The HSP70 heat shock response in the Antarctic fish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Harpagifer antarcticus</Emphasis>

Members of the HSP70 gene family comprising the constitutive (HSC70) and inducible (HSP70) genes, plus GRP78 (Glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa) were surveyed for expression levels via Q-PCR after both an acute 2-h heat shock experiment and a time course assay in the Antarctic plunderfish Harpagifer antarcticus. In general, down regulation of all genes was observed during the course of the heat shock experiments. This thermally induced down regulation was particularly acute for the GRP78 gene, which at one time point was more than 100-fold down regulated. These results demonstrate the loss of the heat shock response in H. antarcticus, a basal member of the Notothenioidei. This finding is discussed with reference to the survival of Notothenioids during observed ocean warming and also the reorganisation of cellular protein mechanisms of species living in extreme environments.     

碱化草地景观动态及其对气候变化的响应与多样性和空间格局的关系

试图通过对碱化草地景观动态过程与群落多样性和空间格局的关系的分析,探讨利用景观的多样性指标和空间格局指数来解释和预测景观发展动态及其对气候变化的响应的可能性。运用空间仿真的方法,对东北松嫩平原碱化草地景观动态进行了模拟。模型强调景观内的斑块（即空间匀质生态系统）的演替与土壤碱化度的相互耦合作用。在当前气候条件下,模型的输出结果与观测到的１９８９￣１９９３年在１ｈｍ＾２样地内的斑块分布动态非常吻合。     

Pattern diversity analysis of a clearing in a Quercus cerris wood

Linear transects were used to examine the spatial structure of the vegetation in a clearing in a Quercus cerris wood in Central Italy. A grassland-margin-shrubland-woodland gradient was identified.Multivariate classification and ordination methods and pattern diversity analysis were used to detect both floristic variation and spatial organization. One of the transects shows a clear gradient of variation as a function of space, crossing the floristically and structurally most heterogeneous part of the clearing. For the detailed analysis of this transect a sectorization is achieved. Each sector is characterized according to its floristic types and to the internal spatial organization.The pieces of information derived from the different analyses were concordant. In particular, the validity of the floristic types in the qualification of the different forms of spatial organization is confirmed.     

大型水电站对河流底栖藻类群落的影响

2004年9月—2007年6月,对古夫河受大型水电站影响的GF04样点及高岚河的参照样点GL03进行逐月采样,研究了大型水电站对古夫河底栖藻类的影响.结果表明：研究期间,两样点主要理化指标差异均不显著（P>0.05）;两样点水动力学差异显著（P<0.05）,研究期间GL03样点基本处于缓流状态,其季节变化显著（P<0.05）,而GF04样点由于受水库放水影响,采样期间60%以上时间处于急流状态,没有明显的季节节律,说明水动力学及生境的变化是影响研究区底栖藻类群落的重要因素;群落相似性以及非着生型硅藻、直立型硅藻、有柄型硅藻的相对丰度在两样点间的差异显著,可很好地反映大型水电站不定期放水对河流生态系统的影响.     

Marine sponges of the Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia: patterns of species distributions, abundance and diversity

Quantitative surveys revealed high diversity (species richness) of sponges (150 species) in the previously little explored Dampier Archipelago, northwestern Australia. Classification analyses disclosed 11 station groups with high internal heterogeneity in species composition, however some spatial patterns were evident. The composition of sponge assemblages varied with environmental factors such as substrate type (coral, igneous rock, limestone rock), aspect (exposed, protected), substrate configuration (limestone platform, dissected reef) and depth. Most of the species (61%) reported from the Dampier Archipelago were rare (found at one or two stations). The number of species found at only one location was high (48%), supporting previous findings that northwestern Australia has high sponge endemism. As a result of all sponge surveys undertaken in the archipelago (qualitative and quantitative, subtidal and intertidal), 275 sponge species have now been reported from the area. This number indicates high species diversity in the region. Estimations of diversity based on non-parametric modelling suggests that there are potentially more species (range 245–346) than presently recorded in the archipelago.     

不同寡营养培养条件下南海水体细菌群落结构及其对碳源的利用特征

【背景】绝大多数海洋微生物不可培养,为挖掘海洋生态系统中可培养的微生物资源,研究者尝试寡营养培养等方法。【目的】比较不同寡营养培养条件下南海水体细菌数量、群落结构及其对碳源的利用特征差异。【方法】采用原2216E培养液(Y)、稀释10倍(Y-10)和稀释50倍(Y-50)的2216E培养液培养南海海水样品,用荧光定量PCR法和16S rRNA基因检测细菌数量和菌群结构;利用平板计数法计数异养细菌的数量,纯化鉴定可培养细菌;采用Biolog EcoPlateTM微板法分析不同培养基中细菌群落对碳源的利用特征。【结果】Y组细菌总数高于Y-10组和Y-50组,差异不显著(P>0.05),但异养细菌数量显著高于Y-10组和Y-50组(P<0.05)。16S rRNA基因测序结果表明,不同稀释倍数下的细菌群落结构差异明显,Y组检测出10门193属,优势类群为Proteobacteria(56.44%)和Bacteroides (37.27%);Y-10组检测出15门220属,优势类群为Proteobacteria (40.30%)、Bacteroides(36.91%)和Firmic...     

太子参皂苷含量地理变异及气候响应特征

运用紫外-可见分光光度法测定4个产区药用植物太子参（Pseudostellaria heterophylla （Miq.）Pax ex Pax et Hoffm.）中的太子参皂苷含量,并分析太子参皂苷含量的地理变异规律,及其与气候因子在不同时间尺度上的响应关系。结果显示,太子参皂苷含量可分为江苏-安徽高含量区和贵州-福建低含量区。太子参皂苷含量与年均日照量呈极显著正相关,与年均相对湿度和年均降水呈负相关;与最热月份最高温呈显著正相关,与最冷季度平均温呈显著负相关。月均日照量和月均温对太子参皂苷含量影响较大,其中1-12月的月均日照量与太子参皂苷含量呈显著正相关;1-4月和11-12月的月均温与太子参皂苷含量呈负相关;5-9月的月均温与太子参皂苷含量呈正相关。产区间日照量差异可能是造成太子参皂苷含量地理变异的主要气候因素,日照量高、季度间温度差异大且相对少雨、低湿的地区有助于太子参皂苷的形成和积累。     

A late Quaternary marine palynological record (oxygen isotope stages 1 to 7) for the humid tropics of northeastern Australia based on ODP Site 820

A late Quaternary marine palynological record from the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) site 820, adjacent to the humid tropics region of northeastern Australia, has demonstrated marked variation in orbital scale cyclicity, and also trends associated with both climate and human impact. However, some uncertainties in interpretation have resulted from concerns about the records chronology and continuity. Here we present, for the first time, the complete palynological data from detailed analysis of the top 67 m of sediment and examine it in relation to the marine isotope sequence from the core. It is proposed that the record is relatively continuous through the last 250,000 years although the latter part of oxygen isotope stage (OIS) 5, as well OIS 4 may be missing. Despite the variation on orbital scales, most palynological changes are not in phase with those from the marine isotope record suggesting a lack of direct Milankovitch forcing on vegetation. This lack of correspondence combined with major trends towards more open and sclerophyllous vegetation in association with increased burning supports a previous proposal that major control is being exercised by El Niño-Southern Oscillation variability whose influence may have been initiated by changes in oceanic circulation in the region within the mid Pleistocene. The lack of impact on the distribution of complex rainforest suggests that increased climate variability did not involve an overall decrease in total precipitation.     

温州湾天河滩涂大型底栖动物群落分布与季节变化

2003年11月至2004年8月,在温州湾天河潮间带按季节取样对大型底栖动物群落进行了研究.共发现大型底栖动物38种,隶属7门8纲23科,主要为软体动物、节肢动物和环节动物多毛类.物种获得数季节间差异不显著(F3,9=1.76,P＞0.05),但潮位间种类获得数差异极显著(F3,9=9.56,P＜0.01).潮上带、高潮带、中潮带和低潮带的密度、生物量分别为:144.50±14.24 ind./m2,58.56±13.23 g/m2;171.00±16.52ind./m2,40.57±12.60 g/m2;182.50±39.38 ind./m2,50.26±10.57 g/m2和94.00±28.88 ind./m2,16.55±7.27 g/m2.密度的季节间差异和潮位差异均不显著(F3,9=2.78和F3,9=2.14,P＞0.05),而生物量在季节和潮位间差异极显著(F3,9=16.72和F3,9=22.24,P＜0.01).Margalef物种丰富度指数和Shannon-Weiner多样性指数4季平均数表现为:中潮带＞高潮带＞低潮带＞潮上带;Pielou均匀度指数平均数表现为:低潮带＞中潮带＞高潮带＞潮上带;Simpson优势度指数平均数表现为:中潮带＜高潮带＜低潮带＜潮上带.对4季4潮带16个群落进行聚类和排序分析可以看出,中高潮带界限不明显,低潮带和潮上带的界限明显.分析表明:生境条件的不同是大型底栖动物群落组成差异的主要原因,同一站位大型底栖动物群落物种构成数各季节之间差异不显著[动物学报52(1):45-52,2006].     

三亚岩相潮间带底栖海藻群落结构及其季节变化

为了解三亚潮间带大型海藻生态现状,布设6条岩相断面,于2008年1—11月进行了四季野外的调查,并使用物种多样性指数与聚类分析研究了潮间带大型海藻四季的群落结构和多样性变化。调查共鉴定出大型底栖藻类130种,隶属于4门75属,其中红藻门41属67种、褐藻门16属31种、绿藻门15属29种、蓝藻门3属3种。潮间带海藻种类数季节变化不大,并呈低潮带>中潮带>高潮带的垂直分布特征,且中低潮带有共同分布种,夏季尤为普遍。潮间带海藻夏冬两季平均生物量高于春秋两季,但并无显著差异。优势种季节变化明显:春季有波利团扇藻Padina boryana、日本仙菜Ceramium japonicum、半叶马尾藻Sargassum hemiphyllum、海柏Polyopes polyideoides,夏季有波状软凹藻Chondrophycus undulates、冠叶马尾藻Sargassum cristaefolium、宽扁叉节藻Amphiroa dilatata、石花菜Gelidium amansii,秋季有冠叶马尾藻、波状软凹藻、叶状铁钉菜Ishige foliacea,冬季有瓦氏马尾藻Sargassum vachellianum、苔状鸭毛藻Symphyocladia marchantioides、珊瑚藻Corallina officinalis、波利团扇藻、日本仙菜。群落多样性冬高夏低:Shannon多样性和Margalef丰富度指数最大值出现在冬季,Shannon多样性和Pielou均匀度指数最低值出现在夏季。区域底栖藻类以暖水性热带-亚热带种为主,其次为温水性的暖温带种类,基本符合南海南区暖水区系特点。研究表明,尽管三亚潮间带底栖海藻种类数与生物量上并无显著的季节差异,但群落结构与多样性均显示出一定的季节变化。     

湖泊阻隔对鱼类群落的影响——以保安湖为例

为探讨湖泊内部阻隔引发的生态问题, 阐释鱼类群落聚合对湖泊内部阻隔的响应, 研究选取长江中游典型阻隔湖泊保安湖为研究对象, 于2019—2020年夏季和秋季对其肖四海湖区(完全阻隔)、扁担塘湖区(半阻隔)、桥墩湖区(半阻隔)和主体湖区的鱼类群落结构进行了调查, 应用单因素方差分析、置换多元方差分析和非度量多维尺度等多重统计方法分析了湖区间鱼类群落组成和多样性的差异。结果表明, 完全阻隔湖区肖四海鱼类群落结构发生了明显变化, 其种类数[(15±3)种]显著低于半阻隔湖区[(22±3)种]和主体湖区[(23±3)种, P<0.05], 鱼类丰度高而生物量低, 物种丰富度指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数显著低于主体湖区(P<0.05), 功能丰富度指数、功能分散度指数和功能均匀度指数也显著较低(P<0.05); 而半阻隔湖区鱼类群落结构与主体湖区无显著性差异。置换多元方差分析和非度量多维尺度分析也显示出完全阻隔湖区鱼类群落与半阻隔湖区和主体湖区鱼类群落具有显著性差异(P<0.05), 半阻隔湖区与主体湖区无显著性差异。研究发现湖泊内部水文阻隔对鱼类群落组成也有着重要影响, 恢复湖泊内部水文自由连通对湖泊生态管理和生物多样性保护有着重要作用。     

The effect of bedrock type,temperature and moisture on species richness of Pyrenean Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests

The relationship between environmental parameters (bedrock type, temperature and moisture index) and understorey species richness was studied from a large phytosociological data base on Pyrenean Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests. Generalized linear models were used to test this relationship. Total species richness and species richness of the different life forms were considered. The results suggest different patterns for the different life forms, and that the richest forest was on the calcareous bedrock of north-facing slopes at low altitudes.     

Vegetation and climate changes during the last 21 000 years in S.W. Africa based on a marine pollen record

A high resolution marine pollen record from site GeoB1023, west of the northern Namib desert provides data on vegetation and climate change for the last 21 ka at an average resolution of 185 y. Pollen and spores are mainly delivered to the site by the Cunene river and by surface and mid-tropospheric wind systems. The main pollen source areas are located between 13°S and 21°S, which includes the northern Namib desert and semi-desert, the Angola-northern Namibian highland, and the north-western Kalahari. The pollen spectra reflect environmental changes in the region. The last glacial maximum (LGM) was characterised by colder and more arid conditions than at present, when a vegetation with temperate elements such as Asteroideae, Ericaceae, and Restionaceae grew north of 21°S. At 17.5 ka cal. B.P., an amelioration both in temperature and humidity terminated the LGM but, in the northern Kalahari, mean annual rainfall in the interval 17.5-14.4 ka cal. B.P. was probably 100–150 mm lower than at present (400–500 mm/y). The Late-glacial to early Holocene transition includes two arid periods, i.e. 14.4–12.5 and 10.9–9.3 ka cal. B.P. The last part of the former period may be correlated with the Younger Dryas. The warmest and most humid period in the Holocene occurred between 6.3 and 4.8 ka cal. B.P. During the last 2000 years, human impact, as reflected by indications of deforestation, enhanced burning and overgrazing, progressively intensified.     

Mycobionts of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salix herbacea</Emphasis> on a glacier forefront in the Austrian Alps

Dwarf willows (e.g. Salix herbacea) are among the earliest ectomycorrhizal (EM) plants colonising primary successional sites such as glacier forefronts in the Tyrolean Alps. EM of S. herbacea were sampled at the Rotmoos glacier forefront (Otz Valley, Austria) three times a year during the growing season and once a year during winter when plants were covered with snow in 2005 and 2006. EM were investigated using morphological methods and by sequencing the rDNA ITS region. The degree of EM mycorrhization was high throughout both years (93%). We distinguished 21 EM morphotypes and identified 19 fungal species. Cenococcum geophilum, Sebacina spp., Tomentella spp. and Cortinarius spp. dominated the mycobiont community of S. herbacea. The observed species richness in this about 150-year-old soil was at least 59% of the estimated species richness. Fungal communities differed significantly between consecutive years, and spatial heterogeneity was high. These differences made it difficult to detect seasonal impacts. Abundances of C. geophilum EM increased throughout the 2-year sampling period. Sebacina incrustans EM were very abundant in 2005, but nearly disappeared in 2006, whilst its fruitbodies were still frequent in the sampling area. This suggests that the mycorrhizae were displaced from the roots by an outcompeting species, whereas the mycelium was still present in the soil.