8周有氧运动对肥胖大鼠消化道嗜银细胞形态及分布密度的影响

为了研究有氧运动对肥胖大鼠(Rattus norvegicus)消化道嗜银细胞形态及分布密度的影响,本实验采用Grimelius银染法观察8周运动组(n=9)与对照组(n=9)肥胖大鼠消化道嗜银细胞形态及分布密度。结果显示,大鼠消化道各部位均有嗜银细胞分布;两组大鼠消化道嗜银细胞形态上无差异,均以圆形、椭圆形、锥体形、梭形为主;两组大鼠消化道嗜银细胞分布密度高峰均位于胃体,而低谷有所不同,对照组大鼠消化道嗜银细胞的分布密度低谷位于食管、贲门,运动组大鼠位于食管、贲门、空肠、回肠、直肠;两组相比,食管和直肠两部位分布密度差异不显著(P> 0.05),其余各部位均有差异,且运动组大鼠贲门、胃体、盲肠、结肠嗜银细胞分布密度极显著低于对照组(P <0.01),幽门、空肠嗜银细胞分布密度极显著高于对照组(P <0.01),运动组十二指肠、回肠嗜银细胞分布密度显著高于对照组(P <0.05)。两组动物嗜银细胞分泌密度的这种改变与动物机体所处不同生理状态以及消化道各部位功能有关。     

循环饥饿投喂对大鼠消化道嗜银细胞形态及分布的影响

为了研究循环饥饿投喂对大鼠(Rattus norvegicus)消化道内嗜银细胞的分布密度及形态功能的影响,本实验采用Grimelius银染法观察和测定循环饥饿投喂(饥饿1 d,投喂1 d,周期为14 d)期间大鼠消化道嗜银细胞形态功能及密度分布。结果表明,实验组(即循环饥饿投喂组)和对照组(正常喂食组)大鼠消化道嗜银细胞除食管外均有分布,形态上对照组嗜银细胞以椭圆形和锥体形为主,实验组嗜银细胞则主要以锥体形为主;两组大鼠消化道嗜银细胞的分布密度高峰都位于胃,密度低谷对照组位于空肠、盲肠、回肠和直肠,实验组位于空肠到直肠各段;实验组大鼠消化道嗜银细胞分布密度在贲门和幽门部极显著低于对照组(P <0.01),结肠显著低于对照组(P <0.05),说明循环饥饿投喂会明显改变消化道嗜银细胞的形态并降低细胞数量,这可能与内分泌细胞的功能改变有关。     

东亚腹链蛇消化道嗜银细胞的分布及形态学观察

应用Grimelius银染法研究了东亚腹链蛇（Amphiesma vibakari）消化道嗜银细胞的分布密度及形态。结果表明：在东亚腹链蛇的消化道中嗜银细胞分布广泛,见于全消化道。其分布密度曲线大致呈波浪形,其中胃部是嗜银细胞分布密度的高峰,胃幽门次之,回肠分布密度最低。嗜银细胞形态多样,主要以锥体形为主,其次还有圆形、椭圆形。广泛分布于上皮细胞基部、上皮细胞之间、腺泡上皮细胞之间。结论：东亚腹链蛇消化道嗜银细胞分布型的形成与各部位消化功能有关;根据其形态,我们认为东亚腹链蛇消化道内嗜银细胞具有内分泌、外分泌、旁分泌3种功能。     

褐家鼠消化道嗜银细胞的分布及形态学观察

应用Grimelius银染法观察了褐家鼠Arattus norvegicus消化道嗜银细胞的分布密度及形态.结果 显示,在褐家鼠的消化道除食管未见嗜银细胞外,其它部位均有嗜银细胞的分布,其分布密度为胃贲门部最高,回肠部最低.嗜银细胞多分布于消化道粘膜上皮细胞之间或腺泡上皮之间,有时可见于上皮基部和固有膜内.嗜银细胞形态多样,主要以锥体形为主,其次还有圆形、梭形和椭圆形.根据其嗜银细胞形态,认为褐家鼠消化道内嗜银细胞具有内、外分泌、旁分泌3种功能.     

猫儿山两种有尾两栖类消化道嗜银细胞比较观察

为探究有尾两栖类消化道内分泌细胞的特点,以分布于猫儿山保护区的猫儿山小鲵（Hynobius maoershanensis）和瑶山肥螈（Pachytriton inexpectatus）为研究对象,采用Grimelius银染法,对二者消化道嗜银细胞的形态特征、分布区域与分布密度进行了比较研究,为有尾两栖类消化道比较组织学和内分泌学研究积累基础资料,并为两栖类消化生理学研究提供形态学数据基础。结果显示,两种动物从食道至直肠均有嗜银细胞分布,分布型都呈波浪形,均在食道处分布密度（个/视野）最高,猫儿山小鲵为2.00 ± 0.69,瑶山肥螈为3.42 ± 0.31,在猫儿山小鲵回肠（1.45 ± 0.50）和瑶山肥螈在直肠（1.63 ± 0.97）分布密度最低。瑶山肥螈消化道各部位嗜银细胞的分布密度都高于猫儿山小鲵,两种动物嗜银细胞分布密度在食道、贲门、十二指肠和回肠中差异显著,但在胃体、幽门和直肠中差异不显著。对同一物种消化道不同部位嗜银细胞进行比较,猫儿山小鲵及瑶山肥螈的嗜银细胞分布密度高峰均出现在食道,其中,猫儿山小鲵食道与十二指肠、回肠、直肠差异显著（P < 0.05）,瑶山肥螈食道与其他各部位差异显著（P < 0.05）。嗜银细胞形状多样,有圆形、椭圆形、锥形和梭形等,可分为闭合型和开放型细胞。猫儿山小鲵生活环境多为沼泽地,富含淤泥、落叶,喜食蛙类蝌蚪、蚯蚓等个体较小且易消化的食物,瑶山肥螈生活环境为石块粗砂较多的山溪,以虾、蟹、螺等为食,这两种动物消化道嗜银细胞的形态特征和分布密度各具自身特点,可能与其生境及食性等因素有关。     

中华蟾蜍、黑斑蛙冬眠期与非冬眠期消化管嗜银细胞的比较

以改良龙桂开银染法与Fonana-Messon银染法制作冬眠期与非冬眠期中华蟾蜍、黑斑蛙消化管各部组织切片,观察、测量与比较这两种无尾两栖动物冬眠期与非冬眠期消化管嗜银细胞的形态、密度与分布。结果表明：无论冬眠期还是非冬眠期两种动物消化管嗜银细胞的形态、分布规律相似,嗜银细胞的形态与其所在部位及其颗粒分泌方向有关,嗜银细胞在胃幽门处有明显的密度高峰;两种动物消化管嗜银细胞的分布范围、形状在冬眠期与非冬眠期相似,但冬眠期嗜银细胞的密度和嗜银细胞内的嗜银颗粒密度高于非冬眠期,提示这两种动物冬眠期消化管内分泌机能有较大的贮备。     

蛇岛蝮蛇消化道嗜银细胞的分布及形态学观察

应用Grimelius银染法对蛇岛蝮蛇Gloydius shedaoensis 消化道嗜银细胞的分布密度及形态进行研究.结果 表明,蛇岛蝮蛇的消化道中嗜银细胞分布广泛,见于其全长,主要分布于上皮细胞基部、上皮细胞之间、腺泡上皮细胞之间,也有少量位于固有膜内;胃贲门是嗜银细胞分布密度的高峰,胃体次之,食管分布密度最低;嗜银细胞形态多样,主要有锥体形、梭形、圆形和椭圆形,具有内、外分泌两种功能.     

北方狭口蛙消化道嗜银细胞的分布与形态

应用Grimelius银染法观察北方狭口蛙消化道嗜银细胞的形态学特点,并统计分析嗜银细胞的分布密度。结果表明,消化道嗜银细胞可分为开放型细胞和闭合型细胞,两者的比值变化范围为0.20～0.49,从食管至直肠都以闭合型细胞为主。分布密度食管和胃体最高,空肠最低。北方狭口蛙消化道嗜银细胞的形态学特点和分布密度有自身的独特性,这可能与其善于穴居掘土的生活习性有关。     

黑龙江林蛙冬眠和非冬眠消化道内分泌细胞的比较研究

目的应用5-羟色胺(5-HT)、生长抑素(SS)、胃泌素(GAS)、胰高血糖素(Glu)、胰多肽(PP)和P-物质(SP)6种特异性抗血清,对黑龙江林蛙冬眠期和非冬眠期消化道内分泌细胞进行检测。方法应用卵白素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物(avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex,ABC)免疫组织化学法。结果在冬眠期和非冬眠期黑龙江林蛙消化道内检测到5-HT细胞、SS细胞和Glu细胞,而GAS细胞、PP细胞和SP细胞均未检测到。5-HT细胞分布广泛,存在于黑龙江林蛙冬眠期和非冬眠期从食管到直肠的整个消化道中,在冬眠期分布密度高峰为胃幽门部和十二指肠,而非冬眠期则为胃幽门部;SS细胞分布也较为广泛,在黑龙江林蛙冬眠期和非冬眠期消化道中,除了直肠以外,均有分布,且这两个时期SS细胞的分布密度高峰均在胃幽门部。Glu细胞在冬眠期仅在胃贲门部、胃体、空肠和回肠检测到,而在非冬眠期除以上四个部位外直肠部也检测到了Glu细胞,并且Glu细胞分布密度高峰都在胃体部。结论黑龙江林蛙在冬眠期和非冬眠期消化道中内分泌细胞分布型的不同,可能与机体适应不同时期的生理功能有关。     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Translocation of radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into organs of tomato plant via roots

The translocation of the radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into red and green fruits, flesh, seeds, rind, calyxes, flower, leaves, and stems via the root of the tomato plant at two different growth stages was studied by a multitracer technique. The contents (%/g) of Co, Zn, Se, and Y in the roots were the highest among the organs, but only small amounts of them were translocated into the aerial parts after 5 d cultivation with a multitracer. In contrast, Rb, Tc, and Re showed rapid translocation into the stems and leaves from the root. In the plants cultivated for 95 d with a multitracer, Zn, Se, and Rb distributed in all of the organs, Co in the organs except for flowers, and Y, Tc, and Re in the limited organs. The translocation ratio of the elements for the edible part of the plants cultivated for 95 d decreased in the order of Rb>Zn>Co≈Se>Tc≈Y>Re. The transfer factor of the elements for tomato fruit was determined to be in the range of 10⁻⁵–10⁻². The characteristic translocation behavior of the elements gives us fundamental information on the assessment of pollutant uptake by the tomato plant.