野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病变种8004菌株wxcA基因与EPS的产量有关

在以前的工作中,采用转座子Tn5gusA5对野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病变种(Xcc) 8004菌株进行诱变,获得一批胞外多糖(EPS)合成减少的突变体,对这些突变体的Tn5gusA5的插入位点进行分析后,发现有两株突变体是wxcA基因不同插入位点的突变体。以前认为wxcA基因与脂多糖(LPS)的O抗原合成有关而与EPS的合成无关。为明确wxcA基因的功能,对8004菌株的wxcA基因进行缺失,获得的ΔwxcA突变体的EPS产量与野生型菌株相比,减少了50%,并且一段PCR合成的包含wxcA基因的DNA片段能反式互补ΔwxcA突变体,恢复突变体的EPS产量。这证实了8004菌株的wxcA基因与EPS的合成产量有关。     

野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病变种中一个与EPS合成有关的新基因的鉴定

用转座子Tn5gusA5对野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病变种(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,简称Xcc)野生型菌株8004进行诱变,分离到一批胞外多糖(EPS)合成减少的突变体。采用TAIL-PCR(thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR)分析突变体的Tn5gusA5插入位点,发现其中一株编号为151D09的突变体的插入位点位于Xcc 8004菌株的基因组编号为XC3695的ORF内,该ORF功能尚未见报道。序列分析表明,该ORF演绎的编码产物与Serratia marcescens的kdtX基因和Klebsiella pneumoniae的waaE基因演绎的编码产物分别具有52%和50%的相似性,并具有第2家族糖基转移酶的功能域, 因此暂将该ORF命名为waxE基因。用同源双交换方法构建了waxE基因的缺失突变体,并采用PCR和Southern杂交的方法对突变体进行了验证。waxE基因缺失突变体在营养丰富培养基的生长繁殖不受影响,但其EPS产量与野生型菌株8004相比,降低35%左右,并且一段PCR合成的包含waxE基因的DNA片段能反式互补waxE基因缺失突变体,恢复缺失突变体的EPS产量,表明Xcc waxE基因与EPS的生物合成有关。     

野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病型胞外多糖合成有关的DNA序列的克隆

以从野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病型（Xanthomonascampestrispv.campestris）胞外多糖突变体T117中克隆到的含有突变序列的DNA片段作探针,从野生型菌株中鉴定和克隆了含有相应序列的9．4kbHindⅢ片段。该片段可反式互补突变体T117,完全恢复其胞外多糖的合成,说明该片段至少含有一个完整的与该菌胞外多糖合成有关的基因。     

野油菜黄单胞菌L4生产黄单胞菌多糖的适宜条件

研究了野油菜黄单胞L4生产黄单胞菌多糖的适宜培养基和培养条件。培养基组成(g／L)为：蔗糖40—50,铵盐1．0—1．25,酵母膏2．0-3.0,CACO,3.0,MgsO4·7H2O 0．25,Na2HPO4·12H2O 0.1,柠檬酸0．01—0．10,pH7．5。种龄为48小时以上。在30℃于旋转式摇床(200r／min)上培养3天,发酵液粘度高达14000-16000cp。用乙醇沉淀得多糖28g／L以上。     

野油菜黄单胞菌NK-01编码生物合成多糖基因的克隆

采用甲基磺酸乙酯诱变野油菜黄单胞菌ＮＫ－０１得到多糖合成缺陷的不产粘突变株。经ＳａｌⅠ部分酶切得到的野生型ＮＫ－０１染色体ＤＮＡ片段,连接到广泛寄主载体ｐＲＫ２９３上,在Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ中建立完整的ＮＫ－０１基因库。通过使一株不产多糖突变株在协助质粒ｐＲＫ２０１３存在下,分别与含基因库的Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ菌落群体进行三亲结合转移筛选具有卡那霉素抗性的产粘接合后体,对接合后体进行的重组质粒的酶切分析表明,     

野油菜黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas campestris)L4胞外多糖的理化分析

本文报道野油菜黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas campcstris)L4以蔗糖为底物在2吨发酵罐中生产的胞外多糖的理化分析结果,并与美国的商品黄单胞菌多糖(Xanthan)相比较。两种多糖纯化后单糖组分的气相色谱分析表明,它们均含有D-葡萄糖和D-甘露糖,克分子比为1：1。糖醛酸含量相同,为19％。 L4多糖和Xanthan的丙酮酸含量也相当,分别为4．23％和4.66％,元素分析和红外光谱分析表明,它们有相似的元素组成和基团吸收。L4多糖的沉降系数S02。W为11．5-11．9 S,比美国商品高(10．10S)。L4多糖的持性粘度[η]=11．8dl／g,偏比容-v=0．55ml／g,分子量为2 2 25 600—378 3000。     

水稻黄单胞菌水稻致病变种的超氧化物歧化酶活性及诱导

以水稻黄单胞菌水稻致病变种(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae)的毒性菌株PXO99Ａ和无毒菌株PXO99A(pBUavrXa10F1),检测液体培养中菌体超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化,以说明SOD与菌株致病性的关系。结果表明,菌体SOD活性高峰出现于延迟期末,之后下降;毒性菌株SOD活性高于无毒菌株。两个菌株的SOD活性的胞内定位均以胞质为主,占总活性的70%以上;酶体周质中SOD活性占总活性的20%～30%。以50～800μmol/L外源O-2处理细菌培养物1?h,可诱导菌体中SOD活性的增加。其 中以200?μmol/L O-2处理SOD活性最高;12?h菌龄培养物的诱导效果优于24?h培养物;对毒性菌株SOD的诱导作用更为明显。外源O-2处理后细菌存活率明显降低,2 4?h培养物的存活率下降大于12?h培养物;毒性菌株存活率下降大于无毒菌株。     

黄单胞菌多糖发酵中试

野油菜黄单胞菌（Ｘａｎｔｈｏｍｏｎａｓｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓ）Ｌ４在两吨发酵罐中,以蔗糖为底物发酵７２ｈ,发酵液粘度达到６０００～１２０００ｃｐ,转化率平均达到６２．４５％。     

野油菜黄单胞菌6-磷酸果糖激酶基因的初步分析

6-磷酸果糖激酶是糖酵解途径中的关键酶,它催化糖酵解途径中第一个不可逆反应。本研究利用pK18mobsacB自杀质粒采用同源双交换的方法对野油菜黄单胞菌Xcc8004中的6-磷酸果糖激酶基因(XC_0872)进行缺失突变,获得无标记的缺失突变体DM0872。表型检测结果显示DM0872突变体不影响野油菜黄单胞菌对葡萄糖和果糖的利用,不影响胞外多糖的合成,也不影响其致病性。该结果显示糖酵解途径在野油菜黄单胞菌的地位并不重要。另外,我们利用RT-PCR方法检测了XC_0872的转录情况,结果显示XC_0872在Xcc8004中是转录的。而之前曾有报道称黄单胞菌中无法检测出6-磷酸果糖激酶活性,这表明XC_0872进行了转录后调控从而使6-磷酸果糖激酶活性受到限制。本研究为野油菜黄单胞菌中糖酵解途径的调控提供了理论依据,对揭示野油菜黄单胞菌中该途径的调控机制具有一定的意义。     

Qualitative and comparative proteomic analysis of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 17

The bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris (XCC) 17 is a local isolate that causes crucifer black rot disease in Taiwan. In this study, its proteome was separated using 2-DE and the well-resolved proteins were excised, trypsin digested, and analyzed by MS. Over 400 protein spots were analyzed and 281 proteins were identified by searching the MS or MS/MS spectra against the proteome database of the closely related XCC ATCC 33913. Functional categorization of the identified proteins matched 141 (50%) proteins to 81 metabolic pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. In addition, we performed a comparative proteome analysis of the pathogenic strain 17 and an avirulent strain 11A to reveal the virulence-related proteins. We detected 22 up-regulated proteins in strain 17 including the degrading enzymes EngXCA, HtrA, and PepA, which had been shown to have a role in pathogenesis in other bacteria, and an anti-host defense protein, Ohr. Thus, further functional studies of these up-regulated proteins with respect to their roles in XCC pathogenicity are suggested.     

TAIL-PCR方法快速分离Xcc致病相关基因序列

以mini-Tn5 gfp-km转座子中nptⅡ片段作为探针,对已获得的五株野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜黑腐病致病型（Xcc)非致病突变体进行了Southern blot分析,结果表明,这五株突变体确由mini-Tn5 gfp-km转座子插入致病相关基因所致,且为单拷贝不同位点的插入。提取这五株突变体总DNA作为模板,采用改进的热不对称交错PCR（TAIL－PCR）方法从其中克隆到了各自转座子插入区侧翼序列,对这些侧翼序列进行了序列测定并将分析结果与GenBank database及Xcc全基因组序列做了比较,结果表明,五个侧翼序列所在的基因确与Xcc致病性有关。这种改进后的TAIL－PCR方法为突变体特别是转座子插入突变体中目的基因的克隆提供了一种简要高效的新方法。     

High-quality mutant libraries of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and X. campestris pv. campestris generated by an efficient transposon mutagenesis system

A novel transposon mutagenesis system for the phytopathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and X. campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) was developed using a Tn5-based transposome. A highly efficient transformation up to 10(6) transformants per microg transposon DNA was obtained. Southern blot and thermal asymmetric interlaced polymerase chain reaction analyses of Tn5 insertion sites suggested a random mode of transposition. The transposition was stable in the transformants for 20 subcultures. Eighteen thousand and 17000 transformants for Xoo and Xcc, respectively, were generated, corresponding to 4X ORF coverage of the genomes. The libraries will facilitate the identification of pathogenicity-related genes as well as functional genomic analysis in Xoo and Xcc.     

Defence-related enzymatic response in cabbage to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

Black rot of cabbage caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is one of the most important diseases of crucifers worldwide. Expression of defence-related enzymes in cabbage in response to X. campestris pv. campestris was investigated in the current experiment. Among the defence-related enzymes (phynylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase [SOD] and chitinase) and quantity of phenolic compounds studied in the present investigation, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), the key enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway was the first enzyme suppressed at three days after inoculation in X. campestris pv. campestris-cabbage system. Correlation analysis indicated that PAL and phenolic compounds are the two most important compounds determining the susceptibility of cabbage to X. campestris pv. campestris. Induction of peroxidase isoform-1 (Rf value: 0.059) and SOD isoform-1 (Rf value: 0.179) three days after pathogen inoculation implicated the role of these isozymes in susceptible cabbage – X. campestris pv. campestris interaction. This study demonstrates the susceptibility of cabbage to X. campestris pv. campestris is a result of declination of PAL and phenolic contents at biochemical level as a manifestation of increase in bacterial population at the cellular level within the host tissues.     

Genetic and Proteomic Analyses of a Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris purC Mutant Deficient in Purine Biosynthesis and Virulence

Bacterial proliferation in hosts requires activation of a number of housekeeping pathways, including purine de novo biosynthesis. Although inactivation of purine biosynthesis genes can attenuate virulence, it is unclear which biochemical or virulence factors are associated with the purine biosynthesis pathway in vivo. We report that inactivation of purC, a gene encoding phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase, caused complete loss of virulence in Xanthomonas campestris pv. cam- pestris, the causal agent of black rot disease of cruciferous plants. The purC mutant was a purine auxotroph; it could not grow on minimal medium, whereas addition of purine derivatives, such as hypoxanthine or adenine plus guanine, restored growth of the mutant. The purC mutation also significantly enhanced the production of an unknown purine synthesis associated pigment and extracellular polysaccharides by the bacterium. In addition, comparative proteomic analyses of bacteria grown on rich and minimal media revealed that the purC mutation affected the expression levels of diverse proteins involved in purine and pyrimidine synthesis, carbon and energy metabolisms, iron uptake, proteolysis, protein secretion, and signal transduction. These results provided clues to understanding the contributions of purine synthesis to bacterial virulence and interactions with host immune systems.     

细菌除草剂黄单胞菌反枝苋致病菌的筛选

从杂草反枝苋根际土壤中分离到大量的根际细菌,利用谷氨酰胺合成酶抑制剂模型和蛋白核小球藻筛选模型进行快速、高效的初筛,并结合温室盆栽复筛,筛选出一株具有较强除草活性的细菌野油菜黄单胞菌反枝苋致病变种。温室盆栽试验表明,该黄单胞菌对反枝苋、荠菜等双子叶杂草具有较强的抑制作用。      

Comprehensive analysis of the extracellular proteins from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris B100

The extracellular proteome of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) cultivated in minimal medium was isolated from the cell-free culture supernatant and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This technique resolved 97 clearly visible protein spots, which were excised, digested with trypsin and identified on the basis of their peptide mass fingerprints generated by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight-mass spectrometry. Using this approach 87 different proteins could be distinguished. The Signal P software predicted putative signal peptides for 53% of the extracellular proteins. These proteins are probably transported over the inner membrane and are localized in the periplasm, the outer membrane or secreted into the extracellular space. Among the secreted proteins are 11 degradative enzymes, which are involved in pathogenesis of Xcc. The proteins without obvious secretion signals are known to serve functions in the cytosol. How the cytosolic proteins are delivered to the extracellular space remains unclear.     

重组粘粒pIXUR3502对甘蓝黑腐黄单胞菌胞外多糖生物合成的负调控

通过三亲交配,XCCNAU-1基因文库中的重组粘粒可以从Ecoli转移到XCCNAU－R3中,绝大多数重组粘粒的转入对甘蓝黑腐菌胞外多糖（Eps）生物合成无明显影响,但导致菌株生长较慢。重组粘粒pIXUR3502（约50kb）对Eps生物合成有负调控,使产量降低35.1％,发酵液粘度降低40．6％,其中,载体pIJ3200本身使产量降低6．7％,发酵液粘度降低9．4％,约28kb的外源DNA片段使产量降低28．4％,发酵液粘度降低31．2％。     

MarR家族转录因子HpaR和XC0449协同调控野油菜黄单胞菌致病性

MarR家族转录因子广泛存在于细菌及古生菌中,并灵活、精细地调控多种毒力、抗胁迫及抗生素相关的生理生化途径。在野油菜黄单胞菌中,MarR家族转录因子HpaR (XC2827)的失活会显著降低细菌对于寄主甘蓝的致病力,同时会导致胞外蛋白酶的过量表达。本研究进一步发现,Xcc 8004基因组一共编码9个MarR家族转录因子。表达并纯化其中的HpaR (XC2827)和XC0449,体外微量热泳动(MST)实验及Pull-down实验证明二者可以在体外特异性结合。同时,表型检测发现XC0449突变会导致细菌致病力显著下降。通过体外凝胶迁移阻滞试验(EMSA)、体内qRT-PCR和GUS检测证明,XC0449和HpaR均作为转录激活子协同调控下游致病相关基因XC0705的表达,最终调控细菌毒力及胞外酶合成。