陆封型和洄游型香鱼体肾组织的蛋白质组学分析

香鱼（Plecoglossusaltivelis）是典型的降海洄游鱼类,由于地理原因,一些香鱼在繁殖季无法回到海中产卵,形成陆封型香鱼。陆封型和洄游型香鱼相比,其体型明显偏小。鱼类的体肾组织可以调控渗透压,从而影响生长,因此我们采用蛋白质组学的方法研究陆封型和洄游型香鱼体肾组织蛋白质组的差异。双向电泳（2一DE）分析筛选到25个差异表达蛋白点,质谱分析成功鉴定出21个蛋白。与洄游型香鱼相比,陆封型香鱼体肾组织中NADH脱氢酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶、Or．．微管蛋白、热适应相关蛋白65（Wap65）、热休克蛋白60（HSP60）、丙酮酸脱氢酶（E1）、碳酸酐酶、烯醇酶和乳酸脱氢酶表达量较高。同时陆封型香鱼的B一肌动蛋白、铁蛋白、氨基酰化酶、甲硫氨酸腺苷转移酶、过氧化物酶、丙氨酸乙醛酸转移酶和磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶则表达量较低。它们主要参与能量代谢、应激反应、氨基酸代谢等过程。由于wap65、HSP60和E13种蛋白在蛋白质组学结果中表达改变,且与应激和能量代谢有关,可能影响鱼类生长,因此采用荧光定量PCR（RT—PCR）验证陆封型和洄游型香鱼体肾wap65、HSP60和E1基因mR-NA表达差异,结果表明这3个基因mRNA表达均在陆封型香鱼体肾中较高,与蛋白质组学结果一致。综上,陆封型香鱼的几个糖酵解相关酶和应激蛋白表达量比洄游型香鱼高,而蛋白代谢相关酶表达量较低,揭示陆封型和洄游型香鱼在环境应激和能量代谢等层面有明显的差异。     

The establishment of a library screening method based on yeast two-hybrid system and its use to determine the potential interactions of liver proteins in ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis

Knowledge of specific protein–protein interaction (PPI) is an important component in understanding biological processes and regulatory mechanisms. A library to library screening method (LLS) was established based on yeast two-hybrid (YTH) system in this research, and applied to study the PPIs in ayu liver. In total, 23 out of 55 interaction pairs were found positive through phenotypic identification, with a positive rate of 41.8%. Of the 11 unique PPIs, 9 interactions including FGB/FGG, CaM/Spna2, C9/Apo-AI-1, α₂M/Ft, RPL10/RPL5, C8α/C9, FGG/Apo-AI-1, LECT2/Tf, and Apo-AI-2/C9 were previously reported. The other two PPIs including FGG/CLR and Wap65/C3 are novel, and in vitro co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) experiments further confirmed these interactions. FGG/CLR interaction might play a role in regulating the inflammatory response. The interaction between Wap65 and C3 hints that Wap65 might function through the complement activation pathways when microbial infection occurs.     

应用抑制性消减杂交技术筛选流感病毒感染宿主应答基因

从宿主系统寻找病毒感染特异性相关的生物大分子是研究病毒药物靶标和诊断标志物的新方向 .为了筛选宿主细胞中流感病毒感染特异性基因 ,采用抑制性消减杂交技术 (SSH) ,以流感病毒A 鲁防 93 9(H3N2 )感染MDCK细胞及正常MDCK细胞为材料 ,构建病毒感染特异性差减cDNA文库 ,PCR法扩增鉴定其中插入片段大小 .从差减文库中随机挑取 10 0个克隆进行测序 ,用生物信息学方法对其同源性和基因功能进行分析和预测 .结果显示 ,成功构建了流感病毒感染特异性差减cDNA文库 ,文库中cDNA片段长度在 2 5 0～ 10 0 0bp之间 .从文库中随机选取 10 0个克隆测序 ,获得了 95个有效序列 ,经blast同源性分析发现 ,大部分基因为参与宿主细胞能量代谢和蛋白质生物合成过程中的基因 ;其中 19个为无任何功能线索的新基因片段 .流感病毒感染特异性差减cDNA文库的建立和筛选出病毒感染应答候选新基因cDNA片段 ,为发现新型流感病毒药靶和诊断标志物以及病毒感染机制研究打下基础     

Expression of warm temperature acclimation-related protein 65-kDa (Wap65) mRNA, and physiological changes with increasing water temperature in black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli

We isolated the warm temperature acclimation-related protein 65-kDa (Wap65) cDNA from the liver of black porgy and investigated the expression by increasing water temperature in black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli. Black porgy Wap65 full-length cDNA consists of 1,338 nucleotides, including an open reading frame, predicted to encode a protein of 425 amino acids and showed high homology to pufferfish (79%), Medaka (73%), carp (70%), and goldfish (68%) Wap65. Increase in water temperature (20 degrees C --> 30 degrees C; 1 degrees C/day) induced the rise of Wap65 mRNA expression in liver of black porgy. Also, the levels of cortisol and glucose in plasma were significantly higher at 30 degrees C than at 20 degrees C. To determine the high water temperature stressor specificity of the induction of Wap65, black porgy were transferred from seawater (SW) to freshwater (FW) for 24 hr. Wap65 expression was not detected when the fish were transferred from SW to FW (in fish transferred from SW to FW), although the levels of cortisol and glucose in plasma were increased. These results suggest that increase in Wap65 gene is related to high water temperature stress and play important roles in high water temperature environment of black porgy.     

An interaction between leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 and transferrin of ayu,Plecoglossus altivelis

Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screens were used to test for interactions between leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) and a liver cDNA expression library of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis. Of the 9 independent interacting clones identified, 7 were identical and closely related to transferrin (Tf) genes of fish, while the other two were related to c-type lectin genes. The interaction between ayu Tf (aTf) and ayu LECT2 (aLECT2) was confirmed by in vitro co-immunoprecipitation of the two proteins. Y2H assays using different parts of the two proteins showed that the segment aTf185–289 was not involved in the interaction with mature aLECT2, while the transit peptide of aLECT2 couldn't interact with entire aTf. Computer analysis revealed that aTf185–289, which contained two iron binding residues, Tyr197 and His253, was located at the N-terminus of aTf N-lobe. Strong interactions were also determined between LECT2 and Tf from the same animal, such as croceine croaker, Larimichthys crocea and mouse, Mus musculus. However, no cross-species interactions were determined. Based on published data, the Tf–LECT2 interaction is suggested to be most possibly involved in the body's defense against infection.     

Molecular cloning of cone opsin genes and their expression in the retina of a smelt, Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis, Teleostei)

Five cone opsin genes of landlocked ayu fish (Plecoglossus altivelis) were cloned, and the expression patterns of these genes were investigated. AYU-LWS, -RH2-1, -RH2-2, -SWS1-1, and -SWS1-2 were isolated and had high (more than 75%) identity with red, green, green, UV, and UV-sensitive opsin, respectively, genes of other fish reported previously. The results of Southern blotting experiments showed that each gene is present as a single copy. Gene expression was measured by RT-PCR using four populations collected from rivers and a lake in spring and summer. The results of the RT-PCR experiment showed that AYU-SWS1-2 was highly expressed, whereas AYU-SWS1-1 was scarce. Two RH2 opsins were expressed simultaneously in the same individual, and the expression ratio between these opsins changed among populations. In situ hybridization revealed that AYU-LWS and -RH2-1 were expressed in the double cones and that AYU-RH2-2 and -SWS1-2 were expressed in the long and short single cones (LSC and SSC), respectively. It was shown that an individual ayu expresses two RH2 opsins simultaneously in different types of cone cells.     

香鱼主要组织相容性复合体MHCIIB的分子克隆及其在鳗弧菌感染下的功能鉴定

主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex classⅡ, MHC Ⅱ)在脊椎动物免疫反应中发挥重要作用。本研究从香鱼(Plecoglossus altivelis) 单核/巨噬细胞(monocytes/ macrophages,MO/MФ)转录组中获得了MHC II基因β链(PaMHCIIB) cDNA序列。PaMHCIIB由920个核苷酸组成,包含一个大的开放阅读框,编码251个氨基酸,预测分子质量为28.23 kD。氨基酸序列分析表明,PaMHCIIB具有MHC IIB的典型特征,主要包括信号肽、2个胞外区和1个保守的connecting peptide/transmembrane/cytoplasmic (CP/TM/CYT)结构域,与北极红点鲑(Salvelinus alpinus) MHC IIB同源性最高,为65.04%;系统发育分析表明,PaMHCIIB与北极红点鲑MHC IIB进化相关性最高。实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR)结果显示,PaMHCIIB mRNA主要在香鱼鳃、肠和脾中表达;鳗弧菌感染(Vibrio anguillarum)后香鱼肝中PaMHCIIB mRNA在感染后12 h(hours post infection, hpi)时上调显著,在24 hpi达到峰值,为对照组的3.18倍,脾、头肾、肠和鳃中PaMHCIIB mRNA均在4 hpi时上调显著,分别在4、8、24和12 hpi时达到峰值,分别为对照组的85.18、2.06、4.21和6.81倍(P<0.05)。香鱼MO/MФ经鳗弧菌感染后,PaMHCIIB mRNA的表达水平在4 hpi时上调显著,在12 hpi时达到峰值,为对照组的3.35倍(P<0.05)。原核表达了PaMHCIIB胞外区并制备其抗体。Western 印迹分析结果表明,香鱼MO/MФ中PaMHCIIB具有N糖基化修饰,且鳗弧菌感染后其蛋白表达水平在12 hpi时显著增加,在24 hpi时达到峰值,为对照组的3.19倍(P<0.05)。抗体封闭PaMHCIIB后,香鱼MO/MФ吞噬活性被抑制,为对照组的0.28倍(P<0.05),而且鳗弧菌诱导的4个细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10和TGF-β表达均受到抑制,均在8 hpi时被抑制最明显,表达量分别为对照组的0.23、0.41、0.51和0.20倍(P<0.05)。本研究结果揭示PaMHCIIB可能参与香鱼MO/MФ抵抗病原菌感染的免疫防御。     

香鱼凝血因子X基因表达与鳗利斯顿氏菌感染的相关性

凝血途径的关键因子——凝血因子X(coagulation factor X,FX),是一种与免疫调控密切相关的维生素K依赖型丝氨酸蛋白酶.该研究克隆了香鱼(Plecoglossus altivelis) FX基因全长cDNA序列,它由1817个核苷酸组成,包含一个大的开放阅读框,编码一个由453个氨基酸组成的相对分子质量为5.07×104的蛋白.香鱼FX与已知的哺乳动物FX的结构相似,N端24个残基为信号肽序列.序列比较表明,香鱼FX与斑马鱼FX的氨基酸同一性最高,为53％.在健康香鱼中,FX基因mRNA主要在肝组织中表达,脑和鳃中也有少量表达.实时荧光定量PCR分析揭示,鳗利斯顿氏菌感染后香鱼肝组织中FX基因mRNA表达显著上调,16h时达到5.43倍.通过原核表达系统表达了香鱼FX丝氨酸蛋白酶结构域,并制备了抗血清.Western blotting分析显示,鳗利斯顿氏菌感染后香鱼血清中FX含量显著增加,并随着时间延长上调倍数不断增大,在36h时达到3.68倍.据此,FX基因mRNA及蛋白的表达与鳗利斯顿氏菌感染香鱼的过程紧密相关,揭示它可能在鱼类抗细菌感染的免疫反应中起重要作用.     

Increased liver protein and mRNA expression of natural killer cell-enhancing factor B (NKEF-B) in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) after Aeromonas hydrophila infection

Natural killer cell-enhancing factor (NKEF) may mediate cellular responses to proinflammatory molecules. The liver proteins of Aeromonas hydrophila-infected ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) and healthy control fish were analyzed by 2DE. A protein, which increased significantly in diseased fish, was identified as NKEF-B by MALDI-TOF-MS. A full-length cDNA clone of this protein was subsequently isolated. It contains 1092 bp with an open reading frame of 591 bp, coding for 197 amino acids with MW 21.9 kDa and pI 6.38, values similar to those determined by 2DE. Ayu NKEF-B had highest similarity (93.1% amino acid identity) to those of carp and zebrafish. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ayu NKEF-B falls into the fish NKEF-B cluster and is most closely related to that of carp and zebrafish. It was determined that ayu NKEF-B mRNA expression was significantly increased in many tissues at the early stage of bacterial infection. In conclusion, the increased NKEF-B mRNA and protein expression in ayu were closely associated with A. hydrophila infection.     

Induction of the endogenous whey acidic protein (Wap) gene and a Wap-myc hybrid gene in primary murine mammary organoids

In rodents, the whey acidic protein (Wap) is the major whey protein expressed in mammary glands in response to lactogenic hormones. The regulation of the Wap gene differs from that of other milk protein genes, with one consequence being that little or no Wap expression is detectable in cell culture. Here we describe the efficient in vitro induction of the Wap gene in mammary organoids isolated from midpregnant mice. Mammary organoids were isolated as intact epithelial subcomponents which retained the glandular microarchitecture. If organoids were cultured in contact with a monolayer of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, significant levels of Wap mRNA were induced upon hormonal stimulation, with the highest level of Wap mRNA being induced by a combination of hydrocortisone, prolactin, and insulin. Dissociation of the three-dimensional organization abrogated Wap inducibility. Organoids cultured on plastic or hydrated type I collagen did not transcribe Wap mRNA even after hormonal stimulation. Addition of hormones was required to maintain low levels of Wap mRNA in organoids cultured on reconstituted basement membrane, however, Wap mRNA was not induced. Organoid-adipocyte interactions as well as cell-cell interactions inherent in the structure of organoids promote hormone-dependent Wap mRNA expression. In order to study the Wap promoter region in vitro, we cocultured organoids from transgenic mice harboring a chimeric Wap-myc gene with 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Lactogenic hormones induced the Wap-myc transgene in vitro. The kinetics of induction were similar for both the transgene and the endogenous Wap gene indicating that the 2.5-kb regulatory Wap region present in the hybrid gene contains the sequence elements required for hormone-induced gene expression in vitro.     

Purification and identification of a glycoprotein that induces the attachment of oncomiracidia of Neobenedenia girellae (Monogenea, Capsalidae)

Neobenedenia girellae, a monogenean skin parasite, shows low host specificity. N. girellae is an important pathogen in marine cultured fish such as yellowtail and amberjack. An effective control method is required but none has yet been established. To clarify the mechanisms of host specificity, we purified and identified the attachment-inducing substances of oncomiracidia from tiger puffer fish. The attachment-inducing substances were mainly included in skin mucous extract. Skin mucous extract lost its ability to induce attachment after boiling and/or exposure to the reducing agent dithiothreitol, suggesting that attachment-inducing substances are of a proteinaceous nature. Since lectins such as Con A, WGA, PHA-L, and PSA inhibited the induction of attachment, attachment-inducing proteins were suspected to be glycoproteins. Glycoproteins specifically interacting with Con A were collected and purified by anion exchange chromatography, resulting in two active peaks (peaks 3-A and 6). The active component in peak 3-A was identified as Wap 65-2 by N-terminal amino acid sequencing, while the glycoprotein in peak 6 could not be identified. These results suggested that oncomiracidia recognised Wap 65-2 and another glycoprotein of their host.     

Expression of collagenase in Flavobacterium psychrophilum isolated from cold-water disease-affected ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis)

The collagenase activity and the fpcol gene were examined in Flavobacterium psychrophilum isolates from cold-water disease (CWD)-affected ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis. Collagenase expression was closely related to the accumulated mortality of CWD-affected ayu. RT-qPCR and bacterial challenge experiments showed that F. psychrophilum ayu isolate WA-1 expressed the fpcol gene more actively and was more virulent than ayu isolate WA-2. The amago (Oncorhynchus masou) isolate WB-1, which possesses a pseudo-fpcol gene, was not harmful to ayu. Hitherto, the well-studied metalloproteases Fpp1 and Fpp2 have been considered virulence factors. However, the most virulent isolate against ayu (WA-1) showed no Fpp activity because of a deletion mutation or an insertion of a transposon in the fpp genes. The less virulent WA-2 isolate showed only Fpp1 activity. Taken together, these results suggest that collagenolytic activity, but not Fpp activity, is related to the virulence of F. psychrophilum isolates in CWD-affected ayu.     

Cloning of Wap65 in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus aurata) and expression in sea bass tissues

The complementary DNA encoding WAP65 protein was cloned from the liver of two fish species sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus aurata). Full-length cDNA sequences were obtained from reverse transcribed total RNA, followed by 5′ and 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE) experiments. The full-length cDNA sequence of D. labrax is 1709 bp and the coding sequence is flanked by a 67 bp 5′-UTR and a 358 bp 3′-UTR. The full-length cDNA sequence of S. aurata is 1599 bp, and the coding sequence is flanked by a 48 bp 5′-UTR and a 273 bp 3′-UTR. The deduced amino acid putative primary sequences are composed of 427 and 425 amino acid residues for D. labrax and S. aurata, respectively. They display high homologies with previously described fish WAP65 and other hemopexin-like proteins from rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Expression of Wap65 has proved to be a natural physiological adaptive answer of teleost fish to warm temperature acclimation. In all fish species studied to date, Wap65 was found expressed mainly by the liver, although other tissues seem able to express Wap65 in response to a warm temperature acclimation, in a specie specific manner. Here, we investigate the tissue specific expression of Wap65 in D. labrax and S. aurata in response to a warm temperature acclimation, by RT-PCR analysis.     

Flow cytometric analysis of the neutrophil respiratory burst of ayu,Plecoglossus altivelis: comparison with other fresh water fish

Neutrophils of vertebrates undergo respiratory burst activity (RBA) as a defense mechanism against bacterial infections. We report here that ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) have unusually high RBAs even when they are in a healthy condition. Kidney and blood leukocytes were obtained from ayu, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), carp (Cyprinus carpio), eel (Anguilla japonica), and pond smelt (Hypomesus nipponensis). Neutrophil RBA was measured by flow cytometry using dihydrorhodamine after stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate. The amount of RBA of neutrophils from both blood and kidney was significantly higher in ayu than in the other species (e.g. the fluorescence intensity of ayu blood neutrophils was about 3-7 times higher than that from trout and carp, and that of ayu kidney neutrophils was 2-19 times higher than that of rainbow trout, carp, eel, and pond smelt). This unique character of ayu neutrophils was invariable even at different ages, locations, and sex-maturation stages.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of rhodopsin in a teleost (Plecoglossus altivelis,Osmeridae)

Amplified fragments encoding exon-4 of opsin cDNAs were cloned from the retina of landlocked ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis), and sequenced. On the basis of the sequence homology to previously characterized fish visual pigments, one clone was identified as rod opsin (AYU-Rh), and two clones as green (AYU-G1, -G2), one as red (AYU-R) and two as ultraviolet (AYU-UV1, -UV2) cone opsins. The 335-amino acid sequence deduced from the full-length cDNA of AYU-Rh included residues highly conserved in vertebrate rhodopsins and showed the greatest degree (88%) of similarity with salmon rhodopsin. Southern blotting analysis indicated that ayu possess two rhodopsin genes, one encoding visual rhodopsin (AYU-Rh) and the other non-visual extra-ocular rhodopsin (AYU-ExoRh). RT-PCR experiments revealed that AYU-Rh was expressed in the retina and AYU-ExoRh in the pineal gland. In situ hybridization experiments showed that the mRNA of AYU-Rh was localized only in rod cells not in cone cells. Lake and river type landlocked ayu having different amounts of retinal and 3-hydroxyretinal in their retinas expressed a rhodopsin (AYU-Rh) of identical amino acid sequence.