柑橘大实蝇信息素鉴定及EAG测试

[目的]分析和鉴定柑橘大实蝇Bactocera (Tetradacus) minax (Enderlein)信息素.[方法]采用顶空固相微萃取方法(HS-SPME)收集不同时间段柑橘大实蝇成虫挥发物,进一步结合气相色谱质谱联用技术(GC-MS)鉴定分析和触角电位技术(EAG)进行行为测试.[结果]N-(3-甲基丁基)乙酰胺为柑橘大实蝇成虫合成的一种挥发性化合物,且雌雄成虫都可以释放该化合物.触角电位技术测定不同日龄柑橘大实蝇成虫对1、10、100和1000 μg4种不同剂量N-(3-甲基丁基)乙酰胺的触角电位反应结果表明,柑橘大实蝇成虫对N-(3-甲基丁基)乙酰胺具有显著的触角电位反应,触角电位反应最适含量范围为大于100 μg,剂量以及剂量×性别会导致柑橘大实蝇显著的触角电位反应差异.[结论]N-(3-甲基丁基)乙酰胺可能为柑橘大实蝇信息素,这一结果可为柑橘大实蝇化学通讯研究和生物防治应用提供一定的理论基础.     

柑橘大实蝇对不同颜色和糖类的偏好及对糖类的嗅觉反应

为探明影响柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax(Enderlein)成虫取食偏好的因素,本文研究了其对不同颜色和糖类物质的选择及其嗅觉反应。结果表明:柑橘大实蝇成虫明显偏好黄色和橙色基质的食物,对绿、白、蓝、黑、红色食物趋性较弱;对不同糖类的选择顺序是:红糖蜂蜜蔗糖和白糖;不同采集地间和不同性别间的柑橘大实蝇对颜色、糖类物质的选择差异不显著。嗅觉行为测试结果,柑橘大实蝇雌雄虫对所测试几种糖的气味均表现明显趋性,其中,雌虫对红糖和蜂蜜气味的嗅觉反应比雄虫更敏感。研究结果可以为柑橘大实蝇成虫食诱剂的研制和诱捕器的设计提供重要参考依据。     

柑橘大实蝇成虫在中国板栗雄花花序上的取食行为

【目的】证实并探明柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax成虫在中国板栗Castanea mollissima雄花花序上的取食行为,从而为柑橘大实蝇的非化学防控提供理论依据。【方法】采用录像技术对柑橘大实蝇成虫在中国板栗雄花花序上的行为活动过程进行跟踪观察和分析。【结果】柑橘大实蝇成虫在中国板栗雄花花序上的取食行为分为爬行、取食、梳理和静息4个阶段,成虫的取食行为没有固定次序,除无法从静息阶段直接到取食阶段外,成虫可从爬行、取食、梳理和静息4个阶段中的任一阶段随意转入另一阶段。成虫取食行为各个阶段的频次占比由高到低排列顺序为:爬行取食梳理静息。静息阶段平均耗时显著超过取食、梳理和爬行阶段;取食、梳理和爬行阶段之间的平均耗时无显著差异。柑橘大实蝇雌成虫与雄成虫之间,各个阶段频次占比和平均耗时均无显著差异。【结论】结果证实柑橘大实蝇雌雄成虫在中国板栗雄花花序上存在取食行为。     

甘薯蚁象对不同甘薯品种植物挥发物的EAG和嗅觉反应

【目的】为筛选对甘薯蚁象Cylas formicarius(Fabricius)有引诱作用的植物挥发性物质。【方法】采用顶空气体采样法收集5个甘薯品种的植物挥发物,通过气相-质谱联用系统(GC-MS)进行物质鉴定及定量分析,测定甘薯蚁象成虫对候选挥发物的触角电位(EAG)反应和嗅觉趋向选择行为。利用Y型嗅觉仪测定甘薯蚁象成虫对5个甘薯品种茎叶的嗅觉反应。【结果】5种甘薯品种的植物挥发物种类和含量有所差异。7种候选挥发物(罗勒烯、柠檬烯、壬醛、β-石竹烯、葎草烯、法尼烯和乙酸-顺-3-己烯酯)均引起甘薯蚁象雌、雄成虫的EAG反应。其中,雌虫对柠檬烯、壬醛和β-石竹烯的反应相对值较大;而引起雄虫反应相对值较大的挥发物为罗勒烯、柠檬烯、葎草烯。在趋向行为反应中,柠檬烯和壬醛对甘薯蚁象雄虫的吸引作用高于对照,而雌虫对葎草烯、柠檬烯有极显著的趋向选择。甘薯蚁象成虫对5种茎叶的反应率为40.90%~65.21%,且5个甘薯品种的茎叶挥发物均没有显著的引诱作用(P0.05)。【结论】甘薯蚁象雌、雄成虫对甘薯植物挥发物具有不同的EAG及趋向行为反应,气味化合物柠檬烯与甘薯蚁象偏爱选择密切相关。     

12种杀虫剂对柑橘大实蝇选择行为的影响及击倒作用

柑橘大实蝇是柑橘上的重要害虫。本文分别利用Y型嗅觉仪和饲喂法测定了柑橘大实蝇成虫对12种杀虫剂的选择行为和击倒作用,以期筛选出田间防治柑橘大实蝇的高效农药,并为研发其诱杀剂提供理论依据。结果表明:12种杀虫剂中,吡虫啉、阿维菌素对雌成虫具有极显著的驱避作用;多杀霉素、丁硫克百威、阿维菌素、氟铃脲对雄成虫具有极显著的驱避作用;多杀霉素、毒死蜱、噻嗪酮对雌成虫具有显著的驱避作用;啶虫脒、噻虫嗪、乙酰甲胺磷、高效氯氟氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯对柑橘大实蝇雌雄成虫既无驱避作用也无引诱作用。同种药剂对柑橘大实蝇雌雄成虫的击倒时间无显著差异,不同药剂间对柑橘大实蝇成虫的击倒时间有显著差异,其中啶虫脒的击倒时间(KD₅₀<1 min)最短。综合考虑杀虫剂对柑橘大实蝇选择行为的影响及击倒作用,认为啶虫脒更适宜作为柑橘大实蝇诱杀剂中的杀虫剂。     

星天牛对青皮垂柳挥发物的电生理及行为反应

【目的】考察星天牛Anoplophora chinensis对不同生理状态青皮垂柳Salix ohsidare挥发物的选择偏好性,深入探究星天牛对虫害青皮垂柳与健康青皮垂柳行为选择差异的原因。【方法】利用动态顶空吸附法,分别收集虫害和健康两种生理状态下的青皮垂柳枝条挥发物,通过气相色谱 质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对收集的挥发物样品进行鉴定与分析,采用触角电位仪(EAG)和Y型嗅觉仪分别分析星天牛对挥发物样品中鉴定的主要化合物的标准化合物的电生理以及行为反应,通过大笼行为实验和林间诱捕试验分析单一挥发性化合物及其双组分和三组分配方对星天牛成虫的诱捕效果。【结果】健康青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中共鉴定出3种主要化合物,包括α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和樟脑,而虫害青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中鉴定出5种主要化合物包括α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、β-罗勒烯和樟脑。另外虫害青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中的樟脑含量显著高于健康青皮垂柳枝条中的,3-蒈烯在两种挥发物中含量差异不显著,而健康青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中的α-蒎烯含量显著高于虫害青皮垂柳枝条中的。EAG实验表明,星天牛成虫对α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和β-罗勒烯3种化合物的EAG反应相对值较高,并且随这3个化合物浓度的升高而逐渐增大;星天牛成虫对β-蒎烯和樟脑的EAG反应相对值差异不大,且这2个化合物浓度变化对EAG反应相对值无明显影响。Y型嗅觉仪实验表明,在1 mg/mL浓度下,α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和β-罗勒烯吸引星天牛雄成虫数量均显著高于对照组（石蜡油）,β-罗勒烯吸引的星天牛雌成虫数量显著高于对照组;在10 mg/mL浓度下,3-蒈烯吸引的星天牛雄成虫数量显著高于对照组。大笼行为实验表明,三组分虫害配方D(α-蒎烯∶3-蒈烯∶β-罗勒烯=42∶30∶103)、α-蒎烯和β-罗勒烯吸引的星天牛成虫数量最多,显著高于双组分健康配方H(α-蒎烯∶3-蒈烯=105∶38)和3-蒈烯吸引的成虫数量。林间诱捕试验表明,α-蒎烯和虫害配方D对星天牛成虫的诱捕效果最好,诱捕的成虫数显著高于β-罗勒烯和健康配方H诱捕的成虫数,而3-蒈烯和空白对照组没有诱捕到星天牛成虫。【结论】虫害和健康青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中共有的α-蒎烯和虫害青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中特有的β-罗勒烯是对星天牛成虫具有引诱作用的两种重要寄主植物挥发性化合物,而3-蒈烯抑制了α-蒎烯对星天牛成虫的引诱作用。我们推测,虫害青皮垂柳挥发物中特有的β 罗勒烯是造成虫害青皮垂柳比健康青皮垂柳更容易受到星天牛危害的原因之一。     

薇甘菊精油化学成分及其对小菜蛾的驱避及产卵抑制作用(英文)

用四臂嗅觉仪测定了小菜蛾对薇甘菊挥发油、芋烯、α-松油烯、里哪醇、β-石竹烯、马鞭草烯酮6种挥发物嗅觉反应,在网室,比较了挥发油及5种挥发物对小菜蛾雌虫产卵的驱避效果。结果表明:薇甘菊挥发油不仅对小菜蛾成虫有明显的驱避作用,而且能显著地减少其成虫在寄主植物上的产卵量。薇甘菊挥发油所含的5种挥发性化合物中芋烯、α-松油烯和里哪醇表现出较强的驱避效果(流量为100-180mL/min)和产卵抑制作用(剂量为10-20μL/株),而小菜蛾对马鞭草烯酮和β-石竹烯的嗅觉反应以及小菜蛾在这两种化合物处理的寄主植物上的产卵量与对照相比无显著差异。     

柑橘大实蝇成虫复眼的感光作用

【目的】分析柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax(Enderlein)成虫复眼的感光作用,为灯光诱杀柑橘大实蝇的绿色防控措施的开发和应用提供理论依据。【方法】本研究利用室内视觉行为实验方法测定遮蔽单眼、遮蔽复眼和同时遮蔽单复眼处理后不同日龄的柑橘大实蝇成虫在不同光强刺激下的趋光行为反应。【结果】与CK(未作任何遮蔽处理)相比,遮蔽复眼处理的成虫的趋光率显著降低,而遮蔽单眼处理的成虫的趋光率则基本不变。遮蔽复眼处理后的1日龄、5日龄和同时遮蔽单复眼处理后的3日龄的雌、雄成虫之间对于1 000 lx光照度的趋光率存在显著差异。不同日龄(1、3和5日龄)的成虫之间对于1 000 lx和2 000 lx光照度的趋光率均存在一定的差异。不同光强(500、1 000和2 000 lx)刺激对成虫的趋光率均有一定影响。【结论】成虫的趋光率与复眼、日龄、性别和光照强度均有关系,其中复眼的作用最明显。     

饥饿和饥渴对柑橘大实蝇成虫活动能力的影响

【目的】为探究饥饿和饥渴条件对柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax成虫活动能力的影响。【方法】本文对1日龄和10日龄柑橘大实蝇在饥饿饥渴下的成虫活跃度和驱上爬行能力进行分析。【结果】无水无蜜条件下柑橘大实蝇1日龄和10日龄雌雄成虫爬行虫比例均最高,显著高于供水供蜜。其中1日龄雌成虫遭受饥饿饥渴胁迫后,其活动能力受影响更大,成虫爬行虫比例和单虫上行高度增幅均较10日龄雌成虫大。雌雄成虫之间爬行虫比例、单虫上行高度无差异。【结论】饥饿和饥渴下柑橘大实蝇成虫的活动力更强,尤其是新羽化的成虫。这使得成虫潜在的扩散概率提高,促进其出园觅食。     

柑橘大实蝇不同扩散阶段成虫对糖和蛋白的需求及其生殖发育节点与繁殖动态

【目的】针对柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax的特殊巡回扩散模式，通过研究不同日龄成虫(特定扩散阶段成虫)对蔗糖和蛋白的营养需求以及其精巢、卵巢发育进度和特定扩散阶段的交配产卵动态，明确柑橘大实蝇不同扩散阶段演替的营养基础与生殖发育节点，初步明晰其巡回扩散机制，为柑橘大实蝇成虫精准防控提供依据。【方法】测定各扩散阶段柑橘大实蝇雌雄成虫对蔗糖和蔗糖+酵母混合食物(蔗糖∶酵母=3∶1, m/m)(酵母的主要成分是蛋白质和维生素)的取食量，测定不同扩散阶段成虫对糖和蛋白的需求；解剖成虫卵巢和精巢；观察成虫交配产卵动态；分析其启动扩散的发育基础和节点。【结果】柑橘大实蝇外迁期(1日龄)和返迁前期(15日龄)雌成虫较其他扩散阶段雌成虫对蔗糖有显著高的取食量，外滞期(10日龄)雌成虫则对糖的取食量最小；迁动状态下，雄成虫对蔗糖的取食量显著低于雌成虫。柑橘大实蝇10日龄雌成虫的酵母摄入量最高，雄成虫则在1, 10和30日龄对酵母摄入量高于15和20日龄雄成虫。10日龄雌成虫、10日龄雄成虫、20日龄雄成虫和30日龄雄成虫对蔗糖+酵母混合食物的取食量显著高于对单一蔗糖的取食量；1, 15和20...     

d(CGGTGGT) forms an octameric parallel G-quadruplex via stacking of unusual G(:C):G(:C):G(:C):G(:C) octads

Among non-canonical DNA secondary structures, G-quadruplexes are currently widely studied because of their probable involvement in many pivotal biological roles, and for their potential use in nanotechnology. The overall quadruplex scaffold can exhibit several morphologies through intramolecular or intermolecular organization of G-rich oligodeoxyribonucleic acid strands. In particular, several G-rich strands can form higher order assemblies by multimerization between several G-quadruplex units. Here, we report on the identification of a novel dimerization pathway. Our Nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism, UV, gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry studies on the DNA sequence dCGGTGGT demonstrate that this sequence forms an octamer when annealed in presence of K(+) or NH(4)(+) ions, through the 5'-5' stacking of two tetramolecular G-quadruplex subunits via unusual G(:C):G(:C):G(:C):G(:C) octads.     

Biology of Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae) on Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae)

The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of six different temperatures on the development of Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) using eggs of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) as hosts. The temperature affected the development of A. lacunatus. The largest values for the progeny (19 mites in T. castaneum and 15 mites in C. ferrugineus) were obtained at about 30 degrees C, as also observed for the net reproductive rate (Ro), which revealed that the A. lacunatus population increased 18 times in T. castaneum and 14 times in C. ferrugineus in a generation. The intrinsic rate of increase (r m) gradually increased with temperature, reaching the maximum value at 35 degrees C in T. castaneum (1,608) and C. ferrugineus (1,289). The generation time was negatively correlated with temperature, ranging from 1,60 to 4,85 days in T. castaneum and from 1,96 to 5,34 days in C. ferrugineus. These results suggest that the mite A. lacunatus may be used in programs of biological control of T. castaneum and C. ferrugineus in the tropics.     

Nasal mites (Gamasida: Rhinonyssidae) of Paroaria coronata (Miller) (Passeriformes: Emberezidae)

With the aim of identifying the species of nasal mites of Paroaria coronata (red-crested cardinal), the nasal cavity of 40 birds were examined. The nasal mites were identified as Ptilonyssus sairae de Castro and Sternostoma pirangae Pence, with 50% and 7.5% of prevalence, respectively. This is the first record of these mite species parasitizing P. coronata. This report also amplifies the area of occurrence of S. pirangae for Brazil and that of P. sairae for Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.     

Interaction between Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae) and Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

The interaction between Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) and Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) may be a promising tool for the integrated pest management of stored grain insect pests. The objective of this study was to evaluate the compatibility of these two natural enemies on Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius). The experimental units were petri dishes (140 x 10 mm) containing 30 g of whole wheat grains (13% water content) infested with 20 adults of R. dominica. The treatments consisted of inoculation of A. lacunatus and A. calandrae, separately and associated, in eight replicates. Three inoculations of five adult females of the natural enemies were carried out in each petri dish at five, ten and fifteen days after the infestation of R. dominica. All treatments were stored during 60 days in environmental chamber at 30 +/- 1 degrees C, 60 +/- 5% relative humidity and 24 h scotophase. The smallest numbers of physogastric females of A. lacunatus and of adults of A. calandrae were obtained when the natural enemies were in association. The use of A. calandrae alone demonstrated a low instantaneous rate of increase (r(i)) of R. dominica and a high protection of the wheat grains. The association of A. calandrae with A. lacunatus led to the lowest number of immatures of R. dominica. These results demonstrate the importance of this interaction as a tool of for the integrated management of R. dominica in stored wheat grains.     

形宽刺甲Bioramix(Bioramix) rotundicollis(Kaszab,1940)(鞘翅目:拟步甲科:刺甲族)的再描述

2012年在西藏普兰地区采集到鞘翅目Coleoptera拟步甲科Tenebrionidae刺甲族Platyscelidini一种昆虫:形宽刺甲Bioramix(Bioramix)rotundicollis(Kaszab,1940)。鉴于原始描述过于简单,且缺少特征图和整体照片,本文对其进行了详细描述,并附有特征图和整体照片。检视标本保存于西华师范大学标本馆和俄罗斯楚瓦什国立师范大学标本馆。     

Biology of Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The biology of the fruit fly Bactrocera tau, an important horticultural pest, was studied under laboratory conditions at 25°C and 60–70% relative humidity on Cucurbita maxima. The duration of mating averaged 408.03 ± 235.93 min. After mating, the female fly had a preoviposition period of 11.7 ± 4.49 days. The oviposition rate was 9.9 ± 8.50 eggs and fecundity was 464.6 ± 67.98 eggs/female. Eggs were elliptical, smooth and shiny white, turning darker as hatching approached, and measured 1.30 ± 0.07 mm × 0.24 ± 0.04 mm. The chorion has polygonal microsculpturing and is species-specific with polygonal walls. The egg period lasts for 1.3 ± 0.41 days. The duration of the larval period is 1.2 ± 0.42, 1.7 ± 0.48 and 4.0 ± 0.94 days for first, second and third instars, respectively. Pupation occurs in the sand or soil and pupal periods are 7.0 ± 0.47 days. The life cycle from egg to adult was completed in 14.2 ± 1.69 days; the longevity of mated females and males was 130.33 ± 14.18 and 104.66 ± 31.21 days, respectively. At least two to three generations were observed from June 2008 to June 2009.     

Carcinops troglodytes (Erichson) (Coleoptera: Histeridae) preying on Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in poultry houses

We first record Carcinops troglodytes (Paykull) as a predator of Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) larvae in poultry houses in North and Northwest regions of the state of Paraná. Carcinops spp. are commonly recorded as predators of dipterans, and this record in poultry houses indicates the possibility of exploiting such predator for future studies aiming the development of management strategies for A. diaperinus.     

芬兰真绥螨对苹果全爪螨的捕食作用研究

在实验条件下,系统研究了芬兰真绥螨Euseius finlandicus Oudemans对苹果全爪螨Panony-chus ulmi Koch的控制能力。研究结果表明:(1)在15～32℃的温度条件下,芬兰真绥螨雌成螨的捕食量随着温度的上升呈线型正相关。在15～25℃的温度内芬兰真绥螨的产卵量随温度升高而增加,在15℃下平均单雌产卵0.42粒,25℃时平均单雌产卵2.56粒;当温度升到32℃时单雌产卵下降为1.62粒,雌成螨的产卵量与温度的关系呈抛物线型。(2)在5～15头/叶的猎物密度下,雌成螨的捕食量随着猎物的密度增加呈线型正相关,而当猎物密度达到30头/叶时,芬兰真绥螨雌成螨的捕食量处于平稳状态。在5～15头/叶的猎物密度下,芬兰真绥螨的产卵量和产卵量均与猎物的密度呈线型正相关;当每头雌成螨捕食量为1.8～3.5头时,产卵量为1.0～1.5粒。(3)不同温度下,芬兰真绥螨对猎物的不同密度和虫态的功能反应可用圆盘方程II型进行拟合;在25℃条件下捕食效率最高且喜好捕食的虫态是卵和幼螨。     

小黑瓢虫对高氏瘤粉虱捕食作用的研究

在高氏瘤粉虱不同虫态共存的条件下,小黑标虫对高氏瘤粉虱各虫态的选择次序为卵＞1龄若虫＞2龄若虫＞3龄若虫＞4龄若虫和拟蛹,对卵的捕食率均最高,有明显的嗜好选择;小黑瓢虫幼虫捕食粉虱卵的数量,随着龄期的增长而递增,其中4龄幼虫的捕食量最大,4龄期捕食量平均为1565．42粒,占全幼虫期总食卵量的45．42％,整个幼虫期可捕食高氏瘤粉虱的卵数平均为3446．5粒。小黑瓢虫3龄幼虫对粉虱卵的捕食作用率在所给的猎物密度（1500粒／皿）条件下,随着自身密度的增加而降低。     

Sericolophus (Pheronematidae) and Hernandeziana (Corythophoridae) are synonyms (Hexactinellida: Porifera)

Eight specimens of Sericolophus reflexus (Ijima) were compared with the holotype of Hernandeziana ijimae (Hernandez) to assess suspected synonymy of these taxa. An extensive morphometric analysis of the spicules available in these specimens of variable condition show that the H. ijimae holotype exhibits characters near the centre of the range of S. reflexus. It is concluded that H. ijimae is a junior synonym of S. reflexus , and that the family Corythophoridae de Laubenfels is invalid by preoccupation of its base generic name.