加速推进可持续发展目标,开启未来十年的行动和成就——联合国可持续发展目标峰会介评

联合国可持续发展目标峰会于2019年9月24、25号在纽约召开,各国政府的高层人员就加速推进2030年可持续发展议程进行了全面审议和讨论。目前就全球而言,因为致命冲突、气候危机、经济增长不平衡等原因,人类在推动实现可持续发展目标的道路上已经偏离了既定轨道。为此,大会通过了一项政治宣言,联合国成员国承诺在未来十年筹措资金,努力在2030年之前实现17项可持续发展目标（SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals）,并且不让任何人掉队。同时,多国政府和组织结合自身情况,提出了126项SDGs加速行动（SDG Acceleration Actions）。我国代表在峰会上发表演讲指出,中国政府将可持续发展作为基本国策,全面深入落实2030年可持续发展议程,中国目前在脱贫、医疗、教育等方面进展明显,有望提前实现多项可持续发展目标。     

后疫情时代全球可持续发展目标加速行动的推动

“SDGs加速行动”是国际组织、政府部门、私营机构和其他利益攸关方为加快落实2030年可持续发展议程采取的全球行动。2019年联合国可持续发展目标峰会后,政府、国际组织、私营部门等提出了214项SDGs加速行动。2019年爆发的新型冠状病毒肺炎（Corona Virus Disease 2019,COVID-19）对实现可持续发展目标带来了系列影响,后疫情时代如何推动全球SDGs加速行动的实施成为重要的问题。对可持续发展评估报告（2019）和可持续发展目标加速行动等政策文件进行信息提取,建立加速行动匹配性指数模型和各国应对新冠疫情的恢复力指数模型,根据匹配性-恢复力分类体系将各国按照17项可持续发展目标分为9类,为推动后疫情时代全球可持续发展目标加速行动提供支撑。研究发现：（1）现有可持续发展目标加速行动的实施与区域需求不匹配,且这种不匹配的情况在COVID-19爆发前已经出现;（2）加速行动的实施受限于现有可持续发展水平和国家经济基础,区域关注的可持续发展目标与其自然地理位置和社会发展水平有着密切的关系,多边组织机构和其他利益攸关方需要在发展中国家大力推动可持续发展加速行动;（3）下一步实施加速行动需要加强国际间的合作,根据分类框架和可持续发展目标的关联关系,分重点推进加速行动的实施,完善可持续发展指标监测体系,分类设立后疫情时代不同时期的阶段目标,分阶段循序渐进,定期反馈追踪,以在2030年促进17项可持续目标的实现。     

助推2030可持续发展议程环境目标落实——第二届联合国环境大会会议简述

第二届联合国环境大会于2016年5月23日—27日在肯尼亚内罗毕举行,来自174个国家的2500多名代表参加了此次会议。其主题是"落实《2030年可持续发展议程》中的环境目标"。会议聚焦于最新的全球、区域和国家环境问题,审视可持续发展议程及其环境目标的落实情况,并最终达成了25项具有里程碑意义的决议,推动落实2030年可持续发展议程。对于中国而言,应该在落实2030议程环境目标的过程中,加快经济转型和生态文明建设,推动实现建设美丽中国和可持续发展的目标。     

Welcoming uncertainty: A probabilistic approach to measure sustainability

Current efforts to build Sustainable Development Measurements have stumbled with problems of arbitrary structure, valuation,artificial ignorance suppression, and democratic illegitimacy. This paper proposes a new method to track and compare the Sustainable Development (SD) of countries, building an Interval of Sustainable Development (ISD). The ISD is capable of overcoming these problems by reporting all possible structures instead of only one, by relying on a variety of existing economic, social, and environmental variables, by embodying confidence levels in the measurement itself, and by facilitating democratic deliberation. By doing this, the ISD is capable of showing, subject to a confidence level, how a country is performing with respect to SD. This paper also applies this method specifying parameters and using available data for 180 countries during 1990–2011. During this 22-year period, results for a selection of countries are presented to illustrate the advantages and limitations of this proposal.     

Developing the methodology for determining the relative weight of dimensions employed in sustainable building assessment tools for Brazil

The fundamental differences between the dimensions of sustainable development have been identified by researchers and many assessment tools have been developed in several countries. This paper introduces the development of a methodology for determining the weight of each dimension employed in sustainable construction assessment through the use of assessment tools that use the Brazilian indicators of sustainable development in accordance with the Commission on Sustainable Development, and also through the utilization of a database provided by the Brazilian Geography and Statistics Institute (IBGE). Firstly, the Sustainability Panel tool was employed to reveal separately the status of dimensions in sustainable development (environmental, social and economic) and then it was made a statistical analysis of the results for each region in Brazil (north, northeast, midwest, southeast and south). The solution presented in this paper aims to reduce the inconsistencies found in the adjustments of the assessment tools considering regional differences based on political actions included in governmental agencies.     

平顶山市区域性环境资源可持续发展能力研究

依据平顶山市l2年环境质量检测及评价的相关资料,提出了环境资源可持续发展能力综合评价的指标体系,并应用这一指标体系,运用主成分分析的方法．提取累计贡献率达94．75％的前4个主成分进行变量回测,定义并计算可持续发展度,建立了可持续发展度的时间数列模型,为环境资源可持续发展能力的量化研究提供了可行的方法．     

Management framework for sustainable development indicators in the State of Selangor, Malaysia

The perception that better information on environment and development is the determinant of effective rational decision- and policy-making processes provide the impetus for global interest in the use of sustainable development indicators (SDIs). Accordingly, proposals for SDIs are framed either on organisational goals or on disciplinary and multidisciplinary theories—aiming to reduce uncertainties in choosing the best alternative among a set of options concerning sustainability. Despite the fact that many SDI initiatives are explicitly aimed at improving policy-making, it is not apparent that political settings and organisational realities are taken into consideration in designing the framework for sustainability assessment. Ignoring the realities of policy-making dynamics can result in poor institutionalisation of the SDI development process, and therefore reduced impact of indicators. Linkage of SDIs to policy processes must also take into account the complex role of information in policy processes. The importance of societal values, cultural contexts and behaviour of bureaucracies must be understood and used to assist the assessment of progress towards sustainability using SDIs. Essentially, objective knowledge must be tampered with pragmatism in governance. This paper highlights the case of SDI development in the state of Selangor where the notion of instrumental rationality is balanced with the ‘incrementalism’ of the policy process that provided the foundation for institutionalising the reporting and use of SDIs. The ideals and paradoxes of participatory decision-making, the principles of the rational model and decision-making processes within a state government are critically examined.     

Sustainable Development Goals: A need for relevant indicators

At the UN in New York the Open Working Group created by the UN General Assembly proposed a set of global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which comprises 17 goals and 169 targets. Further to that, a preliminary set of 330 indicators was introduced in March 2015. Some SDGs build on preceding Millennium Development Goals while others incorporate new ideas. A critical review has revealed that indicators of varied quality (in terms of the fulfilment certain criteria) have been proposed to assess sustainable development. Despite the fact that there is plenty of theoretical work on quality standards for indicators, in practice users cannot often be sure how adequately the indicators measure the monitored phenomena. Therefore we stress the need to operationalise the Sustainable Development Goals’ targets and evaluate the indicators’ relevance, the characteristic of utmost importance among the indicators’ quality traits. The current format of the proposed SDGs and their targets has laid a policy framework; however, without thorough expert and scientific follow up on their operationalisation the indicators may be ambiguous. Therefore we argue for the foundation of a conceptual framework for selecting appropriate indicators for targets from existing sets or formulating new ones. Experts should focus on the “indicator-indicated fact” relation to ensure the indicators’ relevance in order for clear, unambiguous messages to be conveyed to users (decision- and policy-makers and also the lay public). Finally we offer some recommendations for indicators providers in order to contribute to the tremendous amount of conceptual work needed to lay a strong foundation for the development of the final indicators framework.     

Unravelling urban sustainability.: How the Flemish City Monitor acknowledges complexities

In this article we argue that the City Monitor for Sustainable Urban Development in the Flanders (Belgium) acknowledges two kinds of complexities. Firstly, the set of almost 200 SDIs (Sustainable Development Indicators) is positioned in complex and strategic decision-making processes in Flemish cities. In this respect, this learning instrument contains actor-exceeding and policy-exogenous information, which is relevant for governance settings involved in the urban (sustainable) development of their city. The City Monitor is meant to enhance and sharpen the quality of strategic urban debates and, as a consequence, it has to be regarded as only one single element in complex urban decision-making processes. Secondly, the design methodology of the City Monitor also aims at addressing typical tensions brought about by such catch-all terms as urban sustainability. Because of the complex and normative character of the concept we opted for an intensive co-design approach with hundreds of urban stakeholders. The case of the City Monitor shows that this ‘complexity-acknowledging’ perspective and approach can be complementary to more traditional monitoring approaches.     

对生物医药产业可持续发展战略的思考

全球生物药品销售额以年均约30%的速度增长,大大高于全医药行业年均不到10%的增长速度,生物技术产业已不是几个国家的产业,而是一个全球化发展的产业,由于全球生态环境日益恶化,严重影响了各国发展的后劲,于是它们纷纷将发展生物技术产业作为可持续发展战略的一个重要内容。生物医药产业可持续发展是环境与发展战略的需要,其核心是技术创新,提出了生物医药产业可持续发展链和区域经济竞争力是促进生物医药产业可持续发展的基石,阐述了生物医药产业发展只有立足现实、谋划长远,紧抓发展优势,才能实现可持续发展战略目标。     

Benchmarking sustainability using indicators: An Indian case study

This paper develops an index to measure sustainability based on the broad themes of social, economy and environment. Nineteen appropriate indicators were selected based on relevance, data availability, and periodicity for each leg of sustainable development. A correlation analysis was carried out to assess relationships between the 19 indicators representing different parameters under the three themes. These parameters were then normalized using Z-score technique. The Z-scores computed for each of these parameters were then used to develop a Sustainable Development Index (SDI). The index is pilot tested on different States and Union Territories (UTs) of India. The values are compared and interpreted to adjudge the forerunners and laggards on the various dimensions of human well-being and environment. Significant relationships have been observed between income levels and area of administrative regions with sustainability indices of the regions. Smaller administrative regions with higher income levels have been observed with higher sustainability scores. The proposed index provides a useful measure of identifying problematic areas that can be plugged through policy measures and ensures that the region moves on sustainable development pathways.     

The role of raw materials to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals: Tracing the risks and positive contributions of cobalt along the lithium-ion battery supply chain

Given the fast-growing demand for electric mobility, the European Union (EU) has invested in responsible sourcing of battery raw materials, but the sustainability of their value chains is not fully addressed. Life cycle sustainability assessment is a tool to identify social, economic, and environmental aspects of raw materials, but it is mostly used for negative impacts, whereas the supply and use of raw materials may also lead to benefits. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can help to determine how raw materials boost or hinder the achievement of a sustainable society. In this study, the SDGs were used as a reference to assess contributions and risks of cobalt supply for electric mobility in the EU and whether this technology supports the achievement of the SDGs. The risks were determined using eight indicators focused on social risks, but environmental aspects like water quality and usage, and greenhouse gas emissions were also considered. The literature and databases were consulted to identify which SDGs receive contributions or burdens. Global and European cobalt supply scenarios were defined, considering the most representative countries. Results indicate that, although some SDGs receive positive contributions, like SDG 8 (Decent work and economic growth) and SDG 13 (Climate action), most of the identified correlations are negative, especially for SDG 3 (Good health and well-being) and SDG 16 (Peace, justice, and strong institutions). The European scenario has a low risk toward socio-environmental issues in 53% of the assessed aspects, whereas the global scenario presents a high risk in 47% of them.     

持续发展指标研究简介

1　背景《21世纪议程》(第40章)号召建立持续发展的指标体系,它特别要求各国在国家水平,各国际组织和非政府组织在国际水平上建立持续发展指标的概念。因此,在联合国持续发展委员会(ＣＳＤ)第一次全会上,就提出了持续发展指标的工作规划,并获准通过。那时候,有很多国家一再强调建立指标的迫切性,另外一些国家则表示了某些关注并坚持在建立指标的过程中必须与政府部门密切联系。这个工作计划的目标是通过对指标的定义,方法论的阐述,提供培训和其它相应的能力建设,为各国决策者在国家水平上提供持续发展指标。有许多国家正在建立他们自己的指…     

Challenges of non-communicable diseases and sustainable development of China and India

In light of the global Sustainable Development Goals initiated in 2016, the present paper analyses different aspects of addressing Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes - the major causes of global deaths and disability; discusses the burden of NCDs in China and India - the two most populous countries of the world; reviews their progress and shortfalls in addressing NCDs; and identifies the way forward to tackle successfully the problem of NCDs for sustainable development. The study is based on secondary sources of data available from the World Health Organisation (WHO), World Bank (WB), United Nations and other published sources.Increased public health expenditure, measured as a proportion of the total health expenditure while implementing Universal Health Coverage, has produced repercussive positive advantages in China. Both China and India have implemented initiatives towards the prevention and control of NCDs in light of WHO Global targets. However, the progress monitoring indicators reveal that, on many fronts, either the commitments are partially achieved, or not yet achieved. This needs increased support to the public sector healthcare system, with a parallel policy and legislation driven approach.     

Modelling the European Farmland Bird Indicator in response to forecast land-use change in Europe

The European Farmland Bird Indicator (EFBI) has been adopted as a Structural and Sustainable Development Indicator by the European Union. It is an aggregated index integrating the population trends of 33 common bird species associated with farmland habitats across 21 countries. We describe a modelling method for predicting this indicator from land-use characteristics. Using yearly historical land-use data of crop areas derived from the FAO databases (1990–2007) and published population data of farmland birds at the national level for the same period, we developed a series of multiple regression models to predict the trend of the EU state specific indicator, and the EFBI. These models incorporated up to 4 parameters and were selected based upon the significance (p < 0.05) of the model inputs with respect to the predictive variable. 17 separate models were developed in total for each of 14 EU countries plus Norway and Switzerland, and a separate model for the EU level indicator. The selected models were then implemented to predict the EFBI in the year 2025, using scenarios of land-use change generated by the CAPRI agricultural model. The uncertainty of using the regression models is discussed with respect to predicting the likely impacts of land-use change on bird populations. This work lays the framework for future modelling of farmland birds at the international scale.     

基于可持续发展目标的资源型城市可持续发展评价技术及应用——以湖南省郴州市为例

资源型城市作为我国重要战略保障基地,面临较为突出的不可持续问题,定量化开展可持续发展水平监测评估是推动其绿色转型发展、激活再生动力的重要途径。基于联合国可持续发展目标体系(SDGs),结合行星边界理论,从资源型城市可持续发展特征出发,建立了由2个系统、4个支柱、12个领域和48项指标组成的资源型城市可持续发展评价指标体系。借鉴全球SDGs监测评估实践经验,考虑指标属性,综合确定各指标的阈值,并采用改进的离差标准化、障碍度分析及耦合协调度分析等方法建立综合评价技术体系。以拥有“有色金属之乡”称号的郴州市国家可持续发展议程创新示范区为评价对象,对其2005—2019年连续15年的可持续发展水平进行实证分析。结果表明：(1)郴州市可持续发展水平整体上呈现稳步上升趋势,得分由0.398上升到0.610。(2)4个支柱中,自然资源支柱的得分进步幅度最大,高达71.3%,说明郴州市已经逐步提高对资源利用效率的重视,同时意识到挖掘替代资源的重要性,资源保障与利用能力不断提升;而发展动力支柱得分始终处于较弱或中等水平,已成为制约郴州市可持续发展和绿色转型的主要因素,其中科技创新驱动是该支柱发展关键障碍...     

城市可持续发展评价方法及其应用

城市是现代化建设的主要载体,是国家实施科教兴国和可持续发展战略的主要基地。城市将各种社会的、经济的、环境的、文化的因素与冲突融为一体,形成一类社会-经济-自然复合生态系统。如何实现城市的可持续发展,是当今世界研究的重要课题之一。城市可持续发展的评价指标和方法是衡量城市生态规划、建设、管理成效的主要依据。以山东济宁市为例,建立了济宁市可持续发展的指标体系,包括经济发展、生态建设、环境保护和社会进步4类45项指标。采用全排列多边形综合图示法评价城市在各个不同时段的建设成效。研究结果表明,济宁市可持续发展综合指数2004年为0.24,处于Ⅳ级水平,可持续发展能力较差;2006年达到0.45,处于Ⅲ级水平,可持续发展能力一般;2010年达到0.62,进入Ⅱ级水平,可持续发展能力较好;2020年达到0.84,进入I级水平,可持续发展能力优良。评价指标全面,方法直观明了,反映了整体大于或者小于部分之和的系统整合原理,评价结果符合实际,可为城市可持续发展提供参考。     

The index of sustainable economic welfare in the energy-growth nexus for American countries

Our paper is an empirical study on the comparison between the conventional energy- growth nexus and the energy-ISEW (Index for Sustainable Economic Welfare) growth nexus. We use a sample of American countries in a multivariate panel framework for a data span from 1990 to 2013, with variables such as labor, capital, carbon emissions, energy use, renewable energy, rents and trade. Results from this paper are critical for governments and institutional investors who are nowadays concerned with sustainable economic growth and welfare and not only the short-sighted GDP growth. An additional contribution of this paper is the calculation of the ISEW index for American countries, based on data availability.     

Global Material Flows and Resource Productivity: Forty Years of Evidence

The international industrial ecology (IE) research community and United Nations (UN) Environment have, for the first time, agreed on an authoritative and comprehensive data set for global material extraction and trade covering 40 years of global economic activity and natural resource use. This new data set is becoming the standard information source for decision making at the UN in the context of the post‐2015 development agenda, which acknowledges the strong links between sustainable natural resource management, economic prosperity, and human well‐being. Only if economic growth and human development can become substantially decoupled from accelerating material use, waste, and emissions can the tensions inherent in the Sustainable Development Goals be resolved and inclusive human development be achieved. In this paper, we summarize the key findings of the assessment study to make the IE research community aware of this new global research resource. The global results show a massive increase in materials extraction from 22 billion tonnes (Bt) in 1970 to 70 Bt in 2010, and an acceleration in material extraction since 2000. This acceleration has occurred at a time when global population growth has slowed and global economic growth has stalled. The global surge in material extraction has been driven by growing wealth and consumption and accelerating trade. A material footprint perspective shows that demand for materials has grown even in the wealthiest parts of the world. Low‐income countries have benefited least from growing global resource availability and have continued to deliver primary materials to high‐income countries while experiencing few improvements in their domestic material living standards. Material efficiency, the amount of primary materials required per unit of economic activity, has declined since around 2000 because of a shift of global production from very material‐efficient economies to less‐efficient ones. This global trend of recoupling economic activity with material use, driven by industrialization and urbanization in the global South, most notably Asia, has negative impacts on a suite of environmental and social issues, including natural resource depletion, climate change, loss of biodiversity, and uneven economic development. This research is a good example of the IE research community providing information for evidence‐based policy making on the global stage and testament to the growing importance of IE research in achieving global sustainable development.     

Development of a nature value index for pastoral farmland—A rapid farm-level assessment

Sustainable agriculture is important for the safeguarding of natural resources (e.g. semi-natural habitats, clean water and energy), food production and for the survival of rural communities. As part of the EU strategy towards sustainability Member States are committed to identifying and protecting areas of agrobiodiversity. Identification of the extent and support of High Nature Value (HNV) farmland across the EU was an important policy requirement of Member States Rural Development Programmes (RDP) (2007–2013) but problems defining the extent of HNV farmland have delayed progress to date. Following a five step statistical process, we developed a simple 10 point nature value index based on percentage improved agricultural grassland, stocking density (LU/ha Utilisable Agricultural Area) and length of linear habitats per hectare on a farm. We propose an index that can be used to highlight farms with low biodiversity allowing targeting of sustainability measures such as increasing field boundary area or reducing inorganic Nitrogen inputs, farms that are already sustainable from a biodiversity perspective, and could be labelled as such through national programs or even farms that are High Nature Value (HNV) and should be targeted through results-based agri-environment schemes. This nature value index has potential to be applied to a range of farmed pastoral landscapes in North West Europe's Atlantic biogeographic region. The methodology used in the development of the index has the potential to be used in other biogeographic zones to develop similar indices of nature value at farm level. This index is a simple to use, easily accessible identification tool based on farm-level data which can be utilised in sustainability indices and HNV farmland identification.