太行隆肛蛙补充描述(无尾目,蛙科)

对采自我国河南济源市邵原镇太行山的隆肛蛙标本进行了形态学观察分析,发现该地标本在形态上与模式产地巫山隆肛蛙标本及其它种群存在明显差异,这表明太行山的隆肛蛙应是一独立种,即太行隆肛蛙Paa(Feirana)taihangnicus.本文对该种进行了详细的记述,并依据遗传学资料做了相应的分类讨论.     

叶氏隆肛蛙(无尾目,蛙科)的补充描述

对采自河南省商城县隆肛蛙标本进行了形态学研究,发现该标本在形态上与巫山隆肛蛙及太行隆肛蛙Paa(Feirana)taihangnicus存在明显差异,定为1新种,即叶氏隆肛蛙Paa(Feirana)yei.文中对该种作了详细记述.     

康县隆肛蛙的两性异形

测量和比较了采自甘肃省康县的康县隆肛蛙Feirana kangxianensis标本共计90只(雌性48只,雄性42只)。结果表明,康县隆肛蛙成体的头体长、头长、头宽、吻长、鼻间距、眼间距、眼径、鼓膜长、前臂及手长、后肢全长、手长、足长的形态特征在两性间的差异有统计学意义。以头体长为协变量的协方差分析显示,康县隆肛蛙两性的差异均有统计学意义,异形指数达到0.08,雌性与雄性的平均头体长比值为1.091。对所有测量的形态特征与头体长进行一元线性回归分析表明,雌性康县隆肛蛙局部形态特征的生长速度明显大于雄性,其中,吻长、眼间距、眼径、鼓膜长、前臂及手长、手长的两性差异最明显。生育力选择假设能解释康县隆肛蛙的两性异形现象。     

太行隆肛蛙的早期胚胎发育及生态适应性

报道了在自然条件下太行隆肛蛙(Feirana taihangnicus)早期胚胎发育的过程。根据胚胎外部形态变化、主要生理特征及行为的出现,其早期胚胎发育过程可划分为25个时期。在水温11.0～18.0℃下,从受精卵形成至蝌蚪两侧鳃盖完全闭合、出水管形成为止,共历时470.18 h。卵裂开始时集中在动物极顶端,直到囊胚早期植物极才出现分割线;胚体的出膜时间集中在右侧鳃盖闭合期,出膜后即具备主动取食的能力,属于晚出膜类型;隐蔽的产卵环境、特殊的卵群附着方式以及大卵径、高卵黄量,是太行隆肛蛙对低温条件下早期胚胎发育时程长的生态适应。     

隆肛蛙皮肤及其腺体的显微结构特征

观察了隆肛蛙(Paa quadranus)皮肤及其腺体的显微结构特点,主要对成体、幼蛙和蝌蚪泄殖腔上方皮肤腺进行了描述和比较。结果表明,隆肛蛙的表皮和真皮内均分布有微血管及黑色素细胞;皮肤腺为泡状腺,腺泡位于真皮浅层的疏松层内,属顶质分泌的粘液腺;雄性成体泄殖腔上方皮肤腺是隆肛蛙的特有结构,属于雄性的第二性征,本文建议称其为肛上腺(supra-anal gland)。文中对肛上腺及其机能、表皮中微血管与皮肤呼吸、黑色素细胞与体温调节等之间的关系进行了讨论。     

隆肛蛙

从2010年5月开始,对分布在甘肃省天水市利桥乡的隆肛蛙进行了包括生态习性、繁殖情况在内的调查,并了解其贸易状况及相关价值;调查发现:隆肛蛙在生态学和商业方面都具有较高的价值,应在保护的前提下进行合理的开发利用.     

秦岭山区隆肛蛙胚后发育的初步观察

初步观察记录了秦岭山区隆肛蛙Feirana quadrana胚后发育过程.隆肛蛙蝌蚪的头长、体长、尾长和后肢长度随发育时间的增加而显著增长.将隆肛蛙的胚后发育过程划分为20期.其蝌蚪在发育中体色、荚膜(皮肤褶)、侧线以及唇齿式等结构都发生了相应的变化.唇齿式由以II∶ 5-5/II∶ 1-1型为主演变为以II∶ 6-6/II∶ 1-1、I∶ 6-6/II∶ 1-1和II∶ 5-5/II∶ 1-1型为主.     

太行隆肛蛙骨骼系统的解剖

对太行隆肛蛙的骨骼系统进行了详细的观察和描述:鼻骨较大,蝶筛骨在背而部分显露,额顶骨前后几等宽,前耳骨大.舌骨体宽明显大于长.上胸软骨小于剑胸软骨,肩胸骨基部不分叉,与中胸骨几等长,剑胸软骨呈扇形状,后端有缺刻.第8椎体为舣凹型椎体,肩带固胸型.     

隆肛蛙幼体脊椎骨骼的发育

无尾两栖类幼体在水栖到陆栖环境的转变过程中,脊椎骨会发生重塑来适应陆栖环境。本研究采用茜素红和阿利新蓝对不同发育阶段的隆肛蛙Feirana quadranus幼体的脊椎骨进行双染色,描述幼体发育中脊椎骨形态发生过程。本研究结果显示,在Gosner 26期,荐前椎Ⅰ~Ⅷ的椎弓和椎体开始骨化,提示无尾两栖类幼体发育持续时间越长,其骨化起始时期可能越早。在Gosner 42期,脊椎骨前后关节形成。在Gosner 46期,荐后椎和底索愈合形成尾杆骨。前后关节和尾杆骨的形成时期与大多无尾两栖类幼体基本一致。本研究推测,脊椎骨前后关节的形成有利于前肢和后肢的协调运动;尾杆骨的出现有利于后肢力量的传递。     

叶氏肛刺蛙消化道两种内分泌细胞的研究

应用免疫组织化学方法对叶氏肛刺蛙Yerana yei胃肠道2种内分泌细胞的形态和分布进行研究.5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)免疫活性细胞分布于消化道各段,胃幽门分布密度最高,然后向两端递减,整个分布曲线大致呈倒"V"字型;生长抑素(somatostain,SS)细胞在消化道各段均有分布,胃幽门最高,除胃贲门处稍高于胃体处外,从幽门向两端递减.5-HT和sS细胞都形态多样,有圆形、卵圆形、锲形、梭形和长柱状等.消化道内分泌细胞的分布差异可能与其食性和生活习性有关;两栖类各物种间内分泌细胞的分布存在差异.     

松蜕盾蚧等四种蜕盾蚧分类地位的研究（同翅目：盾蚧科）

将松蜕盾蚧Florinia pinicola Maskell接种于盆栽马尾松上饲养,得到大量标本,通过对这些标本的观察研究,结果发现：臀背边缘管腺的大小．数量以及触角的形态等特征变化很大;研究表明松蜕盾蚧F.pinicola、日本蜕盾蚧F.japonica、柏蜕盾蜕F.externa和霜蜕盾蚧F.prulnosa,实际上是同一个种,即松蜕盾蚧F.pinicola。     

Two-act transitions,partitioned contingency tables,and the ‘significant cells’ problem

When contingency tables of data on sequences, social relationships, feeding, habitat use, or other behaviour exhibit significant associations between variables, ethologists may analyse the residuals in the table in order to test more precise hypotheses about the associations found. This paper critically evaluates currently used and potentially available statistical methods for performing such tests. Specific examples of use are given and recommendations made.     

米仓山自然保护区水青冈属(Fagus)资源调查报告

使用常规野外种群调查方法调查了米仓山自然保护区中水青冈属(Fagus)林木资源贮量。结果表明保护区有水青冈属分布的林分面积达7 064.8 hm2,占保护区有林地面积40%多;水青冈属活立木总蓄积814 600 m3,是国内目前水青冈属植物保存面积最大的地区。保护区中现有水青冈(F.longipetiolata),亮叶水青冈(F.lucida),台湾水青冈(F.hayatae),米心水青冈(F.engleriana)4个种,而在这4种水青冈属植物中,又以台湾水青冈的发现最为重要,有台湾水青冈分布的林分面积达5 923.3 hm2,以台湾水青冈为优势的林分面积2 511 hm2,台湾水青冈活立木蓄积317 000 m3。     

五个中国荞麦(Fagopyrum)种的核型分析

用去壁低渗法对甜荞 ( Fagopyrum esculentum)、苦荞 ( F.tataricum)、左贡野荞 ( F.zuogongense Q.F.Chen) ,大野荞 ( F.megaspartanium Q.F.Chen)及毛野荞 ( F.pilus Q.F.Chen)等大粒组荞麦种的根尖和茎尖有丝分裂染色体进行了观察 ,并对其茎尖有丝分裂染色体的核型进行了比较分析。结果表明 :这 5种荞麦在核型上类似 ,都有 2对随体染色体 ,而且都为对称核型。但它们彼此有一定的差异。甜荞、苦荞、大野荞、毛野荞及左贡野荞的核型公式分别为 1 2 m+4m( SAT)、1 2 m+4sm( SAT)、8m+4sm+4m( SAT)、1 2 m+2 m( SAT) +2 sm( SAT)及 2 4 m+4sm+4m( SAT)。     

A Karyological Study on Fritillaria from Xinjiang

Fritillary is a precious Chinese medicinal herb. Those native to Xinjiang Northwest China, are even more distinguished from other sources for their purity and effectiveness. Fritillaria in Xinjiang comprises 8 native species and one (F. thunbergii Miq.) introduced from Zhejiang, East China. In this paper the authors describe the karyotypes of 6 species native to Xinjiang and F. thunbergii Miq., of which five, i.e.F. olgae Vved., F. walujewii Regel, F. yuminensis X. Z. Duan, F. karelinii (Fisch.) Baker and F. thunbergii Miq. were studied for the first time. Detail observation and measurment of chromosomes in each of them were made. The data obtained may be summarized as follows: scietific name karyotype formula (2n=) F. pallidiflora Schrenk 2m + 2sm + 6st + 14t F. olgae Vved. 4m + 6st + 14t F. walujewii Regel 2m + 2sm + 8st+ 12t F. yuminensis X. Z. Duan 4m + 8st + 12t F. verticillata Willd 4m + 8st + 12t F. karelinii (Fisch.) Baker 4m + 4sm + 4st + 12t F. thunbergii Miq. 2m + 2sm + 4st + 16t The karyotype of the native species are, on the whole, similar to each other except that of F. karelinii (Fisch.) Baker, a species inhabiting desert areas. The number of m-sm chromosomes has increased from 2 to 4 and the number of st-t chromosomes decreased correspondently. So is the karyotype of F. thunbergii Miq. which is noted for its high ratio of long chromosome/short chromosome and the more t-chromosomes. These two peculiar karyotypes coincide amazingly with their specific natural habitats.     

秦岭产珠子参叶的达玛烷型皂甙研究(1)

从陕西省秦岭产珠子参(Panax japonicus C.A.Meyer var.major(Burk.)Wu etFeng)的叶中分离到十个新的达玛烷型四环三萜皂甙,经光谱测定和化学降解,其中四个的化学结构分别为珠子参甙(majoroside)F_1(1)、F_2(2)、F_3(3)和F_4(4)。同时,还分离到已知的人参甙(ginsenoside)Rd(5)、Re(6)、Rg_1(7)、Rg_2(8)和F_2(9)。     

Fusarium chlamydosporum,causing wilt disease of guava (Psidium guajava L.) in India

Wilt is a serious disease of guava crop in India. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii and F. solani have been reported as the main causative agents of this disease. Most recently a survey on guava plants affected with wilt disease was conducted in severely affected areas of India, and two new species of Fusarium viz. Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium chlamydosporum were found to be associated with this disease. However, pathogenecity of Fusarium chlamydosporum was successfully conducted in the field trials. The culture of F. chlamydosporum was processed for DNA sequencing and DNA sequence was submitted to NCBI with GenBank accession no. HM102506. The submitted DNA sequence of F. chlamydosporum was compared for the genetic position in Fusarium spp. evolutionary phylogenic tree.     

Two New Species of Liliaceae from Anhui,China

Two new species of the Liliaceae are described from Anhui Province, China. i. e. Fritillaria qimenensis D. C. Zhang et J. Z. Shao and Lilium anhuiense D. C. Zhang et J. Z.Shao.     

A new species ofFontanesia (Oleaceae) from China and taxonomic revision of the genus

Fontanesia longicarpa K.-J. Kim is newly described from China. This distinctive species is known only from the Zhejiang province and differs from other species in the genus by the size and shape of its fruit. As currently circumscribed, the genus now consists of three taxa;F. longicarpa, F. philliraeoides Labill. var.philliraeoides andF. philliraeoides var.fortunei (Carr.) Koehne. A revisionary study of the genus is provided, including a key and pertinent synonymy.     

Contributo preliminare alla sistematica di Chamaecytisus hirsutus e Chamaecytisus supinus

Abstract

Chamaecytisus hirsutus and C. supinus: a preliminary report. – Chamaecytisus hirsutus (L.) Link and C. supinus (L.) Link have been described as twostrictly related species, which differ mainly in the form of inflorescence: C. hirsutus has lateral flowers, C. supinus has terminal flowers. Besides, most Floras provide a set of additional differential characters that should permit to di-C. hirsutus and C. supinus.

The author analyses such differential characters and demonstrates that all of them are inconsistent: therefore the inflorescence seems to be the only difference between C. hirsutus and C. supinus.

The inflorescence itself, however, is not a constant character: indeed, it is known that C. supinus may develop vernal latera flowers besides the normal aestival terminal ones.

The geographic distributions of the two inflorescence types are accurately examined (a report of the distributions is given, a list of herbarium specimens is presented in appendix, a point distribution map of the two types is given in figs. 1 and 2); the only differences are the following ones: plants with flowers in leafy racemes (usually identified as C. hirsutus) seem to be absent from Spain and from Southern Poland, and to be unfrequent in Central and Western France; instead, plants with flowers in heads (usually identified as C. supinus) are very unfrequent in the Southern Balcan Peninsula, and are absent from Southern Greece and the Italian Peninsula.

After a discussion of the biological significance of the capitate and lateral inflorescence, and on the basis of in vivo observations, the author argues that probably the same taxonomic unit is present in the whole area, showing some differences in its flowering behaviour; in the largest part of the areal – including the center of distribution of the species – most individuals flower twice, and therefore have been recorded as two different species; a trend toward the capitate inflorescence is remarkable in the North and in the West; instead, in the South and the East the trend is toward lateral flowers (fig. 3).

Further biometrical and biochemical studies on the species are now in progress; more observations in field in different parts of Europe are necessary in order to get conclusive evidence of the identity of these two so-called «species».