲,并引起巨大的粮食损失,2018年入侵亚洲,2019年从缅甸传入中国,并在短时间扩散至全国10多个省。草地贪夜蛾依赖性信息素通讯,实现雌雄间识别、交配和繁衍,为了深入研究草地贪夜蛾的性信息素通讯及其机制并开发更高效的预测预报和防治技术,本文综述了草地贪夜蛾性信息素通讯的研究现状。1967年首次报道草地贪夜蛾性信息素为顺9-十四乙酸酯,随后发现有不同的鉴定结果,1986年确认其性信息素由顺9-十四乙酸酯和顺7-十二乙酸酯两个组分组成,其比例为96.6∶3.4时表现出最强的引诱活性。除此而外,对不同地理种群的研究发现,草地贪夜蛾雌蛾的信息素腺体提取物还存在顺9-十二乙酸酯、顺11-十六乙酸酯和反7-十二乙酸酯,田间实验表明这些物质在性信息素通讯中也可发挥作用。根据分子标记和喜食寄主,草地贪夜蛾可分为玉米品系和水稻品系。两个品系在外部形态上无法区分,性信息素组分也相同,但在组分比例上存在一定的差异。两个品系间存在一定程度的生殖隔离,但室内可以正交和反交并产生可育的F1代,F1代的性信息素比例与母本的比较相似。关于草地贪夜蛾雄性对性信息素的感受机制方面研究较少,仅见有感器形态的鉴定和对性信息素组分的触角电位反应研究的报道。根据目前草地贪夜蛾在我国的发生情况及其性信息素通讯机制的研究现状,我们建议尽快开展以下研究：(1)鉴定草地贪夜蛾我国入侵种群的雌性性信息素,尽快用于其种群动态监测及防治;(2)研究草地贪夜蛾雄性对性信息素的嗅觉编码机制;(3)研究草地贪夜蛾两个品系的行为隔离程度及其演化结局。     

草地贪夜蛾与斜纹夜蛾嗅觉味觉相关基因的比较分析

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda,近期侵入中国并迅速扩张。与其近缘物种斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura不同,草地贪夜蛾主要偏好玉米、水稻、小麦等禾本科农作物,暴食危害重。此外两种害虫在交配、产卵频率等繁殖特征上也存在差异。这些差异可能与嗅觉、味觉相关蛋白的分歧密切相关。本研究对两种夜蛾科害虫的嗅觉、味觉相关基因进行了系统的鉴定及系统发育分析,并对部分嗅觉结合蛋白进行了选择信号与氨基酸差异位点分析。分别在草地贪夜蛾中鉴定到261个嗅觉相关基因,数目明显大于斜纹夜蛾(179个);鉴定到233个味觉相关基因,数目略大于斜纹夜蛾(217个)。嗅觉相关基因中气味结合蛋白(OBP)基因数目差异最为明显。系统发育分析显示该基因存在夜蛾科特异的分支,且该分支中草地贪夜蛾中基因数目远高于斜纹夜蛾;发现位于I类触角结合蛋白(ABPI)分支的一类OBP成员在草地贪夜蛾中拷贝数增加,其中两个基因拷贝受到正选择,且在草地贪夜蛾中特有的氨基酸替换还可能影响蛋白质功能。本研究为草地贪夜蛾食性特征的遗传机制解析提供线索,为草地贪夜蛾的生物防治提供参考依据和基因素材。     

交配和温度对草地贪夜蛾性信息素通讯的影响

【目的】明确交配和温度对草地贪夜蛾Spodopterafrugiperda性信息素通讯的影响,为田间草地贪夜蛾的性信息素防治提供参考。【方法】采用溶剂浸提法提取草地贪夜蛾雌蛾性信息素腺体中的化学组分;利用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）技术对提取物中的组分进行化学鉴定;利用气相色谱（GC）技术分析雌蛾腺体中各组分的含量;利用触角电位（EAG）技术测定雄蛾对腺体各组分及性信息素类似物的电生理反应。在不同温度（20-35）℃下饲养草地贪夜蛾,以研究温度对其性信息素通讯的影响。【结果】GC-MS分析发现,草地贪夜蛾雌蛾腺体内含有Z7-12:Ac等7种组分。交配实验表明,雌蛾在1个暗期内只交配1次,在羽化后7 d内可交配多次,其中交配2次及以上的占44%（单对放置）和67%(30对放置)。交配显著抑制雌蛾在次日暗期（交配后第1个暗期）的求偶活动,但在交配后第2个暗期基本恢复正常;在交配后第1个暗期,雌蛾腺体中主要组分Z9-14:Ac的含量和比例较对照雌蛾显著升高,其他组分无显著变化。在20-35℃的饲养温度范围内,雌蛾腺体内16:Ac的含量在35℃时最高,在20℃时未能检测出;各测试温度下Z11-16:Ac的含量相差不显著;其余5种组分均在25℃时最高;主要活性组分Z7-12:Ac和Z9-14:Ac在35℃时显著降低。饲养温度对腺体内各组分的相对比例也有较大影响,12:Ac、Z11-14:Ac、Z11-16:Ac和16:Ac所占比例均在30-35℃时较高,而Z9-14:Ac则在20-25℃时较高。不同饲养温度所得雄蛾对腺体主要组分的触角电位反应无显著差异。【结论】交配显著抑制草地贪夜蛾雌蛾在次日的求偶行为;25℃饲养条件最适宜雌蛾腺体内性信息素等组分的合成。     

草地贪夜蛾三个SfruPBPs对本种及同域种劳氏粘虫性信息素及腺体组分的亲和力

[目的]测定草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda 3个信息素结合蛋白(pheromone binding protein,PBP)(SfruPBP)对草地贪夜蛾及同域近缘种劳氏粘虫Leucania loreyi性信息素及腺体组分的结合特性,探究草地贪夜蛾这3个SfruPBPs在两种昆虫不同性信息素组分识...     

草地贪夜蛾PP2A的克隆、序列分析及在大肠杆菌中的表达

为建立斑蝥素等PP2A抑制剂的体外活性测定方法,用于以杀虫剂为目的的药物快速活性评价,本研究首次同源克隆了鳞翅目昆虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)的PP2A催化亚基cDNA全长序列,探索了该基因在大肠杆菌中的表达。结果显示,S.frugiperda的PP2A编码一条309个氨基酸的肽链,预测其蛋白质分子量为35.46 ku,等电点5.37。分析蛋白质氨基酸序列,没有发现信号肽和跨膜结构,推测该PP2A主要存在于胞质中。多重比对分析S.frugiperda及其它昆虫的PP2A,表明PP2A的保守性较高,可以用S.frugiperda PP2A作为研究斑蝥素等抑制剂的药物筛选靶标酶,用于杀虫剂的筛选。利用该基因构建pET30a-PP2A原核表达载体转化至E.coli BL21(DE3)中,在16³0℃,0.230℃,0.2⁰.8 mmol/L的IPTG下均能成功诱导PP2A-His表达,经Ni-琼脂糖柱纯化后可以得到SDS-PAGE呈现单一条带的纯化蛋白,电泳纯度大于90%,为进一步活性测定奠定了基础。     

烟实夜蛾信息素结合蛋白3 cDNA的克隆、序列分析与原核表达

利用RT-PCR技术从烟实夜蛾Helicoverpa assulta (Hass) 雄虫触角中扩增得到了信息素结合蛋白3(Hass PBP3)。克隆和测序结果表明,该基因核苷酸序列全长495 bp,编码164个氨基酸残基,预测分子量18.5 kD。并预测N-末端疏水区包含由22个氨基酸组成的信号肽。因此,成熟蛋白应包括142个氨基酸,预测分子量为16.1 kD,等电点为5.44。经氨基酸序列同源性分析发现,此序列与已知昆虫PBP3有较高的同源性,而且具有气味结合蛋白的典型特征。将该基因重组到表达载体pGEX-4T-2中进行原核表达。经IPTG诱导、SDS-PAGE分析和Western印迹检测,结果表明烟实夜蛾PBP3基因能在大肠杆菌BL21中表达,电泳检测到一条大约42 kD的外源蛋白,与预测的融合蛋白分子量相符。     

草地贪夜蛾热激蛋白基因SfHsp90的克隆及在高低温和UV-A胁迫下的表达分析

【目的】本研究旨在探索草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda响应高低温和UV-A胁迫的分子机制。【方法】通过RT-PCR技术克隆草地贪夜蛾热激蛋白基因Hsp90,利用生物信息学方法分析其序列特征;采用RT-qPCR技术检测草地贪夜蛾Hsp90基因在不同发育阶段(卵、1-6龄幼虫、蛹和成虫)、成虫不同组织(去除触角和复眼的头、胸、腹、触角、复眼、足、翅、中肠、精巢和卵巢)及在不同时长(0, 30, 60, 90, 120和150 min)高温(36℃)、低温(4℃)和UV-A胁迫下成虫中的相对表达量。【结果】克隆获得草地贪夜蛾Hsp90基因,命名为SfHsp90(GenBank登录号:MN832694),该基因开放阅读框(ORF)长2 154 bp,编码717个氨基酸,编码蛋白质相对分子量为82.52 kD,等电点(pI)为5.01,C末端序列含保守基序EEVD,说明该蛋白为胞质型热激蛋白。系统进化分析结果表明,昆虫Hsp90高度保守。发育表达模式显示SfHsp90在草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫中表达量最高;组织表达模式显示,SfHsp90在草地贪夜蛾雌雄成虫的触角、复眼和去除触角和...     

重大入侵害虫草地贪夜蛾的研究进展

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是一种杂食性检疫害虫,原产于美洲热带和亚热带地区,寄主超过350种,尤其喜欢禾本科作物,特别是玉米,具有迁飞能力强、繁殖能力强、暴食性和抗药性进化快的特点。该虫最初于2019年1月由缅甸入侵我国云南省,现已蔓延至我国26个省份。为全面了解和有效防治草地贪夜蛾,本文对其分布范围、扩散途径和原因、生活习性、危害特点以及防治措施等进行了总结和整理,并对未来的研究方向进行了讨论。     

广东蔗区草地贪夜蛾为害调查初报

在广东省蔗区普查了迁飞入侵性害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda发生情况,确认在广东省该虫除为害玉米外,也为害果蔗和糖蔗。粤北、粤西和珠三角蔗区均已发现危害,为害程度从大到小依次为玉米、果蔗、糖蔗。甘蔗受害主要集中在5～6片叶至拔节初期,而果蔗伸长期可能仍会受害。加强对草地贪夜蛾田间监测,掌握蔗区该虫发生与防控情况,对该虫监测预警及防控有重要的参考价值。     

草地贪夜蛾成虫触角感器超微结构观察

[目的]草地贪夜蛾是一种严重危害农业生产的迁飞性害虫,本研究旨在了解草地贪夜蛾成虫触角感器的类型、超微结构和分布.[方法]采用扫描电镜对其雌雄成虫触角感器类型及分布进行观察.[结果]草地贪夜蛾雌雄成虫触角由柄节、梗节及鞭节3部分组成,雄蛾触角稍长于雌蛾,且触角表面覆有大量鳞片.共观察到7种类型的感受器,分别为B?hm氏...     

Fitness consequences of cannibalism in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda

We investigated the consequences of cannibalism for some correlatesof fitness in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).The benefits gained by cannibals were ascertained by comparing survival,development rate, and pupal weight of larvae that had the opportunityto cannibalize with those that did not, at two levels of food availability.Larvae in the cannibalism treatments were provided with a conspecificone instar younger than themselves on five dates throughoutlarval development. Cannibalism was frequent; given the opportunityall larvae predated at least one younger conspecific. The frequencyof cannibalism was not affected by the sex of the cannibal orby the availability of alternative food. However, cannibalssuffered a significant reduction in survival at both high andlow food availability. Furthermore, cannibals had a lower pupal weightin the high food treatment and a reduced development rate inthe low food treatment. The only detectable fitness benefitassociated with cannibalism was a positive correlation betweenthe number of victims consumed and development rate under conditionsof low food availability. On balance, cannibalism appears tobe costly; alternative explanations for its occurrence in thisspecies are discussed.     

Control of the release of digestive enzymes in the larvae of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda

There is a basal level of enzyme activity for trypsin, aminopeptidase, amylase, and lipase in the gut of unfed larval (L6) Spodoptera frugiperda. Trypsin activity does not decrease with non‐feeding, possibly because of the low protein levels in plants along with high amino acid requirements for growth and storage (for later reproduction in adults). Therefore, trypsin must always be present so that only a minimal protein loss via egestion occurs. Larvae, however, adjust amylase activity to carbohydrate ingestion, and indeed amylase activity is five‐fold higher in fed larvae compared to unfed larvae. Gut lipase activity is low, typical of insects with a high carbohydrate diet. A flat‐sheet preparation of the ventriculus was used to measure the release of enzymes in response to specific nutrients and known brain/gut hormones in S. frugiperda. Sugars greatly increase (>300%) amylase release, but starch has no effect. Proteins and amino acids have little or no effect on trypsin or aminopeptidase release. The control of enzyme release in response to food is likely mediated through neurohormones. Indeed, an allatostatin (Spofr‐AS A5) inhibits amylase and trypsin, and allatotropin (Manse‐ AT) stimulates amylase and trypsin release. Spofr‐AS A5 also inhibits ileum myoactivity and Manse‐AT stimulates myoactivity. The epithelial secretion rate of amylase and trypsin was about 20% of the amount of enzyme present in the ventricular lumen, which, considering the efficient counter‐current recycling of enzymes, suggests that the secretion rate is adequate to replace egested enzymes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Lipids help double-stranded RNA in endosomal escape and improve RNA interference in the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda

RNA interference (RNAi) is a valuable method for understanding the gene function and holds great potential for insect pest management. While RNAi is efficient and systemic in coleopteran insects, RNAi is inefficient in lepidopteran insects. In this study, we explored the possibility of improving RNAi in the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda cells by formulating dsRNA with Cellfectin II (CFII) transfection reagent. The CFII formulated dsRNA was protected from degradation by endonucleases present in Sf9 cells conditioned medium, hemolymph and midgut lumen contents collected from the FAW larvae. Lipid formulated dsRNA also showed reduced accumulation in the endosomes of Sf9 cells and FAW tissues. Exposing Sf9 cells and tissues to CFII formulated dsRNA caused a significant knockdown of endogenous genes. CFII formulated dsIAP fed to FAW larvae induced knockdown of iap gene, growth retardation and mortality. Processing of dsRNA into siRNA was detected in Sf9 cells and Spodoptera frugiperda larvae treated with CFII conjugated ³²P-UTP labeled dsGFP. Overall, the present study concluded that delivering dsRNA formulated with CFII transfection reagent helps dsRNA escapes from the endosomal accumulation and improved RNAi efficiency in the FAW cells and tissues.     

Prostaglandin‐mediated recovery from bacteremia delays larval development in fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda

Insect immunity includes a surveillance system that detects and signals infections, coupled with hemocytic and humoral immune functions. These functions are signaled and coordinated by several biochemicals, including biogenic amines, insect cytokines, peptides, and prostaglandins (PGs). The actions of these mediators are coordinated within cells by various forms of cross‐talk among the signaling systems and they result in effective reactions to infection. While this is well understood, we lack information on how immune‐mediated recovery influences subsequent juvenile development in surviving insects. We investigated this point by posing the hypothesis that PG signaling is necessary for larval recovery, although the recovery imposes biological costs, registered in developmental delays and failures in surviving individuals. Here, we report that nodulation responses to infections by the bacterium, Serratia marcescens, increased over time up to 5 h postinfection, with no further nodulation; it increased in a linear manner with increasing bacterial dosages. Larval survivorship decreased with increasing bacterial doses. Treating larvae with the PG‐biosynthesis inhibitor, indomethacin, led to sharply decreased nodulation reactions to infection, which were rescued in larvae cotreated with indomethacin and the PG‐precursor, arachidonic acid. Although nodulation was fully rescued, all bacterial challenged larvae suffered reduced survivorship compared to controls. Bacterial infection led to reduced developmental rates in larvae, but not pupae. Adult emergence from pupae that developed from experimental larvae was also decreased. Taken together, our data potently bolster our hypothesis.     

草地贪夜蛾幼虫耐饥力及饥饿对其生长发育和繁殖的影响

本文旨在明确草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)幼虫耐饥力及饥饿处理对其生长发育、繁殖力的影响.选取初孵幼虫(幼虫孵化1 h内)、2、4、6、8和10日龄的幼虫进行饥饿处理,测定存活率和存活时间分析其耐饥力;进一步选取8日龄幼虫分别饥饿1、2、3和4d后再复食,分别统计和分析饥饿胁...     

草地贪夜蛾与斜纹夜蛾解毒相关基因的比较分析

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda近期在中国为害猖獗,由于繁殖速度快,迁飞能力强,在本土呈现爆发趋势,严重为害了我国农作物。与本地近缘物种斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura相比,草地贪夜蛾更偏好玉米、水稻、小麦等禾本科农作物,且对多种化学杀虫剂及转基因Bt玉米产生抗性。寄主适应性以及杀虫剂抗性与解毒代谢相关蛋白密切相关。因此,本研究对这两种夜蛾科害虫的解毒代谢相关蛋白——细胞色素P450、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)及ABC转运蛋白进行了全基因组水平系统的搜集和数目比较,构建系统发育树并对P450和GST部分基因扩张分支进行氨基酸差异位点分析。结果显示,在草地贪夜蛾中共鉴定出213个P450基因、58个GST基因、102个ABC基因,其中P450基因与GST基因数目远远多于斜纹夜蛾(116,37),而ABC基因数目与斜纹夜蛾(99)接近。系统发育树分析表明,草地贪夜蛾P450在CYP6、CYP9以及CYP4功能簇,GST在部分进化分支上都发生了显著基因扩张,发生显著扩张的基因中有数个氨基酸突变,其中一些突变被预测可能影响蛋白质功能。但出乎意料的是,ABC亚家族B和E在斜纹夜蛾聚集成簇并发生了显著的基因扩张现象。以上结果暗示入侵种草地贪夜蛾和本地近缘物种斜纹夜蛾在抗性方面可能发展出各自独特的应对机制。本研究为解析草地贪夜蛾解毒抗性特征机制提供基因数据,为草地贪夜蛾的生物防治及抗性研究提供参考依据。     

Identification of five small heat shock protein genes in Spodoptera frugiperda and expression analysis in response to different environmental stressors

Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) is a highly adaptable polyphagous migratory pest in tropical and subtropical regions. Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) are molecular chaperones that play important roles in the adaptation to various environment stressors. The present study aimed to clarify the response mechanisms of S. frugiperda to various environmental stressors. We obtained five S. furcifera sHsp genes (SfsHsp21.3, SfsHsp20, SfsHsp20.1, SfsHsp19.3, and SfsHsp29) via cloning. The putative proteins encoded by these genes contained a typical α-crystallin domain. The expression patterns of these genes during different developmental stages, in various tissues of male and female adults, as well as in response to extreme temperatures and UV-A stress were studied via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that the expression levels of all five SfsHsp genes differed among the developmental stages as well as among the different tissues of male and female adults. The expression levels of most SfsHsp genes under extreme temperatures and UV-A-induced stress were significantly upregulated in both male and female adults. In contrast, those of SfsHsp20.1 and SfsHsp19.3 were significantly downregulated under cold stress in male adults. Therefore, the different SfsHsp genes of S. frugiperda play unique regulatory roles during development as well as in response to various environmental stressors.