干旱胁迫对小麦幼苗抗氰呼吸和活性氧代谢的影响

研究了干旱胁迫对抗旱性强弱不同的两种小麦幼苗的抗氰呼吸和活性氧代谢的影响。干旱胁迫导致了两种小麦抗氰呼吸活性及基因转录水平的下降,但抗旱品种在轻度干旱胁迫下表现出一定的适应能力,其抗氰呼吸活性及基因转录水平均高于不抗旱品种。干旱胁迫下,对干旱敏感的小麦幼苗叶片中活性氧含量高于抗旱小麦;3种抗氧化酶的活性低于抗旱小麦的3种抗氧化酶的活性。据此认为,严重的干旱胁迫引起活性氧含量的增加扰动了活性氧与抗氰呼吸之间的应答平衡,但抗氰呼吸可能通过清除活性氧等机制而起了抗旱的作用。     

干旱与条锈病复合胁迫对小麦的生理影响

以抗旱性和抗病性不同的小麦为材料,以正常生长为对照,观察了病原菌和水分复合胁迫对小麦叶片相对含水量、活性氧代谢以及对抗氰呼吸的发生、运行的影响。讨论了在干旱与病原菌侵染复合胁迫下,抗氰呼吸在植物抗逆机制中所扮演的角色。复合胁迫下,抗病小麦显然具备更强的水分调控能力,而感病品种不能有效控制病叶水分散失。水分胁迫能引起抗氰呼吸的下降,但不能抵消因病原菌侵染引起的抗氰呼吸的增强,条锈菌侵染对小麦抗氰呼吸的影响远远大于水分胁迫。病原菌侵染和水分复合胁迫下,活性氧产生的速率表现出累加效应,而抗氰呼吸表现出和基质抗氧化酶的活性互补。植物交替氧化酶在干旱与病原菌侵染复合胁迫中具有重要的抗氧化功能,并可能调节着逆境下物质与能量需求间的矛盾。     

马蹄切片呼吸代谢特性研究

新鲜马蹄切片总呼吸和抗氰呼吸均比较低,但在25℃下贮放期间迅速上升;切片交替途径容量、运行活性也不断上升,但运行系数却在下降。细胞色素途径运行活性随总呼吸的增加而显著加强,但所占比值不断下降。利用呼吸代谢抑制剂Na3PO4、丙二酸和解偶联剂DNP改变电子流量的结果表明,降低呼吸电子流时,抗氰呼吸与细胞色素途径呼吸均下降,且抗氰呼吸占总呼吸的比例下降;增加呼吸电子流时,这两条传递途径均加强,且抗氰呼吸占总呼吸的比例增加。研究结果还表明,尽管三羧酸循环是机械伤诱导的主要呼吸途径,但同时伤诱导的残余呼吸和磷酸戊糖途径运行量均有明显的增加,推测可能与马蹄褐变和异味的产生有一定的联系。     

烟草愈伤组织在热胁迫过程中活性氧与抗氰呼吸变化的关系

烟草愈伤组织在 0～ 14h高温 (4 0℃ )胁迫期间 ,其体内的O- ·2 和H2 O2 迅速积累 ,分别在 2和 6h左右达到极大值。同时清除它们的酶SOD和CAT活性迅速上升 ,极大值的分布位置分别为 2和 10h左右 ,而胁迫期间的抗氰呼吸比未胁迫 (0h)时显著地下降 ,但在胁迫期间抗氰呼吸于 6h左右出现一峰值 ;用外源H2 O2 和O- ·2 及清除它们的酶的抑制剂AT和DCC分别处理愈伤组织 ,发现抗氰呼吸明显地加强。推测交替氧化酶可能同抗氧化酶如SOD和CAT一样参与了活性氧的清除 ,提出活性氧含量的变化可能是导致热胁迫过程中抗氰呼吸变化的主要原因之一。     

水杨酸对低温胁迫香蕉幼苗呼吸作用的影响

探讨了水杨酸 (salicylicacid ,SA)对低温胁迫香蕉幼苗叶片呼吸作用的影响。在常温下用 0 .5mmol/LSA水溶液处理香蕉幼苗 ,能明显提高香蕉幼苗的抗氰呼吸和细胞色素呼吸 ,增加总呼吸量 ,提高产热量 ;在随后 7℃低温胁迫与常温恢复期间SA预处理 ,能抑制总呼吸速率的下降 ,这种对总呼吸下降的抑制与此时细胞色素途径维持在较高的水平有关 ,而与抗氰呼吸无关。此时也未检测到SA预处理植株叶片产热量增加的现象     

杂交水稻幼芽呼吸和抗氰呼吸强度的研究

本文研究了13个水稻杂交组合幼芽总呼吸强度和抗氰呼吸强度,发现杂交水稻幼芽总呼吸和抗氰呼吸强度多表现为负优势。杂种幼芽总呼吸强度及抗氰呼吸强度与其亲本均值均呈极显著正相关,回归关系亦极显著。杂种幼芽抗氰呼吸和其中亲值的差值与其父母本之差值呈显著正相关,而杂种幼芽呼吸强度其中亲值的差值与其父母本之差值呈不显著负相关。认为杂种幼芽的抗氰呼吸强度和总呼吸强度均可由其双亲均值预测,抗氰呼吸强度作为杂种优势预测生理指标的潜力更大一些。     

烟草愈伤组织继代培养期间呼吸途径与活性氧水平动态变化

继代培养期间的烟草愈伤组织总呼吸速率分别在第11天和第19天出现两次跃升,同时抗氰呼吸的发生与运行逐渐加强,在两呼吸高峰之间达到极大值,随后则逐渐下降,但愈伤组织的电子传递仍以细胞色素途径为主．通过对愈伤组织衰老过程中活性氧代谢变化分析,发现抗氰呼吸发生与H     

环境胁迫与植物抗氰呼吸

抗氰呼吸广泛存在于高等植物、一些真菌和藻类中。抗氰呼吸的发生和运行程度除与植物自身发育和内在生理状态有关外,还受到许多外界条件（逆境因子）的影响。目前,有关植物抗氰呼吸的环境调节以及环境胁迫条件下植物抗氰交替途径运行的生理学意义已成为植物呼吸代谢领域的研究热点。本研究综述了环境胁迫与植物抗氰呼吸的研究进展。     

光照下菜豆叶片抗氰呼吸与光合作用关系的分析

为了进一步了解光照下植物呼吸作用的内在机理以及呼吸作用和光合作用的关系, 该文研究了在光照下菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)叶片抗氰呼吸与光合作用的关系。研究发现, 将黑暗下生长的菜豆幼苗叶片转到光照下10 h, 总呼吸、抗氰呼吸以及抗氰呼吸在总呼吸中的比例均逐步上升; 光照也导致了叶片叶绿体光合放氧和CO₂固定的出现及其速率的增加, 但光合放氧和CO₂固定速率的增加均滞后于抗氰呼吸的增加。将黑暗下生长的叶片转到光照下之前用抗氰呼吸的抑制剂水杨基氧肟酸(SHAM)处理叶片, 发现用SHAM处理并没有导致叶片在光照下光合放氧和CO₂固定速率的明显变化, 这也提示了黑暗下生长的叶片转至光照的过程中, 抗氰呼吸和光合作用没有产生偶联。进一步研究发现, 在黑暗中对叶片施加短时间的光照能够增加抗氰呼吸在总呼吸中的比例, 但短时间的光照对叶片光合CO₂固定速率没有影响。这些结果表明了光照对抗氰呼吸的诱导可以不依赖于光合作用, 光照可能是作为一种直接的信号去诱导抗氰呼吸。     

光照下菜豆叶片抗氰呼吸与光合作用关系的分析北大核心CSCD

为了进一步了解光照下植物呼吸作用的内在机理以及呼吸作用和光合作用的关系,该文研究了在光照下菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)叶片抗氰呼吸与光合作用的关系。研究发现,将黑暗下生长的菜豆幼苗叶片转到光照下10 h,总呼吸、抗氰呼吸以及抗氰呼吸在总呼吸中的比例均逐步上升;光照也导致了叶片叶绿体光合放氧和CO2固定的出现及其速率的增加,但光合放氧和CO2固定速率的增加均滞后于抗氰呼吸的增加。将黑暗下生长的叶片转到光照下之前用抗氰呼吸的抑制剂水杨基氧肟酸(SHAM)处理叶片,发现用SHAM处理并没有导致叶片在光照下光合放氧和CO2固定速率的明显变化,这也提示了黑暗下生长的叶片转至光照的过程中,抗氰呼吸和光合作用没有产生偶联。进一步研究发现,在黑暗中对叶片施加短时间的光照能够增加抗氰呼吸在总呼吸中的比例,但短时间的光照对叶片光合CO2固定速率没有影响。这些结果表明了光照对抗氰呼吸的诱导可以不依赖于光合作用,光照可能是作为一种直接的信号去诱导抗氰呼吸。     

侧金盏花成株年生长节律生理特性的研究

本文对侧金盏花成株两次生长两次休眠年生长节律的某些生理的月变化进行了研究。发现冬眠期和早春可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、脯氨酸含量、抗氰呼吸明显提高,入冬前淀粉酶活性提高,过氧化氢酶活性在寒冷和高温季节提高。在春天生长旺盛季节,淀粉在根中贮存量高达43%(DW)。     

Cyanide resistant respiration is involved in temperature rise in ripening mangoes

Thermogenesis is attributed to the cyanide resistant respiration in the inflorescence of Arum lilies. Although cyanide resistant respiration is ubiquitously operative in the plant systems, it has never been correlated with thermogenesis except for the above example. Internal temperature of the ripening mango increased from 29.0 degrees C to 38.9 degrees C during its ripening process. Concomitantly, it was coupled with the increase in total respiration and cyanide resistant respiration as well. Implication of cyanide resistant respiration in thermogenesis has been discussed in relation to the ripening fruit.     

Ethylene induced cyanide resistant respiration in orchid petal cells

Respiration of isolated Aranda orchid petal cells increased markedly after cut flowers were treated with ethylene. An increase in respiration was observed 15 to 20h after treatment which was further enhanced in the presence of oxygen and ethylene. Ethylene induces the development of a cyanide resistant pathway in fully opened orchid flower tissues where the cyanide resistant capacity is negligible. However, there appears a shift back to the cyanide sensitive pathway some time after induction.     

Effect of sulfur, copper, and iron deficiency on the development of cyanide resistant respiration and the cytochrome composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The effect of deficiency in sulfur, copper and iron in the growth medium on cyanide resistant respiration and cytochrome composition was studied in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida lipolytica. It has been shown that: cyanide resistant respiration was observed at the stationary growth phase when the two microorganisms were cultivated in a complete medium; this respiration was detected already at the phase of decelerated growth in the case of copper deficiency; iron deficiency inhibited cyanide resistant respiration in the bacterium but stimulated its appearance in the yeast; sulfur deficiency inhibited the manifestation of cyanide resistant respiration in the both microorganisms; limitation of the bacterial growth with iron resulted in the accumulation of an iron complex (identical to pyoverdin in its spectral characteristics) in the cultural broth; the deficiency of sulfur, copper and iron inhibited the synthesis of all cytochromes in the bacterium; copper deficiency inhibited only the synthesis of a + a3 in the yeast; iron deficiency inhibited the synthesis of all cytochromes in the yeast; sulfur deficiency had virtually no effect on the content of cytochromes in the yeast. A possible nature of cyanide resistant oxidases in these microorganisms is discussed.     

Mechanism of Superoxide Anion Generation in Intact Mitochondria in the Presence of Lucigenin and Cyanide

In the presence of cyanide and various respiratory substrates (succinate or pyruvate + malate) addition of high concentrations of lucigenin (400 microM; Luc2+) to rat liver mitochondria can induce a short-term flash of high amplitude lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence (LDCL). Under conditions of cytochrome oxidase inhibition by cyanide the lucigenin-induced cyanide-resistant respiration (with succinate as substrate) was not inhibited by uncouplers (FCCP) and oligomycin. Increase in transmembrane potential (Deltaphi) value by stimulating F0F1-ATPase functioning (induced by addition of MgATP to the incubation medium) caused potent stimulation of the rate of cyanide-resistant respiration. At high Deltaphi values (in the presence of MgATP) cyanide resistant respiration of mitochondria in the presence of succinate or malate with pyruvate was insensitive to tenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA) or rotenone, respectively. However, in both cases respiration was effectively inhibited by myxothiazol or antimycin A. Mechanisms responsible for induction of LDCL and cyanide resistant mitochondrial respiration differ. In contrast to cyanide-resistant respiration, generation of LDCL signal, that was suppressed only by combined addition of Complex III inhibitors, antimycin A and myxothiazol, is a strictly potential-dependent process. It is observed only under conditions of high Deltaphi value generated by F0F1-ATPase functioning. The data suggest lucigenin-induced intensive generation of superoxide anion in mitochondria. Based on results of inhibitor analysis of cyanide-resistant respiration and LDCL, a two-stage mechanism of autooxidizable lucigenin cation-radical (Luc*+) formation in the respiratory chain is proposed. The first stage involves two-electron Luc2+ reduction by Complexes I and II. The second stage includes one-electron oxidation of reduced lucigenin (Luc(2e)). Reactions of Luc(2e) oxidation involve coenzyme Q-binding sites of Complex III. This results in formation of autooxidizable Luc*+ and superoxide anion generation. A new scheme for lucigenin-dependent electron pathways is proposed. It includes formation of fully reduced form of lucigenin and two-electron-transferring shunts of the respiratory chain. Lucigenin-induced activation of superoxide anion formation in mitochondria is accompanied by increase in ion permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane.     

Participation of the cyanide-resistant pathway in respiration of winter rape leaves as affected by plant cold acclimation

Leaf slices sampled from winter rape plants ( Brassica napus L., var. oleifera L., cv. GórczaánAski), grown in cold (5°C), showed an increase in the dark respiration rate (measured at 25°C) as compared to slices cut from control plants (grown at 20/15°C). The effect of low temperature was most pronounced after 4 days of plant growth in the cold. Oxygen uptake by control slices was 60% inhibited by 1 m M KCN and was insensitive to 2.5 m M salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM). On the contrary, respiration of leaf slices from cold-pretreated plants was more resistant to cyanide (35% inhibition after 4 days of cold treatment) and was 30% inhibited by SHAM. The patterns of cold-induced changes in total respiratory activity and in the estimated activity of alternative pathway were similar. It seems that in leaf slices from plants grown in the cold, the cyanide-resistant, alternative pathway participates in oxygen uptake. Cold treatment of plants also brought about a 4-fold increase in the level of soluble sugars, which reached a maximum on day 4 of exposure to cold. Addition of sucrose to the incubation medium resulted in an immediate increase in oxygen uptake by slices with low endogenous sugar level. The respiration stimulated by sucrose addition was more resistant to cyanide than the basal respiration and it was inhibited by SHAM. It is concluded that the operation of the alternative pathway is responsible for the increased oxygen uptake by the cold-grown winter rape leaves and it may be induced by an increased sugar supply for respiratory processes.     

抗氰交替途径参与马铃薯软腐病菌对马铃薯块茎的侵染

马铃薯软腐病菌中的强致病菌Ｅｃｃ、弱致病菌Ｅｃｃｂ在马铃薯块茎中诱导抗氰交替途径运行的能力依次为Ｅｃｃ、Ｅｃｃｂ。即病原菌的致病性越强,诱导抗氰交替途径的能力越强,显示病原菌对寄主植物的侵染过程与寄主植物体内抗氰交替途径的运行密切相关。ＳＨＡＭ抑制剂试验表明病原菌对寄主植物的侵染过程中寄主植物中抗氰交替途径的运行可增强寄主植物的感病性。信号传导试验显示ＬａＣｌ３、ＬｉＣｌ可通过促进体内抗氰交替途径     

The Content of Alternative Oxidase of Euglena Mitochondria is Increased by Growth in the Presence of Cyanide and is not Cytochrome o.

ABSTRACT A study of the effect of respiratory inhibitors on O₂ uptake of Euglena gracilis mitochondria, isolated from cells grown in the presence of cyanide or with ethanol as carbon source, was undertaken. The contents of cytochrome c oxidase and alternative oxidase were also determined. Inhibition of respiration by antimycin and cyanide was only partial and it was dependent on the oxidizable substrate used. Succinate oxidation was the most sensitive to cyanide whereas lactate oxidation was the most resistant. Cell growth in the presence of cyanide or with ethanol as carbon source brought about an enhanced content of alternative oxidase without a concomitant increase in cytochrome aa₃ content. However, a correlation between cyanide-resistant respiration and alternative oxidase content was not found. Analysis of heme types in mitochondrial membranes revealed the absence of heme O. The data suggest the presence of an inducible alternative oxidase in Euglena mitochondria which has high resistance to cyanide and contains heme B. A close relationship between Euglena alternative oxidase and bacterial quinol oxidases containing B-type heme is proposed.