水稻钻蛀性螟虫田间调查及测报技术

长期以来,水稻钻蛀性螟虫都是我国水稻上的重要害虫。近年来,随着水稻栽培制度的变更及全球性气候的变化,种群数量逐渐回升,为害日趋严重。因此,科学的调查方法和准确的预测预报,对该类害虫的综合治理具有重要意义。本文根据大螟Sesamia inferens(Walker)、二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)和三化螟Scirpophaga incertulas(Walker)的生物学特性,总结了这3种水稻钻蛀性螟虫的田间调查方法;阐述了它们的发生期预测方法;探讨了在调查取样过程中的注意事项,以期为我国水稻钻蛀性螟虫的综合防治提供可靠的数据支撑。     

水稻螟虫越冬死亡率调查与计算方法的离榷

掌握越冬螟虫虫口密度的变动规律,是进行第一、二代预测的重要依据。因此,越冬调查方法完善与否,对预测的准确程度密切相关。全国螟虫测报办法规定,越冬后的死亡率用调查时所获活虫数和死虫数来计算。这种方法在具体应用上,嫌有不足之处,即只能表示调查前15—20天的死亡情况,至于春前的死亡率。因虫尸业已腐烂无法查出。春前死亡情况,虽可通过多次调查获悉,但整个越冬期间的死亡率还是无法推算。笔者几年来一直采用“定点调查法”进行调查,以弥补一般调查方法的不足,使资料更加准确。现将     

万载县1959年越冬螟虫调查

我县近年来的水稻栽培制度,在1955年以前间作稻及一季晚稻占相当大的比例。自1956年起连作晚稻逐渐增加到34％以上,至1957年则接近50％。由于栽培制度的变化,而使螟种也发生了变化。 栽培制度、地形、品种与螟虫的关系 (一)从栽培制度来看(表1):连作稻区以三化螟     

我国水稻“两迁”害虫越冬情况调查

为了解在全球气候变暖的背景下,我国水稻褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)、白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)及稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée 3种迁飞性害虫越冬情况的新动态,于2008、2010、2011年1月底和2月底至3月初,全国农业技术推广服务中心测报处组织南方十余省基层植保部门参照稻飞虱和稻纵卷叶螟调查规范(GB/T 15794-1995和GB/T 15793-1995)调查了这3种迁飞性害虫的越冬情况。结果初步表明这3种迁飞性害虫的越冬北界与已报道的北界相比均没有明显的北移。通过这3年1月份温度距平与1978—1981年1月份温度距平的比较,除2010年属暖冬年份外,另2年均为冷冬年份,故这3年的越冬数据不能反映全球气象变暖对迁飞性昆虫的真实影响。     

调查水稻螟虫幼虫寄生蜂的一些体会

调查水稻螟虫幼虫的寄生蜂,通常把剥查枯心或白穗所见的寄生蜂茧养起来,或把寄主饲养等待寄生蜂羽化,然后鉴定种类。但这样做是会碰到困难的。例如,茧中羽化的成虫已经跑掉,或的寄生幼虫、寄生蜂幼虫养不活,得不到成虫,那就无法鉴定,也无法统计寄生率。因此,生产实践要求能够根据幼虫鉴定种。为了避免上述困难和缺点,我们根据几种寄生蜂幼虫研究的结果,姬蜂幼虫较易识别,如图1—3,但茧峰之间区别较难。例如,中华茧蜂 Bracon chinensis螟黑纹茧蜂 Bracon onukii和三化螟茧蜂Tropobracon schoe-nobii,幼虫的头骨和口器甚相似(如图4),不过它们的茧却容易区分。     

杂交水稻中的螟虫初步研究

70年代中期以来,籼型杂交水稻在全国范围内先后大面积推广,对粮食的增产,已经发挥了巨大的经济效益。 作为杂交水稻主要害虫之一的螟虫,各地普遍开展了稻螟的生物学特性、种群结构等的研究,现就我们的调查研究及部分省、自治区的有关资料,综合报道如下。     

水稻螟虫的发生与防治

螟虫是水稻主要的敌害.在螟灾猖獗地方,受害的水稻最少损失5%,严重的达90%以上,颗粒无收不是希罕的事情.近来,在推行水稻改制的地方,螟害严重地妨碍改制工作的开展.所以,消灭螟灾是水稻增产上极为必要的措施. 解放以来,在党与政府正确领导之下,大力开展治螟运动,获得巨大成绩,逐渐解决螟害问题.今后继续不懈地努力,可于7-12年之内基本消灭螟灾.     

四川省雅安地区蚊类越冬情况的调查

1955年至1984年对四川雅安地区25种蚊类越冬情况作了初步调查,结果发现以成蚊越冬者6种;以成、幼虫越冬者1种;以成虫及卵越冬者2种,以幼虫越冬者4种,以幼虫及卵越冬者1种;以卵越冬者2种;无明显越冬期,冬季仍能繁殖发育者9种,各蚊种的越冬情况记述如下。     

水稻大螟越冬幼虫寄生蜂种类调查与主要寄生蜂越冬动态分析

大螟Sesamia inferens(Walker)是水稻上一种重要的钻蛀性害虫,其寄主范围广,近年来为害加重。由于长期以来对大螟的防治采取兼治策略,大螟已经对多种农药产生了抗性。因此,掌握水稻大螟生物防治资源有重要的应用意义。本研究报道了江苏扬州地区水稻大螟越冬幼虫体内仅有两种寄生蜂,分别是中华茧蜂Amyosoma chinensis和螟黄足盘绒茧蜂Cotesia flavipes,其中螟黄足盘绒茧蜂是优势种群。通过近三年的系统调查发现：在自然界中螟黄足盘绒茧蜂在大螟越冬幼虫体内的寄生率呈现动态变化,最高寄生率达33.33%,并且不同年份之间有差异。螟黄足盘绒茧蜂最短出茧时间仅为5.0 d,最长不超过14.0 d。除了12月份至次年1月份采集的螟黄足盘绒茧蜂外,其它时间点采集到的螟黄足盘绒茧蜂的羽化率高达75%以上。该研究结果为利用螟黄足盘绒茧蜂防治大螟提供了研究基础。     

六六六防治水稻螟虫的初步经验

利用国产农药六六六防治水稻螟虫,经过两年来各地的试验研究,已获得初步的成绩,解决了不少过去在人工捕杀与土药防治上不能解决的问题,给今後水稻增产上提供了更为有利的条件。1954年在四川、湖南、西康、广     

Influence of soil moisture on supercooling capacity and associated physiological parameters of overwintering larvae of rice stem borer

Influence of soil moisture on the supercooling capacity and associated physiological parameters of overwintering larvae of the rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis was examined by exposing larvae to soil moistures of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of saturated soil water content (SSWC) at ambient temperature for 30 d from December 2007 to January 2008 in Beijing, China. At the end of the exposure, supercooling points (SCPs) varied significantly among the treatments, the lowest being in the larvae exposed to soil moisture of 25% SSWC. Fresh weight was significantly higher in the larvae exposed to soil moisture of 100% SSWC than in those kept at 25 and 50% SSWC. Dry weight and body water content (% fresh weight) were not different among the treatments. Glucose and trehalose contents were markedly lower, and glycerol content was significantly higher in the larvae confined to soil moisture of 25% SSWC than in those exposed to the other soil moisture treatments. It is suggested that variation in body water content (% fresh weight) contributes to the differences in SCPs of the overwintering C. suppressalis larvae in all treatments, but the influence of soil moisture treatments on supercooling capacity are caused through changes in glycerol content.     

Seasonal changes in glycerol content and enzyme activities in overwintering larvae of the Shonai ecotype of the rice stem borer,Chilo suppressalis Walker

Enzymes associated with glycogen metabolism and glycerol synthesis in larvae of the Shonai ecotype of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis, were investigated over the winter in 2000-2001. Glycerol content was scarcely detected in September and October, rapidly increased in November and December, peaked in January, and then decreased. Glycogen was converted to glycerol over the winter until February, and glycerol was reconverted to glycogen in March. The trehalose content remained constant over the winter. The activities of enzymes associated with glycerol synthesis changed with the season. Glycerol accumulation was accomplished by activation of glycogen phosphorylase, inhibition of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and pyruvate kinase, and activation of enzymes associated with glycerol synthesis, mainly glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatase and polyol dehydrogenase with glyceraldehyde activity. These changes led to a diversion of triose phosphates into the pathway of glycerol synthesis. However, activities of the two initial enzymes of the hexose monophosphate shunt were not activated and remained relatively constant, but high during the period of active glycerol synthesis. Both decreasing temperature in the field and the transition from the diapause to the post-diapause state may be responsible for the changes in activities of enzymes associated with glycerol synthesis.     

Growth responses of larvae of the rice stem borer to rice plants treated with 2,4-D

Summary Growth response of rice stem borer larvae to rice plants treated with 2,4-D was investigated. In greenhouse rearing experiments, growth of the larvae was improved when they fed on 2,4-D treated plants. In aseptic rearing experiments, the larvae also grew better on stems of rice plants treated during growth with 2,4-D than on untreated stems. On the other hand, larval growth was not improved by addition of 2,4-D to a diet of sterilized rice stems. The nitrogen content of the 2,4-D treated plant is higher than that of the untreated plant. Because of the importance of nitrogenous compounds for larval growth, the improved growth on 2,4-D treated plants was apparently caused by the increased nitrogen content of the plants, and not as a direct effect of 2,4-D itself.Apparently the increased infestation of rice stem borer larvae on rice plants treated with 2,4-D arises because of the ability of such plants to support good larval growth.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Wachstumsreaktionen vonChilo suppressalis-Larven auf Reispflanzen untersucht, die mit 2,4-D behandelt worden waren. In Gewächshausaufzuchten verbesserte sich das Wachstum der Raupen, wenn sie mit 2,4-D-behandelten Pflanzen ernährt wurden. Auch in aseptischen Zuchtversuchen wuchsen die Larven besser an Halmen von Reispflanzen, die während des Aufwuchses mit 2,4-D behandelt worden waren, als an unbehandelten Stengeln. Andererseits wurde das larvale Wachstum durch Hinzufügen von 2,4-D zu einer Diät sterilisierter Reishalme nicht verbessert. Der Stickstoffgehalt der mit 2,4-D behandelten Pflanzen ist höher als der unbehandelter. In Anbetracht der Bedeutung stickstoffhaltiger Verbindungen für die Raupenernährung wird die Wachstumssteigerung auf 2,4-D-behandelten Pflanzen offensichtlich durch den erhöhten Stickstoffgehalt der Pflanzen verursacht und nicht durch eine direkte Wirkung des 2,4-D selbst.Der erhöhte Befall 2,4-D-behandelter Pflanzen durchChilo suppressalis beruht offensichtlich auf der Fähigkeit solcher Pflanzen, gutes Raupenwachstum zu unterstützen.

     

东北稻区二化螟越冬幼虫的生物学研究

二化螟Chilosuppressalis是我国东北地区最重要的水稻害虫。连续 3年在东北稻区的二化螟越冬幼虫调查表明 ,在通河和方正两地 (北纬 46°附近 )出现不完全第 2代 ;在东北稻区 ,二化螟幼虫多以高龄幼虫在稻茎内越冬 ( 1 999～ 2 0 0 1年分别占总数的 44 47% ,5 3 47%和 63 48% )。在盘锦、五常、吉林和龙井 4地区的平均高度分别为 8 0 2 ,1 6 2 5 ,1 8 2 9和 2 0 3 4cm。同时 ,在东北稻区的越冬幼虫的头向多朝上 ( 65 74%～ 76 77% )。     

CO_2倍增和转Bt水稻对二化螟幼虫的生理影响

通过开顶式气室研究了CO2浓度倍增(750vs.375μL/L)对取食转Bt水稻及其对照亲本秀水11的二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)幼虫体内代谢酶乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和保护酶(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化物酶POD和过氧化氢酶CAT)活力的影响,以期明确该类害虫对大气CO2浓度升高及转Bt水稻的生理响应。研究结果表明:(1)AChE受CO2浓度水平影响显著,与对照CO2处理相比,高CO2条件下该酶活力显著降低;(2)高CO2水平及水稻中Bt毒素蛋白的存在均会导致二化螟幼虫体内POD活力显著降低,SOD初期活力显著升高,但不能维持较长时间,CAT活力表现为先升后降的特点;(3)当受到水稻品种、CO2浓度水平和取食时间的综合影响时,以上代谢酶和保护酶活力会发生显著变化。短时间内二化螟幼虫可通过体内以上生理代谢调节减缓受CO2浓度升高和水稻中Bt毒素蛋白的不利影响,但长时间环境胁迫下这种应对不利环境的响应机制将会失去作用,最终导致种群适合度的降低。     

湖北江汉稻区优质香稻上二化螟的为害特性

研究了二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)对优质香稻鄂香1号和武香988及优质常规中稻鄂中5号的田间为害特性。结果显示,1代二化螟危害造成的枯心苗数优质香稻略低于优质常规中稻。2代二化螟危害造成的枯孕穗和白穗优质香稻鄂香1号低于常规中稻,平均每15丛7.91株。田间剥查发现优质香稻中4~5龄2代二化螟所占百分比高于常规中稻,武香988中2代二化螟蛹所占比例高于常规中稻,达46.51%。3代二化螟量优质香稻低于常规中稻。结果说明香稻受二化螟的危害集中在2代,因而香稻二化螟的防治应注意消灭1代老熟幼虫和2代幼虫。     

Utilization of dietary carbohydrates and nitrogen by rice stem borer larvae, under axenic conditions

Larvae of the rice stem borer utilize simple carbohydrates and protein in their food at rates as high as most other lepidopterous larvae. The larvae also utilize starch at an unexpectedly high rate, in view of early evidences that the starch-hydrolyzing enzyme of the larval digestive tract is very weak and that the nutritive value of starch in synthetic food is very low. The results indicate that starch contained in the rice stem may be significant in the nutrition of the larvae in the field.

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Zusammenfassung Die Larven von Chilo suppressalis Walker verwerten einfache Kohlehydrate und Proteine ihrer Nahrung in ebenso hohem Ausmaße wie die meisten anderen phytophagen Lepidopteren-larven. Jedoch nutzen die Raupen auch Stärke in einem unerwartet hohen Maße aus; unerwartet in Anbetracht der früheren Befunde, wonach das stärkehydrolysierende Ferment des larvalen Verdauungskanals schwach und der Nährwert von Stärke bei synthetischer Ernährung sehr niedrig ist. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, daß die im Reisstengel enthaltene Stärke für die Ernährung der Larven bedeutsam sein kann.

     

Identification of tissues showing the lowest tolerance to freezing in larvae of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis

Abstract.  Even though overwintering larvae of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis , are freeze-tolerant, they cannot survive below −30 °C. Furthermore, nondiapausing larvae cannot survive freezing. However, the cause of death due to freezing is unclear. To identify the cause of death by freezing in larvae, those tissues most injured by low temperatures are identified using the vital stain trypan blue. In overwintering larvae, the midgut of dead larvae stains blue, and remarkable colour density differences between dead and surviving larvae are observed in the midgut. In nondiapausing larvae incubated at −10 °C for several hours, the fat body of dead larvae is strongly stained. Furthermore, increases in mortality with treatment time correspond with increases in the area of the fat body stained. Sterile nondiapausing larvae with lower supercooling points, below −20 °C, do not freeze at −10 °C and survive the treatment. However, all the larvae die when subjected to inoculative freezing at −10 °C, and the fat body stains blue. These results suggest that the midgut in overwintering larvae and the fat body in nondiapausing larvae have the lowest tolerance to freezing.     

二化螟成虫雄性先羽化现象

二化螟Chilos uppressalis(Walker)是水稻一种重要的鳞翅目害虫,作者在室内人工饲养的过程中注意到二化螟的雄虫羽化较雌虫早,因此对二化螟的雄性先熟现象进行了初步的研究,结果发现雌雄二化螟从初孵幼虫到成虫羽化阶段的历期平均长度存在显著差异,雄虫的历期为38.8d,而雌虫的历期为40.6d,即雄虫较雌虫要早1.8d羽化。本文对雄性先熟现象的生物学意义进行了简要讨论,同时,就利用性诱方法对二化螟进行监测和防治进行了讨论。     

二化螟水稻类群和茭白类群成虫产卵与幼虫寄主选择行为的比较研究

实验室木箱条件下进行的二化螟水稻类群与茭白类群成虫产卵选择性试验结果表明,两类群在水稻与茭白上所产的卵块和卵粒的分布及孵化率无显著差异;但均有将不能孵化卵产在非本寄主上的倾向．通过Y形嗅觉仪进行的幼虫寄主选择行为的试验结果显示,除茭白类群1龄幼虫对水稻与茭白的趋性分别为30．00％与66．67％,有显著差异(P≤0．05)外,1龄幼虫对两寄主组织的趋性无显著差异;对水稻与茭白叶片、叶鞘的趋性反应中,水稻类群4龄、6龄幼虫对叶片,2龄、4龄幼虫对叶鞘差异显著,而茭白类群2—6龄幼虫均差异显著(P≤0．05)．研究结果表明,两类群已开始种下分化,其中茭白类群对本寄主的专化程度大于水稻类群。