柚子皮精油提取及其驱蚊效果研究

本文通过响应面法研究了柚子皮精油的提取工艺,并初步考察了所提取精油的驱蚊效果。柚子皮精油提取采用微波辅助蒸馏法,在采用单因素实验考察蒸馏时间、料液比和NaCl质量分数对精油提取率的影响之后,通过响应面法进行提取工艺优化,以获得最佳提取方案;然后采用趋避法验证柚子皮精油的驱蚊活性。结果表明,最佳柚子皮精油提取方案如下:蒸馏时间100 min,料液比0.3∶2(g/m L),NaCl的质量分数1%,采用该方案柚子皮精油提取率达1.65%。通过初步驱蚊实验发现柚子皮精油具有较好的驱蚊活性,和市售六神花露水效果相当,驱蚊效应具有进一步深入研究的价值。     

中药苍辛液超声雾化吸入治疗过敏性鼻炎的临床研究

目的观察中药制剂苍辛液超声雾化吸入治疗过敏性鼻炎的临床疗效。方法将400例患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组采用中药苍辛液超声雾化吸入,对照组用生理盐水20ml加庆大霉素8万u、地塞米松2mg超声雾化吸入。结果治疗组治愈161例,有效46例,总有效率98%;对照组治愈84例,有效58例,总有效率76％。两组疗效经统计学分析差异有显著意义（P〈0．01）。结论苍辛液超声雾化吸入治疗过敏性鼻炎的作用迅速、疗效显著,且无毒副作用,值得临床推广。     

辛苍液超声雾化治疗干燥性鼻炎的疗效观察

目的观察自制辛苍液超声雾化吸入治疗干燥性鼻炎的疗效。方法将120例干燥性鼻炎患者随机分为辛苍液雾化组(治疗组)60例,常规药物雾化吸入组(对照组)60例,两组治疗后进行疗效比较。结果治疗组总有效率为95%,对照组总有效率为74%。经χ2检验,两组疗效比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。结论辛苍液超声雾化吸入治疗干燥性鼻炎的疗效显著。     

布地奈德混悬液喷射雾化吸入与超声雾化吸人在治疗耳鼻喉科疾病中临床效果分析

目的:探讨布地奈德混悬液喷射雾化吸入与常规超声雾化在治疗耳鼻喉科疾病的临床效果.方法:采集本院2009年3月份至2011年12月份的200例耳鼻喉科急性炎症的门诊患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并随机分为观察组(奈德喷射雾化吸入组)25例与对照组(超声雾化)25例,对照组采用常规传统的超声雾化液(生理盐水50 mL,庆大霉素8万U,地塞米松5 mg混合雾化吸入),每次15分钟,每天2次,连用5d,雾化吸入;观察组采用布地奈德混悬液(布地奈德混悬液2mL(含布地奈德1mg)雾化吸入,并观察分析两组在5d后临床症状缓解的病例数,并进行统计学分析.结果:观察组的25例患者中显效20例,显效率为80％;有效4例,有效率为1 6％;无效1例,无效率为4％;对照组的25例患者中显效17例,显效率为68％;有效3例,有效率为12％;无效5例,无效率为20％;两组疗效差异显著(P＜0.01),具统计学意义.结论:布地奈德混悬液雾化吸入治疗耳鼻喉科急性炎症效果显著,且可避免因使用地塞米松引发的不良反应,值得临床广泛推广应用.     

蛇鮈精子保存液的筛选及其效果研究

旨在研究不同精子保存液对蛇鮈精子活率的影响,并探讨保存蛇鮈精子的最佳保存液。在光镜下观察6种精子保存液保存蛇鮈精子后精子活率的变化,结果表明精子保存液在低温(4℃)保存蛇鮈精子的方法效果较好。6种蛇鮈精子保存液使精子的活率保持为80%的时间有着明显的差异:A液为36 h,B液为4 h,C液为0 h,D液为60h,E液为16 h,F液为6 h,因此在低温(4℃)下,蛇鮈精子的最佳保存液为D液。     

对PICC导管使用不同封管液封管的效果研究

目的：比较使用预充式导管冲洗器（Flush）、生理盐水、肝素钠生理盐水（简称肝素盐水）三种封管液对PICC导管封管的效果。方法：将120例使用PICC导管的患者随机分成3组,分别使用预充式导管冲洗器封、生理盐水、10 U/m L的肝素盐水封管,比较三组的配药时间、最大流速、导管有无回血、有无静脉炎、穿刺点有无局部感染。结果：配药时间上,Flush组为4.3±5.8 s,生理盐水组为38.7±17.4 s,肝素盐水组为94.2±27.1 s,差异有统计学意义,P〈0.001;最大流速上,三组差异无统计学意义,P=0.412;在导管回血比较中,Flush组比生理盐水组发生导管回血的情况少,差异有统计学意义（P=0.0494）,Flush组是生理盐水组发生导管回血情况的EXP（-2.1038）=0.1220倍,肝素盐水组和生理盐水组发生导管回血情况没有差异,P〉0.05;使用三种封管液均无静脉炎和局部感染情况发生。结论：使用预充式导管冲洗器（Flush）对PICC导管进行封管,可以有效节省配药时间,有效减少PICC导管的回血;三种封管液间对PICC导管相关性静脉炎和局部感染差异无统计学意义,可能与本研究的局限性有关。     

射流雾化联合振动排痰防治颅脑术后肺部感染的效果研究

目的探讨颅脑术后肺部感染的有效防治方法。方法选择脑出血或颅脑外伤手术后患者86例,随机分为观察组和对照组各43例,两组患者分别采用药物进行射流雾化后5~10min,对照组采用传统方法给予翻身叩背协助排痰,观察组采用振动式物理治疗仪辅助排痰。结果观察组排痰效果明显,肺部感染发生率显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论沐舒坦和庆大霉素射流雾化联合振动排痰,能有效预防和控制颅脑术后肺部感染的发生。     

柚雌蕊不同部位抽提液对自交不亲和阻抑效果的研究

以‘土柚’（Citrus grandis ‘Tuyou’）作对照,采用荧光显微技术对‘琯溪蜜柚’（Citrus grandis‘Guanxi-miyou’）、‘度尾蜜柚’（Citrus grandis ‘Duweimiyou’）两个品种花粉在本品种和异品种雌蕊不同部位抽提液中花粉萌发和花粉管伸长状态进行了观察。结果表明：‘琯溪蜜柚’和‘度尾蜜柚’子房抽提液对自身花粉管伸长阻抑最明显,并产生严重的弯曲;柱头抽提液对自身花粉管伸长稍有影响,出现中度弯曲;花柱抽提液中自身花粉管伸长正常,仅有轻微弯曲。然而,对于异品种的花粉以及自交亲和的‘土柚’,其子房、花柱和柱头抽提液对花粉管伸长没有这种阻抑效应。     

甲苯胺蓝介导的超声疗法对牙菌斑中细菌灭活效果的研究

目的：验证甲苯胺蓝介导超声对龈上牙菌斑中细菌的抑制作用。方法：从门诊20例牙周炎病人下前牙区取龈上菌斑一份,每个患者的菌斑于实验室培养后,在同一甲苯胺蓝浓度下与不同超声强度联合作用,利用涂板计数法分析其对菌斑中细菌的抑制作用。实验分组：空白组、单独甲苯胺蓝组、单独超声组、甲苯胺蓝＋超声组。结果：单独超声作用时没有灭菌效果,细菌数目反而有所增长（P〈0.05）,超声联合甲苯胺蓝作用时取得明显的灭菌效果,超声强度2W/CM2灭菌率可达到79%。结论：低强度超声能够促进细菌生长,甲苯胺蓝介导一定强度的超声疗法对龈上牙菌斑中的细菌有良好的抑制作用。     

Assessment of the repellent effect of Lippia alba essential oil and major monoterpenes on the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus

The control of Rhipicephalus microplus (Ixodida: Ixodidae) is achieved using synthetic acaricides. However, resistant tick populations are widespread around the world. Plant essential oils can act as repellents, keeping ticks away from hosts and decreasing the selection pressure on synthetic acaricides. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro repellent effect of Lippia alba essential oil on R. microplus larvae. Leaves from two L. alba genotypes maintained under the same agronomic and environmental conditions were collected. Essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The major monoterpenes detected in the chemical analysis were commercially acquired and tested. For the repellency test, a glass rod was vertically fixed to measure active climbing of approximately 30 R. microplus larvae aged 14–21 days in response to essential oils and monoterpenes. Repellency was evaluated at 1 h, 3 h and 5 h after treatment. Variation in repellent action was detected between the genotypes. The major monoterpenes identified in the essential oils (limonene and carvone) showed low repellent effects in comparison with intact essential oils. Thus, the present results showed that L. alba essential oil contains bioactive compounds with great repellent activity against ticks that varies according to the plant genotype.     

Larvicidal and mosquito repellent action of peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil

Oil of Mentha piperita L. (Peppermint oil), a widely used essential oil, was evaluated for larvicidal activity against different mosquito species: Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus by exposing IIIrd instar larvae of mosquitoes in enamel trays 6 × 4 inch² size filled to a depth of 3 inch with water. Of the three species tested Cx. quinquefasciatus was most susceptible followed by Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi. Application of oil at 3 ml/m² of water surface area resulted in 100% mortality within 24 h for Cx. quinquefasciatus, 90% for Ae. aegypti and 85% for An. stephensi. For Ae. aegypti 100% mortality was achieved at 3 ml/m² in 48 h or 4 ml/m² in 24 h. For An. stephensi 100% mortality was observed at 4 ml/m² in 72 h. The emergence at 3 ml/m² was also inhibited to a great extent and the few adults which emerged did not ovipost even after taking a blood meal. The oil showed strong repellent action against adult mosquitoes when applied on human skin. Percent protection obtained against An. annularis, An. culicifacies, and Cx. quinquefasciatus was 100%, 92.3% and 84.5%, respectively. The repellent action of Mentha oil was comparable to that of Mylol oil consisting of dibutyl and dimethyl phthalates.     

The repellent effect of two pyrethroid insecticides on the honey bee*

ABSTRACT. . An improved model for the repellent effect of pyrethroid insecticides on insects was developed using small colonies of honey bees, Apis mellifera L., in flight cages. Conditioning to scented feeders allowed the separation of foraging bees from a single colony into paired treatment and control groups. The repellent response was characterized as a sublethal toxic effect resulting in transitory inhibition of activity. Permethrin and cypermethrin were shown to be contact repellents to honey bees; exposure was primarily to the tarsi and abdominal venter. Repellency was fully reversible within 24 h. No permanent effects on either memory function or foraging efficiency were observed following acute exposure.     

植物精油对草菇双额岩小粪蝇的产卵驱避效果及毒力测定

在室内采用选择性试验测定了14种植物精油单组分化合物对草菇双额岩小粪蝇Bifronsina bifrons(Stenhammar)的产卵驱避效果及在室外采用非选择试验测定了其中3种化合物的产卵驱避效果及毒力测定。结果表明:各精油浓度为10 000 mg/L时,α-松油醇、丁香酚和茴香醛表现出明显的产卵驱避效果,其选择性产卵驱避率分别是60.17%±9.57%、51.07%±2.63%和47.66%±7.10%,产卵量均显著低于对照;月桂烯、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯和异松油烯产卵驱避作用效果不明显。α-松油醇、丁香酚和茴香醛对双额岩小粪蝇幼虫均具有一定的毒性,对幼虫的校正死亡率分别是5.11%±3.54%、42.68%±3.94%和14.47%±6.92%;丁香酚对双额岩小粪蝇幼虫的毒力最大,LC_(50)为16 965.159 mg/L。其次是茴香醛,LC_(50)为311 941.332 mg/L。α-松油醇毒力最差,LC_(50)为40 676 080.550 mg/L。进一步非选择性试验结果表明α-松油醇(1 250 mg/L～20 000 mg/L)、丁香酚(625 mg/L～20 000 mg/L)和茴香醛(2 500 mg/L～20 000 mg/L)对双额岩小粪蝇具有明显的产卵驱避效果,驱避效果随施用浓度的增加而显著增加。在浓度为20 000 mg/L时α-松油醇、丁香酚和茴香醛的非选择性产卵驱避率分别为69.75%±3.98%、60.75%±1.94%和57.23%±3.38%。本研究为草菇生产中双额岩小粪蝇的无公害防治及高效环保的植物源驱避剂的开发提供参考。     

绿盲蝽趋避剂二甲基二硫醚的缓释体系及其田间效果

前期研究发现,二甲基二硫醚(DMDS)对绿盲蝽成虫具有明显的趋避效果,但田间喷施应用的持效期较短.本文从缓释材料、缓释剂、稀释浓度等方面构建DMDS的缓释体系,并在枣园检验其缓释效果.结果表明:以PE小瓶为缓释材料、液体石蜡为缓释剂、稀释浓度为1∶10构建的DMDS缓释体系在田间的持效期达15 d以上.上述DMDS缓释体系在枣园成直线挂置使用,30 d后距趋避带10 m范围内的绿盲蝽越冬卵数量降低了48.0%.本研究为田间应用DMDS趋避防控绿盲蝽成虫奠定了重要基础.     

Nepetalactones from essential oil of Nepeta cataria represent a stable fly feeding and oviposition repellent

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), is one of the most serious pests to livestock. It feeds mainly on cattle and causes significant economic losses in the cattle industry. Standard stable fly control involving insecticides and sanitation is usually costly and often has limited effectiveness. As we continue to evaluate and develop safer fly control strategies, the present study reports on the effectiveness of catnip (Nepeta cataria L.) oil and its constituent compounds, nepetalactones, as stable fly repellents. The essential oil of catnip reduced the feeding of stable flies by >96% in an in vitro bioassay system, compared with other sesquiterpene-rich plant oils (e.g. amyris and sandalwood). Catnip oil demonstrated strong repellency against stable flies relative to other chemicals for repelling biting insects, including isolongifolenone, 2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexen-1-carboxamide and (1S,2'S)-2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexen-1-carboxamide. The repellency against stable flies of the most commonly used mosquito repellent, DEET, was relatively low. In field trials, two formulations of catnip oil provided >95% protection and were effective for up to 6 h when tested on cattle. Catnip oil also acted as a strong oviposition repellent and reduced gravid stable fly oviposition by 98%.     

The irritant receptor TRPA1 mediates the mosquito repellent effect of catnip

1. Download : Download high-res image (157KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

     

Longitudinal evaluation of repellent activity of Ocimum gratissimum (Labiatae) volatile oil against Simulium damnosum

To determine the repellent activity of Ocimum gratissimum volatile oil against Simulium damnosum (blackflies), a 12 month (January-December 2003) field study was conducted in three onchocerciasis endemic communities (Idomido, Obio camp, and Ikot Adaha) in Ini Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The result revealed that topical application of 20% (v/v) concentration of the oil with liquid paraffin as a base, reduced the biting rate of S. damnosum by 90.2, 81.6, and 79.7%, in Idomido, Obiocamp, and Ikot Adaha respectively. The oil gave protection against the bite of S. damnosum for at least 3 h. A total of 710 adults S. damnosum were caught by individuals treated with Ocimum oil, as against 4296 caught by the control group. When the flies caught by the treated individuals were dissected none of them was infected with microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus. Human-vector contact and onchocerciasis transmission could be reduced by the topical application of the volatile oil during the peak biting periods of the vector     

Microencapsulation of Zanthoxylum limonella oil (ZLO) in glutaraldehyde crosslinked gelatin for mosquito repellent application

Glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinked gelatin (G) microcapsules containing Zanthoxylum limonella oil (ZLO) were prepared by coacervation technique. The effect of various parameters such as variation of oil-loading, gelatin concentration and degree of crosslinking on release rate of oil were studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to understand the surface characteristics of microcapsules. FTIR-results indicated the absence of any significant interaction between polymer and oil.