树种组成决定联合抗性或易感性:以昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂发生为例

以昆嵛山天然赤松(Pinus densiflora)林和寡食性食叶昆虫-昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂(Cephalcia kunyushanica)为研究对象,对比树种组成类型、多样性、立地和林分因子对昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂种群密度的影响,分析了2009-2011年昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂在不同林分类型中种群年度波动变异系数.结果表明:林分类型是影响昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂虫口密度最重要的解释变量,随着赤松与混交亲缘关系越远,虫口密度越小.不同林分类型中,Shannon指数和赤松株虫口密度存在差异,但两者变化趋势完全不同.赤松纯林中赤松株虫口密度均为最高,与赤松-同属混交林没有显著差异,显著高于赤松-同目和阔叶树种组成的混交林;赤松纯林和赤松-同属混交林中昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂种群年度波动大于其他两种林分类型.表明相比树种多样性,树种组成对昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂种群的影响更为重要,赤松与其亲缘关系较近树种混交,昆虫种群稳定性较差,赤松与相邻树种形成对昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂联合易感作用,而与其他亲缘关系较远的树种混交,使害虫种群稳定性增强,进而形成联合抗性作用.     

昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂发生与赤松纯林林分因子的关系

为了解林分因子与昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂发生的关系,为昆嵛山赤松纯林的营林措施和昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂的防控技术提供理论指导,本研究在昆嵛山区域选取林龄相对一致(34±2 a)的赤松纯林为对象,调查林分密度、郁闭度、草本盖度、树高、枝下高、胸径、冠幅7个林分因子以及昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂虫巢数。依据虫情指数的分布范围,将样地分为4组,通过方差分析和多重比较研究了4组样地中各项林分因子的差异性。采用逐步回归法,筛选出影响昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂虫情指数的关键因子,在此基础上通过偏相关分析和单因素方差分析法进一步阐明关键因子与虫情指数之间的关系。结果表明,7个林分因子在4组样地中均存在极显著的组间差异。逐步回归筛选出冠幅、枝下高和林分密度为影响昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂发生的关键因子,根据关键因子建立了虫情指数的线性预测方程。冠幅和枝下高对昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂虫情指数的影响均达到极显著正相关水平(P0.01),林分密度对昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂虫情指数的影响为极显著负相关(P0.01)。影响虫情指数的关键因子可能会因林分的不同而不一致,因此要根据关键因子调整林分结构,以达到控制虫害流行的目的。     

赤松纯林林分特征对昆嵛山鳃扁叶蜂发生量的影响

为探讨昆嵛山鳃扁叶蜂的发生与天然赤松纯林的林分特征及其自然分布的关系,依托昆嵛山森林生态定位研究站所设立的40块永久性样地,比较了群落自然演替13 a的赤松种群特征以及林内灌草多样性指数,并分析了虫口密度与赤松林分特征的关系。结果表明,13 a自然生长,赤松种群的径级分布和高度结构出现显著变化。赤松种群中占总数60%的林木径级为5 cmDBH≤25 cm,比1996年高51%;而约占67%的赤松个体高度在2 m到10 m之间,比1996年高57%。同时种群密度从1996年的平均超过13000株/hm2降到了2008年的平均2377株/hm2。赤松林内灌草Shannon多样性指数(H)和均匀度指数(JS)分别为2.50和0.79,分别低于1996年的(H)2.69和(JS)0.85,暗示赤松纯林生物多样性有降低的趋势。昆嵛山鳃扁叶蜂的虫口密度与赤松林分的郁闭度和赤松分布的海拔高度呈极显著相关关系、相关系数分别为R=0.931、P=0.002和R=0.924、P=0.003;与林分密度(R=0.780,P=0.038)、林木胸径(R=0.816,P=0.025)呈显著相关关系,而与树高以及树龄关系不显著。昆嵛山鳃扁叶蜂虫口密度的分布格局似乎非常符合"资源集中"假说。     

昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂与林下植物的物种联结性

为明确昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂(Cephalcia kunyushanica)的出现与林下植物是否关联,本研究在昆嵛山林区设置的50块永久样地内,应用样圆法进行了灌草层植物调查,并基于2×2联表,应用总体方差分析、χ2统计检验、Ochiai关联度指数、Dice指数、联结系数、共同出现百分率、点相关系数以及Cramer指数等指标,分别对昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂与邻近环境中所有195种林下植物种群的总体相关性、该昆虫与各植物构成的物种对之间联结显著性以及联结强度进行了测度。结果表明:(1)昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂与195个植物物种种群总体存在极显著的正相关;(2)该食叶昆虫与83个物种分别构成的物种对呈正联结关系,与另外112个物种分别构成的物种对呈负联结关系,负联结的比例高于正联结;(3)该昆虫与羊胡子草(Carex rigescens)等11种植物具有极显著的正联结关系,与宽叶苔草(C.siderosticta)等16种植物具有极显著的负联结关系。     

马尾松林食叶类群昆虫多样性及相互关系

广西凭祥地区主要的马尾松食叶害虫有马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus Walker、松茸毒蛾Dasychira axutha Collenette、松艺夜蛾Hyssia adusta Draudt、松尺蠖Ectropis bistortata Goze、松叶蜂(Diprinid)：对马尾松林食叶类群昆虫多样性、组成结构和动态变化规律的研究表明,无灾区各种食叶害虫的多样性较高,比例比较均匀,而常灾区多样性较低．以马尾松毛虫和松毒蛾为主,其它食叶害虫的比例都很小,偶灾区介于二者之间。非暴发期的多样性高可降低害虫的变动幅度。松毒蛾与松毛虫具有协同危害的特性,而其它几种马尾松食叶害虫对松毛虫产生一定的抑制作用：水平相互关系可能降低或增加松毛虫暴发的机会。增加食叶类群的多样性,不但可以通过竞争抑制松毛虫,还有利于增加天敌和整个群落的多样性,是松毛虫持续控制的研究方向。     

昆嵛山天然赤松种群的数量特征及更新动态

1　前　言赤松(ＰｉｎｕｓｄｅｎｓｉｆｌｏｒａＳｉｅｂ.ｅｔＺｕｃｃ.)天然分布于朝鲜、日本和中国,它在我国的天然分布从黑龙江东南部(宁安、东宁)、吉林东部(长白山)、辽东半岛经山东半岛(昆嵛山、崂山、沂山东部)到江苏东北部云台山区,是我国暖温带沿海地区温性针叶林的主要建群种之一[1]。昆嵛山地处山东半岛东端,位于Ｎ37°16′,Ｅ121°43′附近,是赤松在山东半岛的最集中分布地。赤松林在该地区从山麓一直到海拔800ｍ左右都有分布,并与落叶栎林共同组成该地区的地带性天然次生森林植被[2],在调节生态系统结构与功能方面起到重要作用…     

973项目“重大农业害虫猖獗危害的机制及可持续控制的基础研究”简介

2006年9月,国家重点基础研究发展计划(973)农业领域2006年度项目“重大农业害虫猖獗危害的机制及可持续控制的基础研究”经科技部批准正式立项启动。该项目以全系统管理思想为指导,在基因、个体、种群、生态系统等不同层次,阐明我国重大农业害虫种群分化与暴发的分子基础,解析害虫与寄主作物及天敌间的相互作用机制,建立害虫监测与预警系统,提出重大农业害虫可持续控制的新途径和新方法,为我国农业减灾、经济的可持续发展奠定科学基础。项目的主要研究内容包括:害虫生长发育与生殖调控的分子机制;害虫对环境胁迫的适应机制;杀虫药剂诱导害虫再猖獗的机制;害虫与寄主植物的协同进化;天敌与害虫的互作及控害机制;作物-害虫-天敌食物网关系及其调控机理;重大害虫区域性暴发监测与预警。项目的总体目标为:阐明害虫生长发育、种群分化的分子基础,揭示害虫种群调节的内在机制;解析作物、害虫及天敌间的互作机制,丰富和发展植物-害虫-天敌协同进化理论;阐明主要害虫区域性灾变机理,发展害虫预警新技术;发展与环境相容的、增强自然控害功能的新技术,提出重大农业害虫可持续控制的新途径和新方法;凝炼一支害虫控制基础研究的创新团队,丰富和发展我国害虫管理的科学理论与实践,提升我国有害生物防控的原始创新和集成创新能力,扩大国际影响。     

天敌昆虫控害机制与可持续利用

天敌昆虫是自然生态系统内抑制害虫种群的重要因子,利用天敌昆虫控制农业害虫是安全有效的害虫控制策略,也是未来害虫管理发展的方向.本文在系统总结国内外研究进展的基础上,提出害虫治理要从“被动应急控制”转变为内部助增的“主动促进自然调控”的新理念,创新多种天敌昆虫协同控制多种害虫的“网式协同调控”新途径,建立一个自我维持并可有效降低害虫种群水平的农业生态系统.未来的研究应针对“天敌昆虫调控害虫的内在机制”与“天敌昆虫在农业生态系统中持续发挥作用的生态学基础”等关键科学问题,从基因、个体、种群、群落和生态系统不同层次,重点开展:1)天敌昆虫寄生和捕食害虫的行为与适应机制;2)天敌昆虫大量繁育的营养与生殖生理基础;3)寄生性天敌昆虫与寄主互作的免疫机制;4)天敌昆虫协同控害的生态学机制;5)天敌昆虫可持续利用的生物防治新模式等方面的研究.     

林隙干扰对森林生态系统的影响

林隙干扰通过改变森林微生境异质性和群落演替进程,对森林物种组成、林分结构和系统功能产生重要影响.本研究评述了有关林隙干扰对森林生态系统影响的最新研究进展,从物种生物学特性和环境因素两个方面分析了林隙干扰对森林物种组成变化的影响规律,基于群落组件和群落架构阐述了林隙干扰对森林结构的作用关系,梳理了林隙干扰对森林生态系统功...     

落叶松腮扁叶蜂Cephalcia lariciphila (Wachtl)形态特征及防治对策

自1990年代中期起,北京市门头沟区小龙门林场等地的华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr)遭受一种扁叶蜂的危害,不少年份成片的落叶松针叶被食。因雌蜂的触角节数与国内的文献资料不符,该种一直没有鉴定到种。本研究鉴定该种为落叶松腮扁叶蜂Cephalcia lariciphila(Wachtl),对各虫态进行描述并提供彩色图片,同时提出了防治策略,以利用黄绿色胶带诱杀成虫和人工挖除入土的预蛹和蛹为主,以保护作为水源地的生态环境。     

Serology and systematics of the Ebenales and the Theales

The systematic position ofthe Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, Ochnaceae, Stachyuraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae has been investigated using serological comparisons of sets of antigenic determinants. The results show that the Sytracaceae and Sapotaceae are undoubtedly more closely associated with the Actinidiaeceae and Theaceae, respectively, than with each other. We found no corresponding determinants betnween antigen systems from the Ebenaceae and systems from any other family whose relations to this family have been proposed. As discovered previously, investigations of antigen systems from the Ochnaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Stachyuraceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae are against the idea of a natural order “Theales” in which these families, or at least some of them, are combined with the Theaceae and Actinidiaceae. This paper completes our previous investigations which largely support a superorder Ericanae sensu Ehrendorfer and Takhtajan. We propose to include the Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in this superorder, assigning them a central position laong with the Sapotaceae and Sytracaeae on one side and the Primulales and Ericales on the other. Another most interesting finding is that there are corresponding determinants between antigen systems from the members of the Ericanae and representatives of the Polemoniaceae and Loasaceae.     

Biophysics and Structure of the Patch and the Gigaseal

Interpreting channel behavior in patches requires an understanding of patch structure and dynamics, especially in studies of mechanosensitive channels. High resolution optical studies show that patch formation occurs via blebbing that disrupts normal membrane structure and redistributes in situ components including ion channels. There is a 1-2 μm region of the seal below the patch where proteins are excluded and this may consist of extracted lipids that form the gigaseal. Patch domes often have complex geometries with inhomogeneous stresses due to the membrane-glass adhesion energy (E_a), cytoskeletal forces, and possible lipid subdomains. The resting tension in the patch dome ranges from 1-4 mN/m, a significant fraction of the lytic tension of a bilayer (∼10 mN/m). Thus, all patch experiments are conducted under substantial, and uneven, resting tension that may alter the kinetics of many channels. E_a seems dominated by van der Waals attraction overlaid with a normally repulsive Coulombic force. High ionic strength pipette saline increased E_a and, surprisingly, increased cytoskeletal rigidity in cell-attached patches. Low pH pipette saline also increased E_a and reduced the seal selectivity for cations, presumably by neutralizing the membrane surface charge. The seal is a negatively charged, cation selective, space with a resistance of ∼7 gigohm/μm in 100 mM KCl, and the high resistivity of the space may result from the presence of high viscosity glycoproteins. Patches creep up the pipette over time with voltage independent and voltage dependent components. Voltage-independent creep is expected from the capillary attraction of E_a and the flow of fresh lipids from the cell. Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials.     

On the structure and dynamics of the complex of the nucleosome and the linker histone

Several different models of the linker histone (LH)–nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10 bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 Å apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber.     

Epigenetics and aging: the targets and the marks

'Aging epigenetics' is an emerging field that promises exciting revelations in the near future. Here we focus on the functional and biological significance of the epigenetic alterations that accumulate during aging and are important in tumorigenesis. Paradigmatic examples are provided by the global loss of DNA methylation in aging and cancer and by the promoter hypermethylation of genes with a dual role in tumor suppression and progeria, such as the Werner syndrome (WRN) and lamin A/C genes. Another twist is provided by sirtuins, a family of NAD-dependent deacetylases that act on Lys16 of histone H4, which are emerging as a link between cellular transformation and lifespan.     

Connections between the globus pallidus and putamen and the hypothalamus and subthalamus

In 16 adult cats with electrolytically destructed external and internal parts of the globus pallidus and in 8 cats with destructed putamen direct strio-pallido-hypothalamic and strio-pallido-subthalamic pathways have been studied. Degeneration of the axonal preterminals and terminals have been examined in preparations treated after Nauta--Gygax, Nauta--Laidlow, Finck--Heimer with simultaneous additional staining of the nuclei with cresyl violet after Kawamura--Niimi. Direct pallido- and putamen-hypothalamic pathways to nuclei of the grey tubercle, posterior and lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus were stated. Direct pathways from the putamen to the subthalamic nucleus have been revealed, however, these pathways are represented in less degree than those of pallido-subthalamic connections. Direct pathways from the external portion of the globus pallidus and putamen to the subthalamic nucleus are more pronounced and represented by greater numbers of projections than those of strio-pallido-hypothalamic origin.     

Phymosomatoid echinoids from the campanian and the maastrichtian of Belgium and the Netherlands

Phymosomatoid echinoids from the Campanian and the Maastrichtian of Belgium and the Netherlands are systematically revised. Ten species, belonging to four genera are identified and described. One new species is introduced:Gauthieria?mosae sp. nov.     

Metamorphosis in the Cirripedia Rhizocephala and the homology of the kentrogon and trichogon

The Rhizocephala are considered to be monophyletic due to several synapomorphies in the ontogeny of the cndoparasitic phase. The various types of metamorphosis described in the Rhizocephala are discussed and compared to metamorphosis in the Cirripedia Thoracica and Acrothoracica. In males and females of the suborder Kentrogonida. the cyprid settles and metamorphoses into a new instar, in males the trichogen and in females the infective kentrogon. The kentrogon goes through yet another. incomplete moult associated with the development of the stylet. Within the three kentrogonidan families. the Iernaeodiscid-peltogastrid type of kentrogon differs from the sacculinid type in the mode of attachment to the host. in the complexity of internal anatomy. in the position and penetration of the stylet, and in whether or not the cyprid carapace must be shed prior to penetration of the stylet. In the Akentrogonida metamorphosis never results in a new instar. Where observed (Clistosaccidae and Thompsoniidae). both male and female cyprids settle and penetrate into their substrate (female parasite or new host) with one of the antennules. Using the antennule as a syringe. male cyprids inject spermatogonia while female cyprids injects embryonic cells developing into an endoparasite. By comparison with metamorphosis in the Cirripedia Thoracica and Acrothoracica it is concluded that the presence of a metamorphic moult leading to a post-cyprid instar is plesiomorphic and that the trichogon and kentrogon are homologous with the first metamorphosed juvenile in these outgroups. The abbreviated ontogeny in the Akentrogonida without metamorphic moult and post-cyprid larval instars is considered apomorphic. This contradicts the long-held supposition that the Akentrogonida are the most‘primitive’Rhizocephala and dovetails with new information that this suborder contains many advanced traits. Within the Kentrogonida. the lernacodiseid-peltogastrid type of kentrogon is considered more plesiomorphic than the sacculinid type, which resembles the clistosaccidthompsoniid type in having the antennules involved in the penetration process. The homologization of the kentrogon with a juvenile barnacle indicates that presence of a kentrogon is plesiomorphic within the Rhizocephala and that the Kentrogonida is paraphyletic.