长期施肥下农田土壤-有机质-微生物的碳氮磷化学计量学特征

探讨外源养分的输入对土壤系统内碳、氮、磷化学计量特征的影响,对于深刻认识农田土壤有机碳(C)和养分循环及其相互作用过程具有重要意义。以26年的农田长期定位施肥试验为平台,分析长期不同施肥条件下土壤、有机态及微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量及其化学计量学特征,并根据内稳性模型y=c x~(1/H)计算其化学计量内稳性指数H。结果表明:与长期撂荒处理(CK_0)相比,种植作物条件下26年化肥配施有机肥处理(MNPK和1.5MNPK)显著降低微生物生物量氮含量,但显著提高了微生物生物量磷的含量。相对于撂荒处理,即使长期配施化肥磷处理(NP、PK、NPK),其土壤有机磷降低显著。对于C∶N比而言,化肥配施有机物料处理(秸秆或有机肥)的土壤C∶N比、有机质C∶N及微生物生物量C∶N比均显著低于化肥处理(N、NP、PK和NPK)。对于C∶P比而言,相对于撂荒处理,26年施用磷肥(化肥磷或有机磷)显著降低了土壤C∶P比和微生物生物量C∶P比,而CK和偏施化肥处理(N、NP和PK)显著降低了土壤有机质C∶P比。对于土壤N∶P比而言,撂荒处理土壤N∶P比显著高于其他处理,而撂荒处理土壤有机质N∶P比显著高于CK和化肥处理,表明不施肥或化肥条件下作物种植加剧了土壤有机质中氮素的消耗。微生物生物量C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比的内稳性指数H分别为0.24、0.75、0.64,不具有内稳性特征。微生物生物量C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比分别与土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比呈显著正相关关系,但与土壤有机质碳氮磷化学计量比之间无显著相关性。表明土壤碳、氮、磷元素的改变会直接导致微生物生物量碳、氮、磷化学计量比的改变,但微生物生物量碳氮磷化学计量比对土壤有机质碳氮磷化学计量比无显著影响,土壤有机质的碳氮磷计量比可能更多是受到作物和施肥等养分管理措施的影响。     

有机肥对石灰性土壤肥力属性的长期影响

用常规化学分析和差热分析方法研究了长期不同施肥模式下有机肥对土壤生态肥力的影响。结果表明,长期施用有机肥(厩肥、高秸处理)可显著提高土壤有机碳含量,其水散性G0复合体减少;水稳性G1、G2复合体增加,3种胶散复合体的有机碳含量提高,重组复合体中活性强的松结合态腐殖质较多。施入有机肥不仅可提高土壤有机无机复合体的总能量水平,而且也能提高复合体中松结态、稳结态、紧结态腐殖质的能态。高秸、厩肥处理的原土、重组、稳紧态复合体、紧结态复合体和3种胶散复合体焓变值较高,具有较高能态。施用有机肥的土壤全氮、全磷、重组磷及C/N比均呈提高趋势,pH值降低,其原土和重组复合体的阳离子交换量较高。     

Soil restoration under pasture after lignite mining: Management effects on soil biochemical properties and their relationships with herbage yields

The recovery of soil biochemical properties under grazed, grass-clover pasture, after simulated lignite mining, was studied over a 5-year period in a mesic Typic Dystrochrept soil at Waimumu, Southland, New Zealand. The restoration procedures involved four replacement treatments, after A, B, and C horizon materials had been separately removed, from all except the control, and stockpiled for 2–3 weeks. In each replacement treatment, the effects of ripping to 1.8 m depth, mole drainage, and the use of fertilizer nitrogen were also investigated.Replacement treatment markedly influenced the recovery of herbage production and soil organic C and total N contents, N mineralization, microbial biomass (as indicated by mineral-N flush) and invertase and sulphatase activities. The effectiveness of replacement treatments decreased in the order: 1. control (no stripping or replacement). 2 A, B, and C horizon materials replaced in the same order. 3. A, B, and C horizon materials each mixed with an equal amount of siltstone overburden and replaced in order, 4. A and B horizon materials mixed before replacing over C horizon material.Ripping increased herbage production, net N mineralization, and to some extent microbial biomass. Drainage had little, if any, effect.Fertilizer N also stimulated herbage production, but depressed clover growth. Over 2.5 years, it had little detectable effect on the soil properties.Increases in soil invertase and, to a lesser extent, sulphatase activity during the trial were closely related to changes in herbage production. Microbial biomass increased more rapidly than did soil organic C in the early stages of the trial.Rates of net N mineralization strongly suggest that N availability would have limited pasture growth, especially in the treatments with mixed soil materials.     

Emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide from soil receiving urban wastewater for maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation

In the Darmstadt long-term fertilization trial, the application of composted cattle farmyard manure without (CM) and with (CMBD) biodynamic preparations was compared to mineral fertilization with straw return (MIN). The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of spatial variability, especially of soil pH in these three treatments, on soil organic matter and soil microbial biomass (C, N, P, S), activity (basal CO₂ production and O₂ consumption), and fungal colonization (ergosterol). Soil pH was significantly lower in the MIN treatments than in the organic fertilizer treatments. In the MIN treatments, the contents of soil organic C and total N were also significantly lower (13% and 16%, respectively) than those of the organic fertilizer treatments. In addition, the total S content increased significantly in the order MIN < CM < CMBD. The microbial biomass C content was significantly lower (9%) in the MIN treatments than in the organic fertilizer treatments. Microbial biomass N and biomass P followed microbial biomass C, with a mean C/N ratio of 7.9 and a mean C/P ratio of 23. Neither the microbial biomass C to soil organic C ratio, the metabolic quotient qCO₂, nor the respiratory quotient (mol CO₂/mol O₂) revealed any clear differences between the MIN and organic fertilizer treatments. The mean microbial biomass S content was 50% and the mean ergosterol content was 40% higher in the MIN treatments compared to the organic fertilizer treatments. The increased presence of saprotrophic fungi in the MIN treatments was indicated by significantly increased ratios of ergosterol-to-microbial biomass C and the microbial biomass C/S ratio. Our results showed that complex interactions between the effects of fertilizer treatments and natural heterogeneity of soil pH existed for the majority of microbial biomass and activity indices.     

钻井废弃物配合外源有机物质对风沙土理化性质及菠菜生长的影响

采用室内盆栽试验研究水基废弃钻井泥浆、岩屑等钻井废弃物配合腐植酸、木本泥炭等外源有机物质在风沙土中的施用效果,并分析其对菠菜生长的影响,以期为钻井废弃物资源化利用和风沙土改良提供参考。共设3组室内盆栽试验:基础组共4个处理,以风沙土为对照(CK),将风沙土与岩屑按质量比1∶1混合后分别添加0、2%、4%含量水基废弃钻井泥浆(干基);基础组处理分别添加1%腐植酸、1%腐植酸+3%木本泥炭混合物,作为腐植酸组和木本泥炭组。结果表明: 基础组中,与CK相比,施用钻井废弃物显著增加了土壤有机质含量,pH和电导率上升,2%含量水基废弃钻井泥浆显著促进菠菜生长。腐植酸和木本泥炭使土壤pH降低,有机质含量显著增加,电导率上升,腐植酸组株高、总叶面积、鲜重、干重等植物生长指标均高于基础组中对应处理,混合添加腐植酸和木本泥炭后对植物生长促进效果不显著。最佳处理为腐植酸组添加2%含量水基废弃钻井泥浆,土壤有机质含量为13.1 g·kg^-1,播种40 d后菠菜株高、总叶面积、鲜重和干重分别比CK显著增加49.7%、93.4%、83.3%、34.6%。钻井废弃物配合有机物质施用可以显著增加土壤有机质含量,促进菠菜生长,风沙土+岩屑+水基废弃钻井泥浆(2%)+腐植酸(1%)是最佳组合模式。     

有机物添加下太岳山油松林土壤微生物元素组成的稳态分析

在山西太岳山地区,向油松林土壤中分别添加生物炭、玉米秸秆、蒙古栎叶、油松叶、木屑等5种有机物,测定各处理的土壤养分、酶及微生物生物量等指标,研究外源有机物添加下土壤酶化学计量特征及微生物元素组成的内稳性。结果表明: 添加木屑显著增加了土壤N(17.1%)、P(37.6%)含量,显著增加了微生物生物量碳(118.0%)、氮(41.0%)、磷(176.6%)。C、N、P获取酶(β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶、酸性磷酸酶)活性总体上随添加有机物C/N值(生物炭<蒙古栎叶<油松叶<玉米秸秆<木屑)的增加而增加,其化学计量变化受土壤养分状态及微生物生物量的调控。酶活性相对比例及矢量特性表明,研究区微生物生长受到P的限制,且添加有机物没有缓解P的制约作用。微生物生物量碳、氮及化学计量比C∶N、C:P、N∶P属于绝对稳态型,而微生物生物量磷处于非稳态。微生物通过改变酶的分配策略保持微生物体元素及比例的相对稳定,仅有微生物生物量磷对土壤养分变化表现出不稳定性,可能因为P是研究区微生物生长的限制性元素。     

哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林不同干扰强度下土壤无机氮的变化

在云南哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林地区,选取了木果柯原始林、栎类次生林和人工茶叶地3种群落类型代表人为干扰强度从小到大的梯度,研究了人为干扰强度对土壤NH4^+—N、NO3^-—N等特征的影响．结果表明,3种群落的土壤无机氮含量(0～15cm)存在显著差异：表现为随干扰强度增加,土壤有机质、全N降低,C／N比增高,NO3^-—N流失的潜力在增加,说明干扰不利于土壤肥力的保持和群落正向演替．同一群落类型下不同空间位置土壤的有机质、全N、C／N比、pH值和NH4^+—N基本一致,但NO3^-—N有较大变化,表明土壤中NO3^-—N的不稳定性．此外,NO4^+—N为无机氮的主要存在形式,约占无机氮总量的95.5％～99.2％     

秸秆和氮肥不同配比影响平邑甜茶幼苗的生长和对氮素的吸收、分配和利用

为探讨秸秆和氮肥不同配比对平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis)植株生长和氮素吸收、分配和利用的影响, 采用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术, 以二年生盆栽平邑甜茶为试材, 研究了不同秸秆和氮肥配比条件下平邑甜茶的生长、¹⁵N尿素吸收利用和土壤碳氮比等参数, 发现秸秆和氮肥不同配比对平邑甜茶植株的生长及¹⁵N-尿素的吸收、分配和利用具有不同的影响。园土和秸秆比在45:1的水平, 同时配施氮肥(N 300 mg·kg^-1)时, 植株株高、茎粗和植株总干重的值最高, 分别为85.33 cm、8.05 mm和74.68 g; 植株的全氮、¹⁵N吸收量和利用率也最大, 分别为0.938 g、0.029 g和9.74%。不加秸秆而仅施加氮肥(N 200 mg·kg^-1)的对照(CK)的根冠比最大, 为1.54, 显著高于其他各种处理。各试验处理地上部分从肥料中吸收分配到的¹⁵N量对地上部分全氮量的贡献率(Ndff)均大于地下部分, 且CK各器官Ndff值最高, 地上部分和地下部分分别为7.94%和4.69%。除CK外, 各处理¹⁵N分配率均是地上部>地下部。秸秆的施用显著提高了土壤的有机质、全氮含量和土壤有机质C/N比。相关性分析结果表明, 土壤有机质C/N比与植株地下部分Ndff值有极显著负相关性(p < 0.01), 与植株整株Ndff值有显著负相关性(p < 0.05)。建议果园秸秆配施氮肥时, 控制秸秆施用量在45:1水平, 氮肥在200-300 mg·kg^-1之间较好。     

长期施肥黄土旱塬农田土壤-微生物-植物系统碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

探讨长期不同施肥制度对农田土壤、植物生态系统的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其生态化学计量比的影响,可为揭示该系统能量平衡和养分循环,实现农业生态系统元素平衡及可持续发展提供参考意义。以位于黄土高原半干旱地区的长武国家黄土高原农业生态实验站长期施肥试验为研究对象,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、单施磷肥(P)、施氮磷肥(NP)、单施有机肥(M)、氮肥配施有机肥(NM)、磷肥配施有机肥(PM)、氮磷肥配施有机肥(NPM)8个处理,分析了黄土旱塬典型农田土壤-微生物-植物生态系统中C、N、P含量及其生态化学计量变化规律。研究结果表明:1)长期单施有机肥和化肥配施有机肥处理可显著提高土壤和有机质C、N、P含量。2)氮、磷肥的输入显著降低了土壤和小麦C∶N、N∶P,施P显著降低了有机态C∶P和小麦C∶P;有机肥配施对微生物生物量和小麦C∶N∶P的影响更为明显。3)长期有机肥配施条件下土壤养分和小麦化学计量比存在较强的相关关系。微生物生物量碳与有机C、N、P呈显著正相关,土壤微生物生物量氮与土壤N、P总量呈显著正相关,微生物生物量磷与土壤C、N、P总量含量呈显著负相关;植株碳含量与微生物...     

Quality evaluation of co-composted wheat straw, poultry droppings and oil seed cakes

Poultry droppings, neem cake, castor cake, jatropha cake and grass clippings were used separately as organic nitrogen additives to decrease the high C:N ratio of wheat straw. Composting was carried out aerobically in presence of fungal consortium developed by including Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus nidulans, Trichoderma viride and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The degraded product was characterized to assess the technical viability of organic nitrogen supplements as well as fungal consortium in improving the quality of compost and hastening the process of decomposition of high lignocellulolytic waste. Evaluation of maturity showed that mixture of wheat straw, poultry dropping and jatropha cake had the lowest C:N ratio of 10:1, the highest humic acid fraction of 3.15%, the lowest dehydrogenase activity and a germination index exceeding 80% in 60 days of decomposition. Inoculated and grass clipping amended wheat straw–poultry dropping mixture resulted in compost with highest humus content of 11.8% and C:N ratio of 13.5, humic acid fraction of 2.84% and germination index of 59.66%. Fungal consortium was effective in improving the humus content of all the composted mixtures. In some treatments, germination index could not be correlated with C:N ratio. Non edible oil seed cake supplemented substrate mixtures did not respond to fungal inoculation as far as C:N ratio was concerned.     

长期施肥对黄土旱塬农田土壤有机磷组分及小麦产量的影响

研究长期施肥对黄土旱塬农田土壤有机磷组分及小麦产量的影响,可为提高磷素转化利用率及合理利用肥料提供理论支持。本研究依托长武旱塬农田生态系统长期(1984—2016年)定位试验站,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、单施磷肥(P)、施氮磷肥(NP)、单施有机肥(M)、氮肥配施有机肥(MN)、磷肥配施有机肥(MP)、氮磷肥配施有机肥(MNP)8个处理,研究其对土壤有机磷组分、小麦产量和土壤性质的影响。结果表明: 长期施肥后土壤有机磷含量为244.7～429.1 mg·kg^-1,除N处理外,其余各处理有机磷含量比CK均显著增加了15.4%～47.9%。长期施用磷肥改变了黄土旱塬农田表层土壤(0～20 cm)各有机磷组分含量,MP、MNP处理显著提高了活性有机磷及中活性有机磷含量;N、P和NP处理显著降低了中稳性有机磷含量;N、P、NP、MN、MP、MNP处理均显著提高了高稳性有机磷含量。各处理土壤有机磷组分与总有机磷含量比值为:中活性有机磷>高稳性有机磷>活性有机磷>中稳性有机磷。长期施肥后,与CK相比,氮、磷肥配施,尤其是与有机肥配施,显著增加了小麦生物产量和籽粒产量。土壤指标中,有机质、速效磷和无机磷与小麦产量呈显著正相关。MP、M处理可以显著提高黄土旱塬黑垆土中的速效磷、总磷、总无机磷、活性有机磷和中活性有机磷含量,表明有机肥与磷肥配施可以提高该地区更容易被作物吸收的磷组分。总之,氮磷肥配施并配施有机肥可以提高该地区磷供给,对小麦增产有促进作用,对提高黄土旱塬地区土壤质量有重要意义。     

腐植酸类物质的施用对盐碱地的改良效果

采用田间小区试验方法,以生化腐植酸(OHA)、氨化腐植酸(AHA)和微生物活化腐植酸(MHA)为试验材料,探讨了3种腐植酸类物质对盐碱地的改良效果.结果表明: 与对照单施化肥相比,在盐碱地上增施不同的腐植酸类物质,当季对土壤pH的影响不明显.但3种腐植酸类物质均表现出了一定的降低土壤电导率(EC)、水溶性Na⁺和K⁺含量以及钠吸附比(SAR)的效果,影响深度均达0~40 cm土层.降低土壤EC的效果以OHA最优,但降低土壤水溶性Na⁺和K⁺含量以及SAR的效果3种材料间差异不大.此外,腐植酸类物质在降低土壤NO₃^--N含量,增加土壤NH₄⁺-N、可溶性有机氮(SON)和可溶性全氮(TSN)含量方面也有积极作用,且AHA和MHA作用效果优于OHA.添加3种腐植酸类物质均可提高土壤速效磷含量,其中以MHA效果最佳.增施腐植酸类物质可显著提高玉米灌浆期功能叶的SPAD值和玉米产量,但3种供试腐植酸类物质间差异不显著.腐植酸类物质对氮、磷肥表观利用率的影响表现为AHA>MHA>OHA,而OHA处理的氮、磷肥农学效率最高,AHA处理的氮、磷肥偏生产力最高.     

不同林窗马尾松凋落叶与土壤养分变化研究

以现有42年生的马尾松（Pinus massoniana）人工纯林,经过采伐形成4种不同大小有效面积的林窗（100、400、900和1 600 m²）为研究对象,以未经采伐的42年生马尾松人工纯林为对照样地,采用凋落叶分解袋法,研究不同大小有效面积林窗对马尾松凋落叶、土壤C、N、P及化学计量比和养分损失率的影响。研究结果表明：（1）不同大小有效面积林窗下的马尾松凋落叶、土壤C、N、P含量及养分损失率除土壤P含量和马尾松凋落叶P养分损失率外,均存在显著差异。随着林窗有效面积G1~G4的增大,马尾松凋落叶C、N、P含量均呈降低趋势,三者均在G3林窗体现出较小值。马尾松凋落叶C、N、P养分损失率、土壤C、N、P养分含量多呈抛物线趋势,且均在G2或G3林窗体现出最大值。（2）不同大小有效面积林窗下的马尾松凋落叶、土壤C/N/P均存在显著差异。随着林窗有效面积G1~G4的增大,马尾松人工林土壤C/N/P基本呈抛物线变化趋势,土壤C/N在G3林窗出现最大值,土壤C/P、N/P均在G2林窗体现出最大值;土壤C/N、C/P、N/P变异系数分别为13.31%、16.51%、17.21%。马尾松凋落叶C/N、C/P均在G3体现出最小值。（3）马尾松凋落叶C、N含量与土壤C、C/N/P及环境因子的相关性较强,P含量与它们的相关性较弱;C/N与土壤P、C/N/P及环境因子的相关性较强,C/P、N/P与土壤C/P及环境因子的相关性较强;C、N养分损失率与土壤C、C/N、C/P及环境因子的相关性较强,P养分损失率与土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比和环境因子的相关性较弱。土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比与环境因子的相关性较强。     

降雨隔离和温度增加对杉木幼林土壤可溶性碳氮的影响

土壤可溶性碳氮在森林土壤碳循环和养分循环中起到重要作用,因其对气候变化高度敏感且可被微生物直接利用.本研究通过在2年生杉木人工林内设置隔离50%降雨处理(P)、增温5 ℃+隔离50%降雨处理(WP),利用张力测渗计野外原位收集土壤溶液,研究降雨和温度变化对不同深度土壤可溶性碳氮浓度的影响.结果表明: 降雨和温度变化没有改变土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度的季节变化,土壤溶液DOC浓度在10月最高.降雨和温度变化增加了不同土层土壤溶液DOC浓度,60 cm处增加量最大,与对照相比,P和WP处理土壤溶液DOC浓度的增加幅度分别为30.4%～88.7%和32.8%～137.6%,10 月的差异值最大,对照土壤溶液DOC浓度随土壤深度增加而降低,但降雨和温度变化后各土层间土壤溶液DOC浓度没有显著差异.WP处理土壤溶液NO₃^--N浓度大幅增加,增加幅度为221.1%～931.0%.在未来全球变化背景下,亚热带地区降雨减少将增加土壤通透性和细根向深层土壤的生长,促进土壤微生物活性和有机质分解,可能增加本地区土壤有机碳氮淋溶流失,而温度增高将加剧碳氮流失风险.     

长期施肥条件下水稻土腐殖质组成及稳定性碳同位素特性

利用太湖地区26年水稻土长期定位施肥试验,分析了长期不同施肥处理对土壤剖面有机碳分布和稳定性碳同位素自然丰度(δ¹³C)的影响,以及土壤中不同结合态腐殖质组成的变化.结果表明：长期施肥使水稻土表层土壤有机碳含量显著升高,不同处理土壤剖面有机碳含量与土层深度呈极显著指数负相关(P<0.01);施化肥处理10～30 cm土层和施有机肥处理20～40 cm土层有机碳含量变化相对稳定;随土层深度增加,土壤δ¹³C值逐渐升高,其变化范围在-24‰～-28‰,不同处理土壤剖面有机碳含量与δ¹³C值呈显著线性负相关(P<0.05);0～20 cm土层,仅施有机肥处理(M0)、有机肥+氮+磷处理(MNP)、有机肥+氮+磷+钾处理(MNPK)、有机肥+秸秆+氮处理(MRN)以及秸秆+氮处理(CRN)的δ¹³C值明显降低;30～50 cm土层,除CRN外,有机肥和化肥处理土壤的δ¹³C值均明显升高;不同处理土壤中结合态腐殖质均以紧结合态腐殖质(胡敏素)为主,其含量在50%以上,其余部分为松结合态和稳结合态腐殖质;长期施肥使土壤松结合态腐殖质含量及富啡酸(FA)与胡敏酸(HA)比值(HA/FA)升高.     

广西猫儿山不同海拔土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

为探究我国华南地区山地土壤有机碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量垂直分布特征,阐明土壤C、N、P生态化学计量特征对海拔和土层深度的响应,以广西猫儿山为研究对象,选取不同海拔的10个地点,采集了不同发生层的土壤,测定有机C、N、P、pH、容重和机械组成等土壤性质,探讨了不同海拔及深度土壤C、N、P生态化学计量特征及其影响因素.结果表明: 随着海拔升高,土壤C、N、C/P、N/P均呈增加趋势,土壤P呈先增后降趋势,C/N则呈先增后保持平稳趋势;随着土壤深度增加,土壤C、N、P、C/P、N/P均呈显著降低趋势,C/N无显著变化,C、N在不同发生层土壤间具有较高的耦合性(C/N变异系数为4.0%);土壤P在空间上的变异较小(不同海拔、发生层间变异系数分别为31.0%和22.0%).冗余分析结果显示,前2个排序轴反映了土壤C、N、P化学计量特征变异信息量的74.8%,土壤pH、容重和海拔对土壤C、N、P化学计量特征有显著影响,而黏粒、粉粒和砂粒影响效果不显著.     

秸秆焚烧对土壤有机质和氮磷钾含量的影响

秸秆露天焚烧作为对废弃秸秆常见的处理方式在中国普遍存在。目前的研究多集中在焚烧对区域大气环境的影响,对土壤环境的化学效应研究较少。因此,为揭示大田秸秆焚烧对土壤生物化学性质的影响,设置不焚烧(CK)、减量焚烧(A1)、全量焚烧(A2)、增量焚烧(A3)4个处理,通过连续4个月的田间小区定位试验,探究不同小麦秸秆焚烧量对耕层0—5 cm土壤有机质含量、微生物数量、土壤养分含量的即时效应和各指标在玉米各生育期内的变化情况。结果表明:小麦秸秆焚烧1 d后土壤有机质含量和微生物数量相对于CK显著降低(P0.05)。其中,有机质含量在焚烧后减少11.0%—22.1%,真菌数量降低30.8%—56.1%,细菌数量降低50.6%—72.6%,放线菌数量降低46.9%—68.3%。土壤全效和速效养分含量显著增加(P0.05):全磷含量增加6.5%—12.9%,全钾含量增加4.6%—18.1%,全氮含量增加2.6%—13.2%。速效磷含量增加9.8%—39.1%,速效钾含量增加13.2%—39.1%,铵态氮含量增加8.6%—38.7%,硝态氮含量增加1.4%—9.2%。各指标的变化幅度随焚烧量的增多而加大(A3A2A1)。玉米生育期内,焚烧处理的土壤有机质含量平均恢复5.6%(A1A2A3)。与有机质相比,焚烧处理土壤微生物数量恢复程度较高,其中细菌的恢复速率最快。在玉米苗期各焚烧处理的真菌、细菌和放线菌平均数量相对于CK依次降低12.7%、17.4%、11.9%,在大喇叭口期和成熟期,微生物数量与CK间差异不显著。速效养分含量在玉米生育期显著高于CK。在玉米苗期、大喇叭口期和成熟期,相对于CK速效磷含量平均增加24.9%、27.0%、29.2%,速效钾平均增加24.0%、14.1%、15.2%,铵态氮平均增加25.5%、23.1%、20.2%,硝态氮平均增加20.8%、19.2%、19.8%。     

Impacts of Labile Organic Carbon Concentration on Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen Utilization by a Stream Biofilm Bacterial Community

In aquatic ecosystems, carbon (C) availability strongly influences nitrogen (N) dynamics. One manifestation of this linkage is the importance in the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), which can serve as both a C and an N source, yet our knowledge of how specific properties of DOM influence N dynamics are limited. To empirically examine the impact of labile DOM on the responses of bacteria to DON and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), bacterial abundance and community composition were examined in controlled laboratory microcosms subjected to various combinations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), DON, and DIN treatments. Bacterial communities that had colonized glass beads incubated in a stream were treated with various glucose concentrations and combinations of inorganic and organic N (derived from algal exudate, bacterial protein, and humic matter). The results revealed a strong influence of C availability on bacterial utilization of DON and DIN, with preferential uptake of DON under low C concentrations. Bacterial DON uptake was affected by the concentration and by its chemical nature (labile versus recalcitrant). Labile organic N sources (algal exudate and bacterial protein) were utilized equally well as DIN as an N source, but this was not the case for the recalcitrant humic matter DON treatment. Clear differences in bacterial community composition among treatments were observed based on terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP) of 16S rRNA genes. C, DIN, and DON treatments likely drove changes in bacterial community composition that in turn affected the rates of DON and DIN utilization under various C concentrations.     

模拟氮沉降和降雨量改变对华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳的影响

从2013年11月至2015年12月,通过原位试验,在华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林内设置了对照(CK)、氮沉降(N)、减雨(R)、增雨(A)、氮沉降+减雨(NR)、氮沉降+增雨(NA)6个处理水平,研究了模拟氮沉降和降雨量改变对常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳的影响。结果表明:华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林土壤各土层有机碳含量表现为夏季较高,春冬季较低,0—10 cm土层有机碳含量高于10—20 cm土层。从各处理土壤有机碳含量的平均值来看,0—10 cm土层土壤有机碳含量高低顺序表现为:RNRCKANNA;10—20 cm土层表现为:RNRACKNAN。模拟氮沉降和增雨处理促进了华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳的累积,模拟减雨抑制了土壤有机碳的累积。常绿阔叶林0—10cm土层土壤C/N值显著高于10—20 cm,土壤C/N值随土层加深而呈现出增加的趋势,降雨使土壤C/N降低,增雨使土壤C/N增高。同一氮沉降条件下,增雨处理增加了土壤有机碳的含量,减雨处理减少了土壤有机碳的含量;同一降雨条件下,氮沉降增加土壤有机碳的含量。氮沉降和降雨对土壤可溶解性有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量产生显著影响(P0.05),对土壤活性碳含量影响不显著(P0.05);其交互作用对土壤有机碳、可溶解性有机碳、微生物生物量碳和活性碳含量影响不显著(P0.05)。     

Variation of soil carbon pools in Pinus sylvestris plantations of different ages in north China

Plantations play an important role in absorbing atmospheric CO₂ and plantation soil can serve as an important carbon (C) sink. However, the stocks and dynamics of soil C in differently aged plantation forests in north China remain uncertain. In this study, we measured soil inorganic carbon (SIC), soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen content (STN), the light (LF) and heavy fractions (HF) of soil organic matter (SOM) to a depth of 1 m in 3 different ages (10-, 30-, 40-year-old) of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica (Mongolia pine) plantations in 2011 and 2012. Soil pH, texture and moisture were also measured to explore the causes of SOC dynamics for different stand ages. Our results showed that no significant difference in SIC content was observed at different soil depths. As forest age increases, SIC content as well as the C and N content in SOM, LF and HF initially rose and then decreased, while the LF in SOC initially decreased and then increased. Although the C:N ratio of SOC and HF did not significantly change, the C:N ratio of LF increased with depth. SOC dynamics at different stand ages were significantly correlated with soil moisture and clay content. Soil pH and moisture explained 58.63% of the overall variation of SOC at different depths. Moreover, the SOC increased during the early stage of afforestation, mostly because of the increase in recalcitrant C; however, the decrease of SOC with increasing stand age was also mainly affected by C loss in the recalcitrant C pool.