基于CLIMEX的2种核桃蚜虫潜在适生区分析

【目的】分析核桃黑斑蚜与核桃全斑蚜在全球范围内的潜在分布,比较气候变化对其分布的影响,为核桃有害生物综合管理策略的制定提供依据。【方法】基于实验室和野外试验,结合CLIMEX软件对核桃黑斑蚜与核桃全斑蚜在目前及未来气候条件下的潜在地理分布进行了模拟和系统评估。【结果】2种核桃蚜虫适生区十分相似,在世界范围内主要分布区集中在欧洲、北美洲、亚洲等区域,核桃黑斑蚜适生区范围大于核桃全斑蚜,但在我国,核桃黑斑蚜适生区范围小于核桃全斑蚜。气候变化将决定2种蚜虫分布的差异性,未来气候情景下,2种蚜虫适生区将发生变化,在欧洲、北美洲和亚洲适生区范围向高纬度延伸;在我国适生区范围逐渐减小。【结论】在世界范围内,核桃黑斑蚜与核桃全斑蚜适生区域主要分布在25°N-75°N内的亚洲、欧洲、北美洲的部分地区;在我国,其适生区域主要分布在东部季风区内的东北的南部、西北东南部、西南中部、华中北部以及华北地区。     

间作作物对核桃黑斑蚜及主要天敌种群的影响

通过对新疆阿克苏3类主栽模式核桃园系统调查发现:核桃黑斑蚜的天敌主要有草蛉、黑食蚜盲蝽、食蚜蝇、多异瓢虫和蜘蛛;间作作物对核桃黑斑蚜及其天敌的发生均有一定的影响;在核桃黑斑蚜发生初期,在核-麦-玉式核桃园中益害比最大,草蛉和蜘蛛发生量最多,种群数量分别为6.60头/百叶、0.20头/百叶,间作小麦最有利于增益控害,其次是间作棉花;在中后期,草蛉、多异瓢虫在核-棉式核桃园发生量较多,种群数量分别为6.01头/百叶、0.64头/百叶;黑食蚜盲蝽在核-麦-玉式核桃园中发生量较多,种群数量为1.08头/百叶;食蚜蝇和蜘蛛在无间作核桃园中的发生量较多,种群数量分别为0.51头/百叶、0.91头/百叶;但天敌不能阻止核桃黑斑蚜的大量发生,其种群数量在7月中旬达到高峰,平均种群数量达3000头/百叶以上。     

危害枸杞的棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover

<正>棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover是一种常见害虫,主要危害次生寄主棉花、玉米、大豆、西瓜、黄瓜、南瓜、茄子、西葫芦、月季、核桃、丁香、金橘等,也危害原生寄主石榴、花椒、木槿和鼠李等。危害枸杞的蚜虫种类多为棉蚜,无翅孤雌蚜体型宽椭圆形,活体淡墨绿色,腹管黑色,玻片标本腹     

蚜茧蜂研究的基本知识

蚜茧蜂科(Aphidiidae)是蚜虫重要的寄生性天敌,对蚜虫的生物防治效果显著。国内正研究应用烟蚜茧峰Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead防治烟蚜和菜蚜;应用高梁蚜茧蜂lysiphlebiasp.防治高粱蚜。国外已报道用少脉茧蜂Diae-retiella rapae M’Intosh防治大白菜蚜虫(Blanche,1975),用Aphidius matricariae Haliday防治桃赤蚜(Scopes,1970),用核桃蚜茧蜂Trioxyspallidus Haliday防治核桃蚜(Bosch,1970)等     

苹果绵蚜的生物学特性及其综合治理

苹果绵蚜是一种重要的外来人侵性害虫,在世界的各苹果种植区均有分布,对苹果造成严重危害。本文主要介绍了苹果绵蚜的生物学特性、发生危害特点以及各种防治措施,包括植物检疫、农业防治、生物防治、化学防治和抗性育种等,为在我国广大果区对苹果绵蚜进行综合治理提供依据。     

棉花抗蚜性与苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性的关系

为探讨苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性与棉花抗蚜性的关系,在室内人工接蚜危害和田间自然蚜群2种条件下,测定不同抗蚜性棉花品种受棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover危害后叶片的PAL活性。结果表明:未受棉蚜危害时,抗、感品种PAL活性无明显差异;棉蚜危害胁迫棉花PAL活性升高,抗蚜品种受到棉蚜危害诱导所产生的PAL活性远比感蚜品种高。田间有蚜株率与棉花叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性的呈显著的负相关关系。研究说明PAL酶活性对棉花的抗蚜性有一定的影响。     

秦油二号蚜害症状观察

<正> 萝卜蚜Lipaphis erysimi(Kaltenbach)是油菜的主要害虫之一。目前国内外有关该虫的生物学特性、生态学特点和防治技术研究较多,而对其田间危害症状报道较少。作者近年来对安康地区推广的骨干油菜品种——秦油二号上的萝卜蚜危害症状进行了观察。     

重要林业害虫--栗苞蚜(同翅目,根瘤蚜科)的形态特征及其危害

栗苞蚜Moritziella castaneivora Miyazaki,1966是近年来在我国发现的一种为害日本栗Castanea crenata和板栗C.mollissima的害虫,可造成植株落花落果.记述了栗苞蚜的形态特征、生物学特征、危害及其防治的初步研究.提供了形态特征图、形态照片和生物学照片.研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆.     

核桃黑斑蚜形态、生物学特性及防治

首次对我国新记录害虫核桃黑斑蚜进行了研究。较详细描述了其形态特征、生活史和主要生活习性,提出了各龄若蚜鉴别特征、影响发育的主要环境因子和防治意见。     

苹果绵蚜种群的空间分布型及其应用——Ⅰ.秋季种群

生物种群的空间分布是一种高度特化的生物学特性,是长期适应自然环境的结果。在理论上,研究种群的空间分布有助于理解种群的生态学特性以及种群与所处环境的相互关系;在实践中,种群的空间分布是确定生物统计分析的资料代换方法和制定抽样技术方案的依据。 苹果绵蚜Eriosoma lanigerum(Hausm.)是苹果树的毁灭性害虫。50年代云南仅昆明地区有苹果绵蚜的分布,现在苹果绵蚜已侵入到云南许多苹果产区。1978年苹果绵蚜侵入到丽江县,其危害相当严重。过去的工作主要集中在生物学和防治方面,空间分     

Collagen-like triple helix formation of synthetic (Pro-Pro-Gly)10 analogues: (4(S)-hydroxyprolyl-4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-Gly)10, (4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-Gly)10 and (4(S)-fluoroprolyl-4(R)-fluoroprolyl-Gly)10.

For the rational design of a stable collagen triple helix according to the conventional rule that the pyrrolidine puckerings of Pro, 4-hydroxyproline (Hyp) and 4-fluoroproline (fPro) should be down at the X-position and up at the Y-position in the X-Y-Gly repeated sequence for enhancing the triple helix propensities of collagen model peptides, a series of peptides were prepared in which X- and Y-positions were altogether occupied by Hyp(R), Hyp(S), fPro(R) or fPro(S). Contrary to our presumption that inducing the X-Y residues to adopt a down-up conformation would result in an increase in the thermal stability of peptides, the triple helices of (Hyp(S)-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) and (fPro(S)-fPro(R)-Gly)(10) were less stable than those of (Pro-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) and (Pro-fPro(R)-Gly)(10), respectively. As reported by B?chinger's and Zagari's groups, (Hyp(R)-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) which could have an up-up conformation unfavorable for the triple helix, formed a triple helix that has a high thermal stability close to that of (Pro-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10). These results clearly show that the empirical rule based on the conformational preference of pyrrolidine ring at each of X and Y residues should not be regarded as still valid, at least for predicting the stability of collagen models in which both X and Y residues have electronegative groups at the 4-position.     

Synthesis and luminescence properties of a blue-emitting Sr(3.5) Y(6.5) O(2) (PO(4) )(1.5) (SiO(4) )(4.5) :Eu(2+) phosphor

A novel blue‐emitting Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:Eu²⁺ phosphor was synthesized via a solid‐state reaction. Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated that the Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5 host had a hexagonal crystal structure in the space group P6₃/m and unit cell parameters a = 9.418 Å, c = 6.900 Å. The as‐prepared phosphor showed a blue emission and all the main emission peaks were located at around 466 nm for different excitation wavelengths of 297, 333 and 391 nm. The temperature dependence of the photoluminescence property was investigated in the range 20–250 °C, and the emission intensity decreased to 71% of the initial value at room temperature on increasing the temperature to 150 °C. According to the classical theory of fluorescent thermal quenching, the activation energy (ΔE) for the thermal quenching luminescence of the as‐prepared Sr_3.45Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:0.05Eu²⁺ phosphor was determined to be 0.20 eV. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Role of tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) and tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II) gene modules in catabolism of 3-chlorobenzoate by Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4)

The enzymes chlorocatechol-1,2-dioxygenase, chloromuconate cycloisomerase, dienelactone hydrolase, and maleylacetate reductase allow Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4) to degrade chlorocatechols formed during growth in 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate or 3-chlorobenzoate (3-CB). There are two gene modules located in plasmid pJP4, tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) (module I) and tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II) (module II), putatively encoding these enzymes. To assess the role of both tfd modules in the degradation of chloroaromatics, each module was cloned into the medium-copy-number plasmid vector pBBR1MCS-2 under the control of the tfdR regulatory gene. These constructs were introduced into R. eutropha JMP222 (a JMP134 derivative lacking pJP4) and Pseudomonas putida KT2442, two strains able to transform 3-CB into chlorocatechols. Specific activities in cell extracts of chlorocatechol-1,2-dioxygenase (tfdC), chloromuconate cycloisomerase (tfdD), and dienelactone hydrolase (tfdE) were 2 to 50 times higher for microorganisms containing module I compared to those containing module II. In contrast, a significantly (50-fold) higher activity of maleylacetate reductase (tfdF) was observed in cell extracts of microorganisms containing module II compared to module I. The R. eutropha JMP222 derivative containing tfdR-tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) grew four times faster in liquid cultures with 3-CB as a sole carbon and energy source than in cultures containing tfdR-tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II). In the case of P. putida KT2442, only the derivative containing module I was able to grow in liquid cultures of 3-CB. These results indicate that efficient degradation of 3-CB by R. eutropha JMP134(pJP4) requires the two tfd modules such that TfdCDE is likely supplied primarily by module I, while TfdF is likely supplied by module II.     

Induction of in vitro flowering in Dendrobium Madame Thong-In (Orchidaceae) seedlings is associated with increase in endogenous N(6)-(Delta (2)-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP) and N (6)-(Delta (2)-isopentenyl)-adenosine (iPA) levels

We analysed the endogenous cytokinin levels of Dendrobium Madame Thong-In seedlings grown in vitro during vegetative and flowering-inductive periods. HPLC was used to fractionate the extracts and radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used for assay of zeatin (Z), dihydrozeatin (DZ), N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP) and their derivatives. Coconut water used in experiments was found to contain high level (>136 pmol ml(-1)) of zeatin riboside (ZR). Protocorms and seedlings cultured in medium with coconut water were found to contain 0.5-3.9 pmol g(-1) FW of the cytokinins analysed. Seedlings (1.0-1.5 cm) cultured in flowering-inductive liquid medium containing 6-benzyladenine (BA, 4.4 muM) and coconut water (CW, 15%) contained up to 200 and 133 pmol g(-1) FW of iP and iPA, respectively. These levels were significantly higher than all other cytokinins analysed in seedlings of the same stage and were about 80- to 150-folds higher than seedlings cultured in non-inductive medium. During the transitional (vegetative to reproductive) stage, the endogenous levels of iP (178 pmol g(-1) FW) and iPA (63 pmol g(-1) FW) were also significantly higher than cytokinins in the zeatine (Z) and dihydrozeatin (DZ) families in the same seedlings. Seedlings that grew on inductive medium but remained vegetative contained lower levels of iPA. The importance of the profiles of iP and its derivatives in induction of in vitro flowering of D. Madame Thong-In is discussed.     

Biology of Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The biology of the fruit fly Bactrocera tau, an important horticultural pest, was studied under laboratory conditions at 25°C and 60–70% relative humidity on Cucurbita maxima. The duration of mating averaged 408.03 ± 235.93 min. After mating, the female fly had a preoviposition period of 11.7 ± 4.49 days. The oviposition rate was 9.9 ± 8.50 eggs and fecundity was 464.6 ± 67.98 eggs/female. Eggs were elliptical, smooth and shiny white, turning darker as hatching approached, and measured 1.30 ± 0.07 mm × 0.24 ± 0.04 mm. The chorion has polygonal microsculpturing and is species-specific with polygonal walls. The egg period lasts for 1.3 ± 0.41 days. The duration of the larval period is 1.2 ± 0.42, 1.7 ± 0.48 and 4.0 ± 0.94 days for first, second and third instars, respectively. Pupation occurs in the sand or soil and pupal periods are 7.0 ± 0.47 days. The life cycle from egg to adult was completed in 14.2 ± 1.69 days; the longevity of mated females and males was 130.33 ± 14.18 and 104.66 ± 31.21 days, respectively. At least two to three generations were observed from June 2008 to June 2009.     

Spectroscopic investigations of Er(3+) :CdO-Bi(2) O(3) -B(2) O(3) glasses

This article reports on the optical properties of Er³⁺ ions doped CdO–Bi₂O₃–B₂O₃ (CdBiB) glasses. The materials were characterized by optical absorption and emission spectra. By using Judd–Ofelt theory, the intensity parameters Ω_λ (λ = 2, 4, 6) and also oscillatory strengths were calculated from the absorption spectra. The results were used to compute the radiative properties of Er³⁺:CdBiB glasses. The concentration quenching and energy transfer from Yb³⁺–Er³⁺ were explained. The stimulated emission cross‐section, full width at half maximum (FWHM) and FWHM × values are also calculated for all the Er³⁺:CdBiB glasses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cationic (tripyrrinato)palladium(II) complexes

The formation of cationic palladium(II)complexes [TrpyPd^II]⁺X⁻ by salt metathesis of the respective trifluoroacetates with different salts of weakly coordinating anions X⁻ was investigated. With non-hydrolizable counterions, cationic mono- and dinuclear complexes are observed depending on the nature of the anion X⁻ and the solvent. The mononuclear cations, which are only formed with X = BAr^F, most probably carry a weakly bound molecule of dichloromethane at the fourth coordination site of Pd^II. When treated with diazoalkanes, only these are sufficiently reactive to form carbene complexes. Four- and five coordinate Lewis base adducts [TrpyPd^IIL]⁺ with L = CH₃NC, tBuNH₂, PMe₃, PEt₃ and PiPr₃ and [TrpyPd^IIL₂]⁺ with L = PMe₃ were prepared from the mononuclear cations [TrpyPd^II]⁺BAr^F−. From structural studies it becomes apparent, that the formation of stable five coordinate Pd^II species is restricted to medium size ligands and depends on the delicate balance between the steric influence of L and the strain, which is induced on the TrpyPd^II unit.     

The helix-coil transitions of poly (dA)-poly (dT) and poly (dA-dT)-poly (dA-dT)

Helix–coil transition curves are calculated for poly (dA) poly(dT) and poly (dA-dT) poly (dA-dT) using the integral equation approach of Goel and Montroll.⁵ The transitions are described by the loop entropy model with the exponent of the loop entropy factor, k, remaining an arbitrary constant. The theoretical calculations are compared with experimental transition curves of the two polymers. Results indicate that the stacking energies for these two polymers differ by about 1 kcal/mole of base pairs. Also, a fit between theory and experiment was not possible for k > 1.70.