我国蝗虫暴发成灾的现状及其持续控制对策

概述并分析了我国蝗虫暴发成灾的现状及原因 ,认为全球气候变暖和区域性气候异常、人类活动的影响、监测预警技术手段落后、成灾蝗种增多和发生为害类型复杂、蝗虫研究队伍锐减及基础理论与高新技术研究滞后导致了近年来蝗虫的暴发成灾。对此 ,作者从蝗虫灾害的规律性、监测预警高新技术和综合治理技术等方面提出了实现蝗灾可持续控制的对策     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

我国蝗虫的六大种群的遗传分化分析

我们可以用蝗虫的遗传多样性的变化来检测蝗虫种群的动态变化情况,这有利于研究蝗灾的发生于成为灾害的原理,有利于对蝗灾进行预报,进而有利于蝗灾的防治。对东亚飞蝗、大垫尖翅蝗、中华稻蝗、中华蚱蜢、亚洲小车蝗和黄胫小车蝗这六种蝗虫利用凝胶电泳的技术分析对其进行遗传分化分析,在所研究的12个基因座位中有有3个基因座在蝗虫的六大种群中均成呈单态分布,6个基因在在蝗虫的六大种群中呈多态分布,其余蝗虫的基因座位在这几个种群中至少有一个基因座位存在等位基因。研究表明六种蝗虫的遗传多样化水平均不高,我们可以通过蝗虫基因型和蝗虫等位基因频率的变化情况来对蝗虫种群进行检测,从而为防止蝗灾的发生提供指导和参考,进而提高防治效率。     

草原蝗灾的"元凶"

其实每次草原蝗灾暴发,造成严重危害,都不是一种蝗虫引起的,而是几种模样迥异,习性不同的蝗虫共同泛滥为害的结果。在内蒙古草原可引起蝗灾的蝗虫包括有毛足棒角蝗、褐色雏蝗、宽须蚁蝗、皱膝蝗、白边痂蝗、小翅雏蝗、宽翅曲背蝗、红腹牧草蝗、条纹鸣蝗、异爪蝗、狭翅雏蝗等等。本文中的所有图片都是中国科学院康乐研究员所拍摄,这是他在草原上十多年研究期间积累下来的,是研究草原蝗虫珍贵的第一手资料,本刊为首发。     

新疆蝗虫及其监控技术研究进展

因蝗虫种群种类多、分布范围广,导致新疆是我国蝗虫灾害发生最突出、最典型的地区,也是遭受邻国蝗虫跨境危害最严重的地区。本文概述了几十年来新疆蝗虫基础理论研究及监测预警与防控技术进展,同时总结了中哈边境蝗虫跨境迁飞过程及雷达监测的最新研究结果,并就中亚迁飞场理论和实证研究、区域迁飞害虫监测网络平台建立和生物防治技术三个方面进行了展望,以期为监测和治理新疆本地蝗虫及西北边境迁飞害虫提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

蝗虫生境监测方法研究进展

蝗虫是一种能对农业生产带来毁灭性打击的害虫。预测、监测蝗虫的发生、发展对于防治蝗虫、减轻蝗灾具有重要意义。在分析蝗虫的发生和消长与其生存环境的关系基础上,概述了以往蝗虫发生、发展预测、监测的主要方法。然后,从监测蝗虫生境采用的指标、卫星数据、算法等方面进一步阐述了运用现代遥感、地理信息系统技术监测蝗虫生境、预测蝗虫发生、发展的理论基础和最新进展;最后,结合现代对地观测技术、网络、快速计算和模拟等技术的发展探讨了蝗虫生境监测的发展方向。     

蝗虫和蝗灾

全世界的蝗虫约有1万种以上,其中对农作物、牧草以及灌丛和森林可造成不同程度危害的约500种左右,有些种类则可造成毁灭性的灾害。全球除南极洲、欧亚大陆北纬55°以北地区外均可发生蝗害。在人类的历史上,遭受蝗灾之害可能始于种植作物的八、九千年以前,蝗灾与水灾、旱灾常相间或伴随发生而成为人类的三大自然灾害。最早见诸记载的可追溯到第六王朝(公元前2420—2270年),在埃及的塞加拉(Saggara)古墓壁雕的蝗虫和《圣经·出埃及记》(约公元前1300年)中有关蝗虫迁飞为害的记述。古波斯     

国际蝗虫灾害的防治策略和技术：现状与展望

简要地综述了国际上对蝗虫灾害管理策略与控制技术的发展现状,包括：监测与预警技术、化学防治、生物防治、综合管理对策以及目前的研究热点方向。比较分析了国际、国内蝗虫发生及其治理中存在问题的异同。国际上控制蝗虫灾害的理论、技术、措施、对策,对中国有重要的借鉴作用。一般来说, 控制蝗虫灾害的IPM计划中应该包括：在策略上,强调提前预防压制优于后期灭杀处理;在规律认识上,重视基础生物学和生态学的研究,并将之模型化和标准化;在测报方法上,积极发展和改善监测预警技术水平,将地理信息系统(GIS）和遥感（RS）技术集成引入到防治决策的整体系统中,使信息能够快速、准确地传递;在防治手段上,注意新型防治药剂和施药技术的研究开发和集成,增加用药效果;在天敌利用和环境保护方面,充分认识和评估自然天敌的控制作用,正确地估计防治效益和挽回的损失,重视对环境价值的评价;同时加强多个地区间的联合与协调。     

蝗虫成灾规律、影响因素及防控技术研究进展

蝗虫是最重要的全球农牧业害虫之一,其灾害不仅强烈影响生态系统功能和稳定性,还带来严重的经济损失。因蝗虫食性杂、适应性强、聚集为害等特点使其可持续治理成为一项复杂而长期的艰巨工作。本文从蝗虫灾变发生规律、影响因素(自身因素、非生物和生物因素)以及当前有效防控方法与技术进行综述,并从蝗虫种群动态变化规律以及其有效防控的理论与技术提出今后的研究方向,为将来蝗虫发生的内在机制研究以及对其进行绿色防控技术探索提供基础。     

感谢苏联治蝗专家对我们的伟大援助

蝗虫是我国危险性的大害虫,不仅在沿海的河北、江苏、山东等省,连年猖獗为害;新疆也是常常闹蝗灾的地区,并由于在新疆为害的蝗虫不只是飞蝗,还有红胫戟纹蝗、西伯利亚蝗及意大利蝗等多种,再加上新疆地面辽阔,蝗虫发生的中心都是分布在交通困难和生活条件极度恶劣的地区,这对于治蝗工作增加极大困难。解放后第一年全国十多个省市都发生蝗虫猖獗为害,当时,我们对这样大规模的治蝗工     

Behavioural phase change in the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera, is triggered by tactile stimulation of the antennae

Density-dependent phase polyphenism is a defining characteristic of the paraphyletic group of acridid grasshoppers known as locusts. The cues and mechanisms associated with crowding that induce behavioural gregarization are best understood in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, and involve a combination of sensory inputs from the head (visual and olfactory) and mechanostimulation of the hind legs, acting via a transient increase in serotonin in the thoracic ganglia. Since behavioural gregarization has apparently arisen independently multiple times within the Acrididae, the important question arises as to whether the same mechanisms have been recruited each time. Here we explored the roles of visual, olfactory and tactile stimulation in the induction of behavioural gregarization in the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera. We show that the primary gregarizing input is tactile stimulation of the antennae, with no evidence for an effect of visual and olfactory stimulation or tactile stimulation of the hind legs. Our results show that convergent behavioural responses to crowding have evolved employing different sites of sensory input in the Australian plague locust and the desert locust.     

Demographic processes shaping genetic variation of the solitarious phase of the desert locust

Between plagues, the solitarious desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) is generally thought to exist as small populations, which are particularly prone to extinction events in arid regions of Africa and Asia. Given the high genetic structuring observed in one geographical area (the Eritrean coast) by former authors, a metapopulation dynamics model involving repeated extinction and colonization events was favoured. In this study, we assessed the validity of a demographic scenario involving temporary populations of the solitarious phase of the desert locust by analysing large‐scale population genetic data. We scored 24 microsatellites in 23 solitarious population samples collected over most of the species range during remission. We found very little genetic structuring and little evidence of declining genetic diversity. A Bayesian clustering method distinguished four genetically differentiated units. Three groups were largely consistent with three population samples which had undergone recent bottleneck events. Nevertheless, the last genetically homogeneous unit included all individuals from the remaining 18 population samples and did not show evidence of demographic disequilibrium. An approximate Bayesian computation treatment indicated a large population size for this main genetic group, moderately reduced between plague and remission but still containing tens of thousands of individuals. Our results diverge from the hypothesis of a classical metapopulation dynamics model. They instead support the scenario in which large populations persist in the solitarious phase of the desert locust.     

河北省黄骅市三个重点蝗区两个时段土壤湿度的遥感提取

蝗灾是人类历史上重要的自然灾害之一,影响蝗灾爆发的因素很多,其中土壤湿度是重要的影响因素之一。以位于河北省黄骅市境内的3个重点蝗区——黄灶、杨官庄和藤南大洼为监测样区,利用高时间分辨率MODIS遥感影像数据,分别提取2002年(东亚飞蝗大发生年)秋蝗产卵期到夏蝗孵化期间的土壤湿度信息以及2004年(东亚飞蝗轻为害年)相同时段的土壤湿度信息,发现蝗灾大爆发年份的土壤湿度明显低于轻发生年份,在秋蝗的产卵期(9—10月)和夏蝗的孵化期(3—5月)差异尤为明显。     

昆虫病原微生物及其在蝗灾治理中的应用

本文重点介绍了蝗虫痘病毒、蝗虫微孢子虫、蝗噬虫霉、绿僵菌、白僵菌、米曲霉等的生物学特性、侵染机制、流行病学和应用潜力。蝗虫痘病毒和蝗噬虫霉分别由于生产成本过高和分生孢子在离体条件下存活时间过短而难以开发应用;蝗虫微孢子虫和绿僵菌已广泛应用到蝗灾治理中,有关绿僵菌致病机理的研究最深入全面;白僵菌也已成功应用到蝗灾治理中;介绍了一种新病原——米曲霉对飞蝗的毒力以及产孢量和耐热性等生物学特性。最后,提出蝗虫新病原微生物资源的开发、提高生产工艺水平、研发新的制剂和延长储存时间等是今后蝗虫微生物农药的发展方向。     

Preventing desert locust plagues: optimizing management interventions

Solitarious desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), inhabit the central, arid, and semi‐arid parts of the species’ invasion area in Africa, the Middle East, and South‐West Asia. Their annual migration circuit takes them downwind to breed sequentially where winter, spring, and summer rains fall. In many years, sparse and erratic seasonal rains support phase change and local outbreaks at only a few sites. Less frequently, seasonal rains are widespread, frequent, heavy, and long lasting, and many contemporaneous outbreaks occur. When such seasonal rains fall sequentially, populations develop into an upsurge and eventually into a plague unless checked by drought, migration to hostile habitats, or effective control. Increases in the proportion of gregarious populations as the plague develops alter the effectiveness of control. As an upsurge starts, only a minority of locusts is aggregated into treatable targets and spraying them leaves sufficient unsprayed individuals to continue the upsurge. Spraying all individuals scattered within an entire infested zone is arguably both financially and environmentally unacceptable. More of the population gregarizes and forms sprayable targets after each successive season of good rains and successful breeding. Eventually, unless the rains fail, the entire upsurge population becomes aggregated at high densities so that the infested area diminishes and a plague begins. These populations must continue to increase numerically and spread geographically to achieve peak plague levels, a stage last reached in the 1950s. Effective control, aided by poor rains, accompanied each subsequent late upsurge and early plague stage and all declined rapidly. The control strategy aims to reduce populations to prevent plagues and damage to crops and grazing. Differing opinions on the optimum stage to interrupt pre‐plague breeding sequences are reviewed.     

蝗虫多型现象的神经内分泌调控

蝗虫有两种型,即散居型和群居型。蝗灾通常由群居型蝗虫所引发。多年来人们试图找到控制蝗虫由散居型向群居型转变的关键因子,以期控制蝗虫危害。该文主要从神经内分泌的角度概述了蝗虫多型性的生理机制,重点介绍了保幼激素、蜕皮激素和脑神经肽［His7］-corazonin在蝗虫多型性中的主要作用和机制。     

警惕沙漠蝗的猖獗发生

沙漠蝗在史前期就是北非、西亚和印度等热带荒漠地区的河谷与绿洲上的农业大害虫。我国云南和西藏自治区的聂拉木均有沙漠蝗的分布记载 ,虽尚未发生灾害 ,但是沙漠蝗猖獗发生的最大扩散区已达我国云南接壤的缅甸和西藏接壤的尼泊尔、印度。故我国的西藏自治区和云南省的有关边防及农业植物保护机构应予以高度重视并加强监测和预警 ,谨防沙漠蝗的发生危害     

Short‐term assessment of dung beetle response to carbosulfan treatment against desert locust in Sudan

The beneficial role of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is well known. Potential risks to these beetles from the widespread use of insecticides against the desert locust, a significant plant pest in Africa, the Near East and South West Asia, have not been studied previously. Short‐term responses of dung beetles to carbamate carbosulfan (Marshal®, ultra low‐volume formulation, 100 g active ingredient ha^?1) were assessed during desert locust control operations at five sites within two major biotopes: Acacia tortilis shrubland and cultivated wetland; on the Red Sea Coast of Sudan. The study took place during January–February 2004. At each site, fresh dung from Zebu cows was placed in areas targeted for desert locust control. Dung pats were placed in plots in two areas and left for 24 h, before and after insecticide application. Beetles were extracted by floatation. There was a significant decrease in abundance between the pre‐ and post‐spray period in treated areas for the Scarabaeinae species Onthophagus margaritifer (a dark colour morph). In contrast, it was found that Aphodius lucidus and beetles at the subfamily level of Aphodiinae increased in numbers after insecticide treatment. Mortality and sublethal impacts as well as a repellent effect of the insecticide may explain the decrease in Onthophagus margaritifer, while the increase in Aphodiinae beetles could be an indirect response to lower numbers of Scarabaeinae beetles in competing for the same resource. These organisms and the applied methodology may be useful for environmental monitoring of desert locust control, thus further studies are suggested. The assessment also revealed a marked difference between the two biotopes with high abundance and species richness of dung beetles in A. tortilis shrubland, while these measures were low in the cultivated wetland. Five new species of dung beetles for Sudan were found in this study.     

Are recession populations of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) remnants of past swarms?

The desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) undergoes crowding-induced phase transformation from solitary to gregarious, which involves changes in behaviour, colour, development, morphometry, fecundity and endocrine physiology. During recession, solitary locusts persist in the central, drier part of the species' range in small pocket populations that are prone to extinction. During the intermittent upsurges and the subsequent plagues, gregarious swarms attain huge population size and invade a vast area causing major damage to agriculture. A highly variable nuclear DNA marker, a noncoding 3' end fragment of an antennapedia-class homeobox gene, was screened in locust samples from Eritrea. Despite the homogenizing potential of plague swarms, the last of which was in 1986-89 and originated in this region, the population genetic structure of solitary phase locusts along the Red Sea coast of Eritrea revealed significant divergence. The pattern of divergence indicated that the invasion of the western and northern plains in the summer of 1995 may not, as reported then, have originated in eastern Chad or western Sudan. A number of interrelated hypotheses have been presented to explain the observed genetic heterogeneity between the sampled populations. We conclude, with caution due to the limited sample sizes, that: (i) geographical isolation between breeding sites during plagues and recession; (ii) the marked differences in the flight behaviour of plague swarms and recession populations; (iii) possible failure of gregarious locusts to solitarize and re-establish in recession areas; and (iv) the effect of repeated extinction and recolonization in the meta-population contribute to the maintenance of the genetic structure of recession populations. Potentially productive future research has been identified.     

飞蝗及沙漠蝗信息素概述

飞蝗和沙漠蝗自古以来就是重要的农业害虫,这与其生物学特性是密不可分的.信息素对飞蝗和沙漠蝗生物学特征的调节起到了非常重要的作用.到目前为止,沙漠蝗Schistocerca gregaria和飞蝗Locusta migratoria 的研究较为深入,本文对其主要成果进行了综述,以此作为以后飞蝗和沙漠蝗信息素进一步研究的参...