Soil microbiological indicators of soil quality in four rice rotations systems

Rice may have negative effects on the soil due to intensive levelling tasks required for flood irrigation. Therefore, rotations including rice influence soil physical, chemical and biological properties differently. In our study, the effects of rotations with rice on biological properties were evaluated and associated with the capacity of the soil to supply N to crops. Furthermore, the relationships among the variables were studied and those most sensitive to detect the resulting changes were determined. The study was conducted on four crop sequences over a 4-year period: rice monoculture (RR), rice–soybean (RS), rice–soybean–maize–soybean (RSMS) and rice–pasture (RP). The four rotations evaluated had a strong effect on soil properties. Principal components analysis showed that RR and the RP rotation were discriminated clearly, while RSMS and RS were in the middle of the biplot, forming two different groups. Microbial biomass N (MBN), potential of N mineralization measured by anaerobic incubations (PMN-AI) and the microbial biomass C to N ratio were the variables that differed most the studied rotations. The PMN-AI variable was positively associated with MBN, microbial biomass C, organic C, total N, urease, and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis (FDA) variables. The potential of N mineralization measured with hot KCl neither evidenced differences among the evaluated situations nor was associated to the other variables. This is why it is assumed this is not a good soil quality indicator. The differences found in microbial analysis indicate that microbiological variables (MBC, MBN), nitrogen availability index (PNM-AI), and biochemical variables (FDA) were sensitive variables to evaluate soil rotations’ effects and they might be used as good soil quality indicators once their critical values have been determined for different conditions.     

长白山天然次生林土壤微生物量对氮沉降的响应

土壤微生物作为土壤养分的生物驱动因素,氮沉降会改变其活性和生物量,从而打破土壤养分循环动态平衡。氮沉降对热带、亚热带森林以及温带原始林生态系统土壤微生物量影响的研究较多,但对温带天然次生林影响的研究鲜有报道。于2016年5月(春)、7月(夏)和9月(秋)分别对长白山模拟10年氮沉降的控制试验样地——白桦山杨次生林进行了野外调查。控制试验分为3个氮添加处理,对照(CK 0 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))、低氮(LN 25 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))和高氮(HN 50 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1)),按照土壤层(0—10 cm和10—20 cm)分别测试了不同处理的土壤微生物量碳(MBC)和氮(MBN)、土壤全碳(TC)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)、p H、土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)和氮(DON)等指标。结果表明:1)土壤p H在氮沉降的作用下显著降低;上层土壤TC、TN在氮沉降下变化较小,下层土壤TC、TN的含量显著增加;氮沉降下春、夏两季土壤TP含量上升,LN处理在秋季对TP有抑制作用;氮沉降对DOC、DON的影响不显著。2)上层土壤MBC春季到秋季呈现递减的趋势,下层土壤呈现先升后降的趋势,HN对MBC有抑制作用,LN对下层土壤MBC有促进作用;土壤MBN由春季到秋季呈现递减的趋势,且上、下层土壤MBN差异显著;氮处理对春、秋两季MBN有促进作用,夏季有抑制作用;氮沉降使春、秋两季MBC/MBN降低,夏季土壤MBC/MBN升高。3)氮处理、季节变化和土层深度对MBC、MBN存在显著影响,其交互影响也显著。总之,长期氮沉降在生长季对土壤微生物量的影响具有季节性差异,且受到土层深度的影响。未来研究在重视年际变化的同时,也要注重时空动态对氮沉降作用表现出的差异性。     

施肥措施对不同母质发育的稻田生态系统土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响

以湖南省稻田土壤肥力监测点为基础,研究了稻田生态系统土壤微生物量碳、氮的特性.结果表明,不同施肥措施对不同地域和母质发育的稻田生态系统土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响程度不同.经过18年的不同施肥处理,不同母质发育的稻田生态系统土壤微生物量碳、氮的变化趋势基本一致,变化顺序为湖积物发育的水稻土>河流冲积物和第四纪红土发育的水稻土>石灰岩发育的水稻土>板页岩发育的水稻土.土壤微生物量碳为259.5～864.4 mg·kg^-1,土壤微生物量氮为8.7～70.7 mg·kg^-1.施肥可以明显提高稻田生态系统土壤微生物量碳、氮含量;有机肥是改善土壤微生物量碳、氮的主要基础物质,但以有机无机配合施用效果最好.与对照相比,施化肥和有机无机配施处理土壤微生物量碳、氮最大增量分别为407.6和59.2 mg·kg^-1,最大增长率分别为102.8%和514.8%.     

荒漠土壤微生物量碳、氮变化对降水的响应

以腾格里沙漠东南缘的典型荒漠植被为研究对象,通过遮雨棚和滴灌系统设置5个降水梯度,即极端干旱处理、中度干旱处理、对照、增水处理I和增水处理II,研究了荒漠土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)和微生物碳氮比(MBC/MBN)对季节、降水和土壤深度的响应规律,以期为极端降水事件影响干旱荒漠区土壤微生物量碳、氮及其循环规律的深入研究提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)MBC、MBN和MBC/MBN对降水处理的响应存在差异,三者的变化范围为:230.14-272.87 mg/kg,13.82-17.58 mg/kg,19.78-36.06。其中,降水处理对MBC、MBN的影响显著,对MBC/MBN的影响不显著,在极端干旱处理下,MBC、MBN均显著高于其他降水处理;(2)两年间的MBC、MBN和MBC/MBN差异显著,2017年较2016年MBC、MNB显著减少,MBC/MBN显著增加;(3)MBC、MBN和MBC/MBN变化均表现季节性差异,变化范围分别为:153.31-337.09 mg/kg,7.89-22.29 mg/kg,14.82-46.04,其中MBC、MBN为春季最高、秋季最低,MBC/MBN为夏季最低、冬季最高;(4)MBC、MBN和MBC/MBN在土壤0-20 cm的变化范围为:232.57-265.15 mg/kg,14.00-17.93 mg/kg,24.37-32.07,其中土壤表层(0-5 cm)MBC、MBN显著高于中层土壤(5-10 cm)和下层土壤(10-20 cm),而不同土壤深度的MBC/MBN差异不显著。因此,在极端降水事件频发的全球气候背景下,极端干旱将影响荒漠生态系统MBC、MBN水平,进而对碳、氮平衡和循环过程产生影响,对这一问题的确切回答尚需长期系统监测研究。     

不同水位时期东洞庭湖湿地土壤微生物生物量碳氮和酶活性变化

为从土壤微生物的角度分析东洞庭湖不同植被类型湿地土壤质量状况,本研究选取了苔草、芦苇和柳树3种典型植被类型为对象,在平水期、丰水期和枯水期对其土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)和酶活性进行监测,并分析其主要影响因子。结果表明: 1)3个水位时期,各植被类型湿地土壤MBC、MBN、蔗糖酶和纤维素酶活性(枯水期纤维素酶除外)均表现为0～10 cm高于10～20 cm,而土壤过氧化氢酶活性则相反。2)各植被类型湿地0～20 cm土层土壤MBC、MBN和MBC/TOC(总有机碳)、MBN/TN(总氮)皆以丰水期最低。3)各植被类型湿地0～20 cm土层土壤蔗糖酶活性峰值均出现在枯水期,而纤维素酶活性峰值出现在平水期,过氧化氢酶活性季节性波动较小,以丰水期稍高。4)不同植被类型间比较:平水期和丰水期,芦苇湿地土壤蔗糖酶活性显著高于其他植被类型,而其土壤纤维素酶活性最低,枯水期不同湿地间两种酶活性差异不显著。土壤过氧化氢酶活性在平水期以苔草湿地最高,枯水期以柳树湿地最高,丰水期以芦苇湿地最低。5)相关性分析表明,土壤MBC、MBN和蔗糖酶与TOC、TN、总磷(TP)呈显著正相关,而与pH值呈显著负相关。土壤纤维素酶和过氧化氢酶与TOC、TN、TP呈显著负相关,与pH值呈显著正相关。表明季节性水位波动影响土壤C、N、P和pH值,并对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和酶活性产生显著影响,使其呈现明显的季节性变化特征。     

Soil N forms and gross transformation rates in Chinese subtropical forests dominated by different tree species

Background and aims

Knowledge related to extent of differing soil N forms and N transformation rates in subtropical southern China is severely limited. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate if and how tree species of different foliage types (coniferous, deciduous, and evergreen broadleaved) influence N forms and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) content as well as gross N transformation rates in the organic and mineral soils of three distinct subtropical forests in China.

Methods

Chloroform fumigation extraction was used to determine MBC and MBN content while ¹⁵N-isotope dilution techniques were used to measure gross N transformation rates. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to quantify relationships between soil chemical characteristics and changes in soil N transformation rates.

Results

Soil N forms, MBC and MBN content, and N transformation rates were found to be significantly different between tree species. Deciduous forest soil exhibited the highest N transformation rates. Soil N transformation rates were closely associated with total soil C and N and MBC and MBN content.

Conclusions

Soil substrate quantity and soil microbial activity play a more important role in soil N transformation processes than does soil quality in China’s subtropical forests. Tree species type should therefore be taken into account when trying to determine ecosystem N cycling.     

模拟氮沉降对华西雨屏区天然常绿阔叶林土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的影响

为理解模拟氮沉降对华西雨屏区天然常绿阔叶林土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和氮(MBN)的影响,通过一年野外模拟氮(NH₄NO₃)沉降试验,氮沉降水平分别为对照(CK, 0 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、低氮沉降(L, 5 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、中氮沉降(M, 15 g N·m^-2·a^-1)和高氮沉降(H, 30 g N·m^-2·a^-1),研究了氮沉降对天然常绿阔叶林土壤MBC和MBN的影响.结果表明: 氮沉降显著降低了0～10 cm土层MBC和MBN,且随氮沉降量的增加,下降幅度增大;L和M处理对10～20 cm土层MBC和MBN无显著影响,H处理显著降低了10～20 cm土层土壤MBC和MBN;氮沉降对MBC和MBN的影响随土壤深度的增加而减弱.MBC和MBN具有明显的季节变化,在0～10和10～20 cm土层均表现为秋季最高,夏季最低.0～10和10～20 cm土层土壤微生物生物量C/N分别介于10.58～11.19和9.62～12.20,表明在华西雨屏区天然常绿阔叶林土壤微生物群落中真菌占据优势.     

干热河谷区泥石流滩地不同景观类型土壤与微生物量C、N、P生态化学计量特征

生态化学计量是研究生态系统元素平衡与评价地球化学循环的重要方法,明确泥石流滩地不同景观类型下植物群落与土壤和微生物化学计量特征对揭示泥石流滩脆弱生态系统的物种营建机制与植被生态修复具重要意义。选择泥石流滩地设置撂荒耕地、荒滩地、无水溪沟和有水溪沟4种景观类型,调查其物种组成、植物群落特征以及土壤和微生物量碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)及其生态化学计量特征,探讨了泥石流滩地植被分布规律,并通过多样性指数、冗余分析和单因素方差分析等方法对植物群落和土壤因子进行比较分析。研究结果表明：(1)物种数在4种景观类型中表现为荒滩地>无水溪沟>撂荒耕地>有水溪沟,Margalef丰富度指数表现为无水溪沟>荒滩地>撂荒耕地>有水溪沟,Simpson优势度指数表现为撂荒耕地>有水溪沟>无水溪沟>荒滩地,且有水溪沟的植物群落密度、平均高度、盖度以及地上生物量均显著高于其它景观类型。(2)有水溪沟土壤N、P含量显著高于其他景观类型土壤;撂荒耕地土壤C含量最少,显著低于其他景观类型土壤;土壤C∶N、C∶P表现为荒滩地>无水溪沟>有水溪沟>撂...     

The effects of biomass removal and N additions on microbial N transformations and biomass at different vegetation types in an old-field ecosystem in northern China

There is an increasing demand for the sustainable management of old-field communities in northern China, which have developed on abandoned cropland on formerly converted natural steppe sites, to regain forage yield, biodiversity, and soil fertility. In thus study we examined how two management options—clipping and nitrogen (N) addition—may affect net >microbial N mineralization (ammonification?+?nitrification), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and microbial respirations (MR) in grass dominated, herb dominated, and grass-herb mixed patches in an old-field community in northern China.Topsoil (0–10 cm) net N mineralization rate was 177% and 69% higher in mixed grass and herb patches (patch B) as compared to unmixed grass (patch A) or herb (patch C) patches, respectively. Topsoil MBN was significantly different among the three patches with the highest value for soils taken from umixed grass patches. However, patches with mixed grass and herb or herb dominated patches had 12% higher microbial respiration (MR) than unmixed grass patch. Clipping and N addition had no effects on net N mineralization or MBC, but both treatments decreased MBN and MR and increased the ratio between microbial biomass C and microbial biomass N (MBC/MBN) in the growing season. Incubation of soil cores under optimal water and temperature conditions in the laboratory showed that the response of microbial N transformations in soils under different vegetation patches to experimental N addition and clipping was limited by soil water availability. Our results strongly highlight the need to further study the importance of belowground C supply as a control of microbial N cycling processes. It also suggests that during the restoration process of degenerated croplands N cycling rates are stimulated, but that the magnitude of this stimulation is modulated by plant community composition of the old-fields.     

林窗尺度对侧柏人工林土壤微生物生物量碳氮的短期影响

为了明晰林窗尺度对侧柏人工林土壤微生物生物量碳氮的短期影响,以徐州市50年生侧柏人工林为研究对象,探讨了开设林窗2a后3种林窗尺度(半径分别为4m,S林窗;8m,M林窗;12m,L林窗)和位置(林窗内、林缘和林窗外部)对土壤微生物生物量碳氮(MBC,Microbial Biomass Carbon;MBN,Microbial Biomass Nitrogen)的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照样地相比,L林窗显著提高了春季(207.1mg/kg)和夏季(169.5mg/kg)林窗外部的土壤MBN含量;M林窗显著提高了春季林窗内部(2959.3mg/kg)和林缘(3008.8mg/kg)位置土壤MBC含量和林缘位置(207.7mg/kg)土壤MBN含量,且显著提高了夏季林窗内部(144.4mg/kg)土壤MBN含量;S林窗显著降低了春季林窗外部和林缘位置土壤MBC(分别为2159.2mg/kg和1955.1mg/kg)和MBN(分别为153.1mg/kg和131.3mg/kg)含量。(2)土壤MBC含量与土壤全碳和土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量呈极显著(P0.01)正相关,与土壤温度呈极显著负相关(在3—27℃之间);土壤MBN含量与土壤含水量和DOC含量呈极显著正相关,与土壤全碳呈显著正相关;土壤MBC和MBN含量与凋落物量没有显著相关关系。本研究中,相对于S和L林窗,M林窗对土壤微生物生物量的提高作用较为明显,可促进侧柏人工林土壤碳氮循环过程,在徐州侧柏人工林中开设M林窗有利于提高土壤肥力和林木生长。     

Responses of soil chemical and biological properties to nitrogen addition in a Dahurian larch plantation in Northeast China

Soil microbial properties play a key role in belowground ecosystem functioning, but are not well understood in forest ecosystems under nitrogen (N) enrichment. In this study, soil samples from 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers were collected from a Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.) plantation in Northeast China after six consecutive years of N addition to examine changes in soil pH, nutrient concentrations, and microbial biomass and activities. Nitrogen addition significantly decreased soil pH and total phosphorus, but had little effect on soil total organic carbon (TOC) and total N (TN) concentrations. The NO ₃ ^? -N concentrations in the two soil layers under N addition were significantly higher than that in the control, while NH ₄ ⁺ -N concentrations were not different. After six years of N addition, potential net N mineralization and nitrification rates were dramatically increased. Nitrogen addition decreased microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN), and MBC/TOC and MBN/TN in the 0–10 cm soil layer, but MBC/MBN was increased by 67% in the 0–10 cm soil layer. Soil basal respiration, microbial metabolic quotient (qCO₂), and β-glucosidase, urease, acid phosphomonoesterase and nitrate reductase activities in the two soil layers showed little change after six years of N addition. However, soil protease and dehydrogenase activities in the 0–10 cm layer were 41% and 54% lower in the N addition treatment than in the control, respectively. Collectively, our results suggest that in the mid-term N addition leads to a decline in soil quality in larch plantations, and that different soil enzymes show differentiated responses to N addition.     

模拟氮沉降对华西雨屏区苦竹林土壤有机碳和养分的影响

从2007年11月至2009年10月, 对华西雨屏区苦竹(Pleioblastus amarus)人工林进行了模拟氮(N)沉降试验, N沉降水平分别为对照(CK, 0 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、低N (5 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、中N (15 g N·m^-2·a^-1)和高N (30 g N·m^-2·a^-1)。在N沉降进行1年后, 每月采集各样方0-20 cm的土壤样品, 连续采集12个月, 测定其土壤总有机C、微生物生物量C、浸提性溶解有机C、活性C、全N、微生物生物量N、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、有效P和速效K。结果表明: N沉降显著增加了土壤总有机C、微生物生物量C、全N、微生物生物量N、NH₄⁺-N和有效P含量, 对其余几个指标无显著影响。土壤微生物生物量C和微生物生物量N的季节变化明显, 并与气温极显著正相关。土壤有效P、速效K与微生物生物量C、微生物生物量N呈极显著负相关关系。N沉降提高了土壤中C、N、P元素的活性, 并通过微生物的转化固定作用使得C、N、P元素在土壤中的含量增加。苦竹林生态系统处于N限制状态, 土壤有机C和养分对N沉降呈正响应, N沉降的增加可能会提高土壤肥力并促进植被的生长, 进而促进生态系统对C的固定。     

The effects of understorey dwarf bamboo (Sasa kurilensis) removal on soil fertility in a Betula ermanii forest of northern Japan

We investigated the changes in soil microbial biomass C (MBC), microbial biomass N (MBN) and N mineralization in Sasa kurilensis-present (SP) and S. kurilensis-removed (SR) stands in a Betula ermanii forest. The mean levels of MBC and MBN were significantly higher in the SR stand than in the SP, which may have positively influenced the N-mineralization rate as depicted by a significant positive correlation between these variables and the N-mineralization rate. N immobilization and subsequent N release along with decreased use of available soil N due to S. kurilensis removal may have ensured greater N availability in the SR stand.     

退化红壤区人工林土壤的可溶性有机物、微生物生物量和酶活性

以江西省泰和县退化红壤区18年生马尾松纯林(Ⅰ)、马尾松 枫香 木荷混交林(Ⅱ)、木荷纯林(Ⅲ)和枫香纯林(Ⅳ)4种人工林林分为对象,并以自然恢复的无林荒草地为对照(CK),研究其土壤的可溶性有机碳(SOC)、氮(SON),微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)和土壤酶活性的变化.结果表明： 在0～10 cm土层,各林分类型的土壤SOC、SON含量分别为354～1007 mg·kg^-1和24～73 mg·kg^-1,MBC、MBN含量分别为203～488 mg·kg^-1和24～65 mg·kg^-1,脲酶和天门冬酰胺酶活性分别为95～133 mg·kg^-1·d^-1和58～113 mg·kg^-1·d^-1.不同林分类型之间SOC、SON含量为Ⅳ>CK > Ⅲ>Ⅰ>Ⅱ,MBC、MBN含量为CK>Ⅳ>Ⅲ>Ⅰ>Ⅱ,天门冬酰胺酶活性为Ⅳ>CK>Ⅲ>Ⅱ>Ⅰ,差异显著,而脲酶活性没有显著差异.随着土层加深,SOC、SON、MBC、MBN、脲酶及天门冬酰胺酶活性下降.在0～20 cm土层,SOC、SON、MBC、MBN、全碳和全氮两两之间达极显著相关.天门冬酰胺酶活性与SOC、SON、MBC、MBN、TSN、全碳、全氮极显著相关;而脲酶活性与SON、MBCMBN、TSN、全碳显著相关.     

黄壤稻田土壤微生物生物量碳磷对长期不同施肥的响应

本研究以进行了22年的黄壤稻田长期定位试验为依托,分析了不同施肥模式下土壤碳(C)、磷(P)与微生物生物量C(MBC)、P(MBP)的变化及其耦合特征,旨在探讨黄壤地区合理培肥模式以提高土壤磷素有效性.试验包括10个处理,分别为不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、磷钾配合(PK)、氮钾配合(NK)、氮磷配合(NP)、氮磷钾配合(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、3种有机无机肥配施(1/4M+3/4NP、0.5MNP、MNPK).结果表明:与不施肥相比,N和NK处理土壤有机碳(TOC)、全磷(TP)、MBC、MBP均有不同程度的降低,施磷处理(PK、NP、NPK)则有不同程度的提升;与不施肥和施用无机肥相比,施用有机肥各处理TOC、MBC、MBP及MBP/TP均显著增加,其中M和MNPK处理增幅最大.MBC/MBP、TOC/MBP、MBC/TP以施用有机肥处理最低,N处理最高.土壤MBC、MBP及其耦合关系与土壤TOC和有效磷均呈极显著相关,TOC是影响MBC、MBP、MBP/TP的直接因素,而有效磷则是影响MBC/MBP、TOC/MBP、MBC/TP的直接因素.土壤MBP及碳、磷耦合关系各指标可以有效区分单施化肥和施用有机肥的不同施肥方式,可作为评价黄壤稻田磷素肥力的生物学指标.配施有机肥是增加黄壤稻田磷有效性、提高土壤供磷潜力和保持土壤生物健康的有效途径.     

西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤微生物量C、N、P空间变异特征

土壤微生物是陆地生态系统中最活跃的成分,它推动着生态系统的能量和物质循环,被公认为土壤生态系统变化的预警及敏感指标。以西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地为研究对象,基于网格法取样,结合经典统计学和地统计学方法,揭示了土壤微生物生物量的空间分布与格局及其主要影响因子。结果表明,西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)、磷(MBP)、碳氮比(MBC/MBN)、碳磷比(MBC/MBP)适宜,MBC、MBN、MBP变异均很大;空间自相关性明显,除MBP最佳拟合模型为球状模型外,其他指标均为指数模型。C0/(C0+C)均25%(4.9%—6.2%),呈强烈的空间相关,这主要由结构性变异引起。Kriging等值线图表明,MBC、MBN的高值区集中在坡中上部;MBP的格局明显不同,高值区集中在坡脚;MBC/MBN斑块较大,变化缓和;MBC/MBP的空间分布规律不明显,斑块多而破碎。西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤微生物量空间分布的影响因子很多,其中,影响土壤微生物量碳和氮的主要因子有土层厚度、pH、碱解氮。西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤微生物不仅存在着小尺度的空间分布格局,而且不同土壤微生物属性的空间分布不同。因此,应采取适宜措施,激活土壤微生物活性。     

冻融期去根处理对小兴安岭6种林型土壤微生物量的影响

春季冻融期,在小兴安岭的阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林、谷地云冷杉(Picea koraiensis-Abies nephrolepis)林、阔叶红松择伐林、白桦(Betula platyphylla)次生林、红松人工林、兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)人工林的去根处理样地和对照样地进行野外取土实验,分析了根去除对上述林型土壤微生物量的影响以及与土壤环境因子的关系。结果表明:冻融循环期间对照样地和去根处理样地的林型、土壤层次、取样时间均显著地影响土壤微生物量碳(MBC)(P0.05),对照样地中各林型的土壤微生物量氮(MBN)差异显著,而去根处理样地中各林型的MBN没有显著差异(P0.05);冻融循环期间去根处理显著地减少了大部分林型及土层(谷地云冷杉林0—10 cm及择伐林外)的MBC,而去根处理对大部分林型及土层(阔叶红松林0—10 cm,谷地云冷杉林和择伐林的10—20 cm除外)的MBN没有显著影响。说明在小兴安岭春季冻融期根系对土壤微生物量的影响不可忽视。     

不同灌水施肥策略对土壤微生物量碳氮和酶活性的影响

根区局部灌溉形成一个土壤水分分布不均匀的环境,影响了土壤微生物量和酶活性。为探明这种影响,在2种灌水水平(正常灌水和轻度缺水)和2种有机无机N肥配施(单施无机N肥和有机无机N肥配施)下,以常规灌溉(CI)为对照,研究分根区交替灌溉(AI)和固定部分根区灌溉(FI)对土壤微生物量C(MBC)、微生物量N(MBN)和酶活性的影响。与CI相比,AI提高拔节期土壤MBC和抽雄期土壤脲酶活性,但是降低大喇叭口期土壤MBC以及拔节期和抽雄期土壤MBN和拔节期土壤脲酶活性;FI增加抽雄期土壤转化酶活性,但是降低大喇叭口期土壤MBC和可溶性碳(DOC)以及3个时期土壤MBN。与正常灌水相比,AI下轻度亏水增加拔节期和抽雄期土壤DOC,但是降低大喇叭口期土壤MBC和拔节期土壤MBN。与单施无机N肥相比,AI下有机无机N肥配施增加拔节期土壤DOC、MBN和过氧化氢酶活性,而FI下则降低大喇叭口期土壤MBC和转化酶活性。因此,在轻度缺水和有机无机氮配施条件下,分根区交替灌溉可以提高玉米拔节期土壤微生物量碳和可溶性碳。     

氮磷添加对亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤微生物群落特征的影响

为了探讨氮磷添加对土壤微生物特点的影响,选择安徽省池州仙寓山常绿阔叶老龄林,设定了4个水平的氮磷添加试验,即对照(CK,0 kg N/hm~2)、低氮(LN,50 kg N/hm~2)、高氮(HN,100 kg N/hm~2)、高氮+磷(HN+P,100 kg N/hm~2+50 kg P/hm~2)。利用氯仿熏蒸法和Biolog微平板技术,分析不同水平氮磷添加对不同土层(0-10 cm、10-20 cm和20-30 cm)土壤微生物生物量C(MBC)、N(MBN)和微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明:MBC、MBN随土层加深而降低,且差异性极显著,MBC与MBC/MBN比在氮磷添加后均表现出显著性差异;土壤微生物群落的代谢活性随土层加深而降低,HN与LN处理的土壤微生物活性最高;Mc Intosh、Shannon和Simpson多样性指数在不同土层和不同N、P添加水平上都存在差异,表层土壤微生物多样性指数差异性较为显著。土壤微生物对羧酸类、氨基酸类和碳水类碳源利用率最高;主成分分析显示不同土层的土壤微生物碳源利用上有明显的变化,表层土壤微生物碳源利用在不同N、P添加水平上有明显的空间变异性,其他土层分布较为集中,空间差异性主要表现在对碳水类与羧酸类碳源的利用上。土层与氮、磷添加剂量对土壤微生物生物量C、N及功能多样性都有显著影响,其中高氮处理对表层土壤微生物影响最大。     

杨梅根系和土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷生态化学计量随林龄的变化

利用空间代替时间的方法,研究了浙江省仙居县3、9、14、21年生根系和土壤微生物量碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P含量及化学计量比。结果表明,杨梅根系C、C:N在不同林龄间没有显著差异;随着林龄的增加,根系N、P含量降低,而C:P、N:P则增大; 21年生杨梅根系N含量显著低于3年生(P<0.05),磷含量显著低于其他林龄(P<0.05); 21年生杨梅根系C:P、N:P显著高于其他林龄(P<0.05)。从根系N:P的变化可知,随着林龄增大,杨梅生长受到P的限制更加明显。土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)、微生物量磷(MBP)含量和MBC:MBN、MBC:MBP表现为先明显下降而后略有升高,而MBN:MBP总体呈现上升趋势。3年生杨梅MBC含量和MBC:MBN显著高于其他林龄(P<0.05),MBN、MBP含量显著高于9年生(P<0.05); 9年生MBC:MBP显著低于其他林龄(P<0.05); 3年生0—10 cm土层的MBN:MBP显著低于其他林龄(P<0.05),而21年生的10—30 cm土层的MBN:MBP显著高于其他林龄(P...