白洋淀蝗虫分布调查及其防治

1998～ 2 0 0 2年对白洋淀蝗区的蝗虫种类、分布、优势种群及蝗区水文、植被、土壤、天敌等进行了调查研究。调查表明 ,白洋淀蝗区有蝗总科昆虫 3 0种 ,隶属 6总科、2 2属 ,分布于白洋淀淀内湖泊蝗区、淀边内涝蝗区和淀外河泛蝗区 ;明确以东亚飞蝗Locustamigratoriamanilensis (Meyen)为主的 5个蝗虫优势种群及生活史 ,并根据不同蝗区类型 ,提出了蝗区治理区划、生态治理技术、应急化学防治等 3项防治技术和“两改一加强”防治手段     

我国蝗虫暴发成灾的现状及其持续控制对策

概述并分析了我国蝗虫暴发成灾的现状及原因 ,认为全球气候变暖和区域性气候异常、人类活动的影响、监测预警技术手段落后、成灾蝗种增多和发生为害类型复杂、蝗虫研究队伍锐减及基础理论与高新技术研究滞后导致了近年来蝗虫的暴发成灾。对此 ,作者从蝗虫灾害的规律性、监测预警高新技术和综合治理技术等方面提出了实现蝗灾可持续控制的对策     

滨州市蝗虫发生规律研究初报

通过1989—2008年的系统普查与探讨,查明滨州市蝗虫种类总科共18种,隶属于6科15属;分布于农田、夹荒、荒洼、特殊环境4个生态环境;明确了各生态环境、各个时期的优势种,常见种和少见种,及各蝗种的区系性质;明确了7种优势蝗种和2种少见种的生活史及习性。     

鲁西南蝗虫分布与防治措施研究初报

通过 1 999～ 2 0 0 1年的系统普查与探讨 ,初步查明菏泽市有蝗亚目昆虫 2 2种 ,分属于 2总科 ,7科 ,1 9属 ;明确其分布的生态环境 ,发生与环境因素的关系 ,各生态环境中的优势种、常见种、稀少种及常见种的生活史 ,并因地制宜提出防治措施。     

蝗虫 蝗灾 治蝗

１蝗虫蝗虫属于节肢动物门、昆虫纲、直翅目、蝗科。蝗科的种类全世界有１万多种,我国有３００多种。很多种类都是庄稼的害虫。如中华稻蝗Ｏ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ,红翅重蝗,Ｐ．ｓａｕｔｅｒｉ,尤其是东亚飞蝗Ｌｏｃｕｓｔａｍｉｇｒａｔｏｒｉａｍａｎｉｌｅｎｓｉｓ...     

蝗虫微孢子虫及其在蝗害治疗中的作用

扼要阐述了蝗虫微孢子虫的生活史,形态特征及其防治蝗虫的原理和方法。指出用蝗虫微孢子虫治蝗具有显著的社会,经济及生态效益。     

国际蝗虫灾害的防治策略和技术：现状与展望

简要地综述了国际上对蝗虫灾害管理策略与控制技术的发展现状,包括：监测与预警技术、化学防治、生物防治、综合管理对策以及目前的研究热点方向。比较分析了国际、国内蝗虫发生及其治理中存在问题的异同。国际上控制蝗虫灾害的理论、技术、措施、对策,对中国有重要的借鉴作用。一般来说, 控制蝗虫灾害的IPM计划中应该包括：在策略上,强调提前预防压制优于后期灭杀处理;在规律认识上,重视基础生物学和生态学的研究,并将之模型化和标准化;在测报方法上,积极发展和改善监测预警技术水平,将地理信息系统(GIS）和遥感（RS）技术集成引入到防治决策的整体系统中,使信息能够快速、准确地传递;在防治手段上,注意新型防治药剂和施药技术的研究开发和集成,增加用药效果;在天敌利用和环境保护方面,充分认识和评估自然天敌的控制作用,正确地估计防治效益和挽回的损失,重视对环境价值的评价;同时加强多个地区间的联合与协调。     

蝗虫微孢子虫及其在蝗害治理中的作用

扼要阐述了蝗虫微孢子虫的生活史、形态特征及其防治蝗虫的原理和方法。指出,用蝗虫微孢子虫治蝗具有显著的社会、经济及生态效益。     

浙江省密切注意蝗虫发生动态

(中国植保网讯)由于浙江省自2 0 0 3年出现夏旱、冬旱连春旱,且温度偏高,出现湖泊水位下降,河滩、溪滩长时间断水,荒地、荒滩、荒田的杂草面积增加,特别有利蝗虫的越冬、栖息、繁衍,当前该省部分地区已出现高密度蝗蝻聚集区。据调查,仙居县有4个乡镇,40 0hm2 ( 60 0 0亩)发生蝗虫,其中高密度区( 1 0 0头m2 以上)有3 3 .3hm2 ( 5 0 0亩) ,主要为土蝗发生为害,发生期早、发生程度重为近年所未见。“大旱起蝗灾”。鉴于今年浙江省蝗虫发生早,来势凶,蝗灾重发机率较高的特点,省政府要求各级植保部门要加强虫情调查,特别对河滩、溪滩、大面积的荒…     

稻飞虱灾变机理及可持续治理的基础研究

稻飞虱(褐飞虱、白背飞虱和褐飞虱)是威胁我国粮食安全最大的生物灾害。本文基于稻飞虱致害能力的高度变异性、对农药的高适应性、传播病毒病和具有远距离迁飞能力等特点,以及研究中存在的稻飞虱迁飞动态、致害性变异和种间互作关系等灾变机理机制不清楚,提出了稻飞虱迁飞时空动态、致害性变异、稻飞虱传播的病毒病、农药对稻飞虱及其天敌的生态毒理效应、稻飞虱基因组数据分析和稻田生态系统对稻飞虱种群数量调控功能6个研究发展方向以阐明稻飞虱灾变的内在机理,为稻飞虱可持续治理体系建设提供理论依据。     

973项目“重大农业害虫猖獗危害的机制及可持续控制的基础研究”简介

2006年9月,国家重点基础研究发展计划(973)农业领域2006年度项目“重大农业害虫猖獗危害的机制及可持续控制的基础研究”经科技部批准正式立项启动。该项目以全系统管理思想为指导,在基因、个体、种群、生态系统等不同层次,阐明我国重大农业害虫种群分化与暴发的分子基础,解析害虫与寄主作物及天敌间的相互作用机制,建立害虫监测与预警系统,提出重大农业害虫可持续控制的新途径和新方法,为我国农业减灾、经济的可持续发展奠定科学基础。项目的主要研究内容包括:害虫生长发育与生殖调控的分子机制;害虫对环境胁迫的适应机制;杀虫药剂诱导害虫再猖獗的机制;害虫与寄主植物的协同进化;天敌与害虫的互作及控害机制;作物-害虫-天敌食物网关系及其调控机理;重大害虫区域性暴发监测与预警。项目的总体目标为:阐明害虫生长发育、种群分化的分子基础,揭示害虫种群调节的内在机制;解析作物、害虫及天敌间的互作机制,丰富和发展植物-害虫-天敌协同进化理论;阐明主要害虫区域性灾变机理,发展害虫预警新技术;发展与环境相容的、增强自然控害功能的新技术,提出重大农业害虫可持续控制的新途径和新方法;凝炼一支害虫控制基础研究的创新团队,丰富和发展我国害虫管理的科学理论与实践,提升我国有害生物防控的原始创新和集成创新能力,扩大国际影响。     

Locust flight steering

Locusts (Locusta migratoria) were flown in a flight simulator which converts yaw torque into angular motion of the visual environment (Fig. 1). The modalities and the time-course of steering behavior under these closed-loop conditions have been investigated.

Anthrax outbreak among Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi) in Samburu, Kenya

An anthrax outbreak occurred in the Wamba area of southern Samburu, Kenya, between December 2005 and March 2006. The outbreak affected equids including the endangered Grevy's zebras (Equus grevyi), plain zebras (Equis Burchelli) and donkeys (Equus asinus). Most of the deaths were localized in Nkaroni area just west of Wamba town. The diagnosis of anthrax was rapidly confirmed by bacteriological methods. The relevant government departments, including the Kenya Wildlife Service and Veterinary Department, and other stakeholders were promptly informed. Fifty‐three Grevy's zebra and 26 plains zebras died from anthrax. An equal number (eighteen) of adult male and female Grevy's zebras succumbed to the disease. The outbreak affected immature and mature individuals equally. The dead plain zebras included fifteen adult females, two adult males and nine immature individuals. The Veterinary Department responded by vaccinating livestock while Kenya Wildlife Service vaccinated 620 Grevy's zebras within southern Samburu. Examination of sites at which carcasses of animals which succumbed to the disease were burnt, revealed that unsupervised burning did not eliminate anthrax spores in 42% of the cases (n = 14). There is an urgent need to incorporate strategic wildlife disease monitoring in the struggle to save Grevy's zebras and other endangered species.     

Purification of Choline Acetyltransferase from the Locust Schistocerca gregaria and Production of Serum Antibodies to This Enzyme

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT; EC 2.3.1.6) was purified from the heads of Schistocerca gregaria to a final specific activity of 1.61 mumol acetylcholine (ACh) formed min-1 mg-1 protein. The molecular mass of the enzyme as determined by gel filtration is 66,800 daltons. The final enzyme preparation showed one major band at 65,000 daltons on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, which corresponds with the native molecular mass of the enzyme, a band at 56,000 daltons, and two bands at 40,500 and 38,000 daltons. Antibodies raised against ChAT in rabbit react only with the active band on native gel after Western blotting. They strongly react with the 65,000-dalton polypeptide band on Western blots of SDS gel separation of pure preparation of enzyme and with both the 65,000- and 56,000-dalton bands after SDS gel separation of crude extract.     

Laboratory and field investigation of a mixture of Metarhizium acridum and Neem seed oil against the Tree Locust Anacridium melanorhodon melanorhodon (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

The in vitro compatibility of Metarhizium acridum strain IMI 330189 with different concentrations of Neem seed oil Azadirachta indica A. Juss. was investigated under laboratory conditions. Water, diesel and ground nut oil dilutions of M. acridum were inoculated into semi-synthetic culture medium with Neem oil and incubated for 10 days at 20, 28, and 34°C. Fungus vegetative growth and conidia production were estimated and compatibility calculated according to the in vitro classification model [T]. Field tests were also conducted during two successive years, where fourth instar nymphs of the Tree Locust, Anacridium melanorhodon melanorhodon, were sprayed with Metarhizium, Metarhizium/Neem mixture, Neem, or Malathion, on a plantation of Acacia senegal. Samples of the treated nymphs were taken 24 h after application, placed in cages and their mortality observed daily for 3 weeks. The compatibility test revealed that at 28°C, all Neem concentrations below 2% were compatible with M. acridum and concentrations of 2 and 2.5% were moderately toxic, while at 20°C, 1.0% Neem was not compatible with the fungus. In the field, Metarhizium+Neem resulted in 74 and 92% mortality during two successive years compared to 64 and 83% for Metarhizium alone. These findings clearly reveal that Neem concentration on the mixture could be increased to just under 1.0% Neem without negative impact on the fungus and that mixing Metarhizium with small quantities of Neem oil accelerates locust mortality and increases efficacy.     

2005年褐飞虱大暴发原因及其应对策略

对2005年褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stal在浙江省仙居县大暴发的原因进行分析,认为害虫暴发主要由于以下几方面的因素而引起:(1)当时的气候很适宜于褐飞虱的繁育;(2)滥用农药、大量杀伤天敌和环境被严重破坏。为减轻褐飞虱的对水稻的危害,提出了相应的策略。     

A Rapid Purification of L-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase from the Brain of the Locust Schistocerca gregaria

L-Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD; EC 4.1.1.15) was purified to apparent homogeneity from the brain of the locust Schistocerca gregaria using a combination of chromatofocusing (Mono P) and gel filtration (Superose 12) media. The homogeneity of the enzyme preparation was established by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) with silver staining. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated from native gradient gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography to be 97,000 +/- 4,000 and 93,000 +/- 5,000, respectively. When analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-PAGE, the enzyme was found to be composed of two distinct subunits of Mr 51,000 +/- 1,000 and 44,000 +/- 1,500. Tryptic peptide maps of iodinated preparations of these two subunits showed considerable homology, suggesting that the native enzyme is a dimer of closely related subunits. The purified enzyme had a pH optimum of 7.0-7.4 in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer and an apparent Km for glutamate of 5.0 mM. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by the carbonyl-trapping reagent aminooxyacetic acid with an I50 value of 0.2 microM.     

中国红树林生态系统主要害虫种类、 防控现状及成灾原因

红树林湿地是中国东南沿海的关键生态系统之一。近年来, 我国红树林陆续出现多种害虫种群暴发成灾的现象, 使红树林湿地的可持续利用面临严重挑战。本文归纳了近20年来中国红树林生态系统的主要害虫种类, 危害较严重的有海榄雌瘤斑螟Acrobasis sp., 毛颚小卷蛾Lasiognatha cellifera, 丽绿刺蛾Latoia lepida, 白囊袋蛾Chalioides kondonis, 蜡彩袋蛾Chalia larminati和小袋蛾Acanthopsyche subferalbata等; 对红树林虫害的防控现状进行总结, 目前开展的防控工作主要以生物农药、 昆虫生长调节剂、 昆虫天敌等生物防治方法为主, 结合灯光诱杀等物理防治手段的运用, 对暴发期的害虫种群可以取得较好的控制效果; 并从红树林生态系统健康水平和昆虫群落多样性等方面对害虫种群的成灾原因进行初步探讨; 最终提出以虫害可持续控制为目标的红树林生态系统生境调控策略, 以期为提高红树林湿地虫害管理水平以及促进红树林的可持续发展提供重要的理论参考和科学指导。