中山市2011年健康儿童脊髓灰质炎、麻疹和乙型肝炎抗体水平监测

目的了解中山市1~14岁健康儿童脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)病毒、麻疹病毒和乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒抗体水平状况,为维持无脊灰、消除麻疹和控制乙肝提供依据。方法采用多阶段整群抽样方法,随机选择220名1~14岁健康儿童抽取静脉血,采用ELISA法检测麻疹病毒抗体Ig G、乙肝病毒表面抗原和抗体;用中和试验检测脊灰(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)型病毒中和抗体。结果脊灰、麻疹和乙肝病毒抗体阳性率分别为91.36%、93.18%和66.36%,脊灰病毒Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型和麻疹病毒抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为1∶215.90、1∶119.05、1∶31.40和1∶1 254.45;乙肝病毒表面抗原阳性率为1.36%。结论中山市1~14岁健康儿童对脊灰病毒具有较高的免疫水平,已形成对脊灰病毒有效的免疫屏障;乙肝得到有效控制;但麻疹未能形成有效的免疫屏障。     

枣庄市2008年麻疹减毒活疫苗强化免疫效果评价

为了评价枣庄市麻疹疫苗(MV)强化免疫的效果,于2008年在所辖区开展了流行病学调查、麻疹血清学监测和费用-效益分析等,对MV强化免疫进行了评价。枣庄市麻疹年平均报告发病率在强化免疫前为14.1/10万,对1-6岁儿童开展MV强化免疫后,2010年麻疹发病率为0.8/10万,降低了93.5%;1-6岁儿童麻疹发病构成,强化免疫前为39.87%,强化免疫后为25.90%,大大减少了5岁以下儿童的麻疹发病;强化免疫后,1-6岁儿童麻疹抗体阳性率为99.3%,抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)从强化免疫前的1∶563.0增长到强化免疫后的1∶814.9。开展MV强化免疫费用-效益比值为1∶2.23~1∶3.12。开展MV初始化强化免疫是加速麻疹控制最有效的措施之一。     

梅州市两次麻疹疫苗强化免疫效果分析

目的综合评估分析梅州市两次麻疹疫苗强化免疫效果,为消除麻疹提供科学依据。方法综合分析麻疹疫苗强化免疫现场调查资料、评估法定传染病报告系统中麻疹发病率的变化;随机对辖区内1～12岁健康儿童216名,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)进行强化免疫前及完成二次强化免疫后麻疹lgG抗体水平监测。结果监测人群完成二次强化免疫后麻疹IgG抗体阳性率达100.00%(216/216),2009年强化组、2010年强化组麻疹IgG抗体保护率和几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为82.08%、87.62%和1958.83、2050.26,均显著高于强化免疫前;2009年强化免疫后麻疹年发病率由强化免疫前五年平均发病率1.71/10万下降至0.22/10万,下降率87.13%,2010年强化后麻疹年发病率再次下降(0.039/10万),下降率82.27%。结论梅州市两次麻疹疫苗强化免疫效果显著,均大幅度降低了麻疹发病率、提高了人群麻疹抗体水平。     

湘西少数民族健康人群脊髓灰质炎疫苗免疫效果监测分析

目的了解湘西少数民族地区健康人群脊髓灰质炎(poliomyelitis,以下简称脊灰)免疫水平及1岁内儿童完成脊灰疫苗基础免疫后的免疫效果,为制定脊灰免疫策略提供科学依据。方法随机抽取湘西土家族苗族自治州345名健康人群调查脊髓灰质炎免疫水平,同时选择50名1岁内完成脊灰疫苗基础免疫1个月后的婴幼儿调查免疫成功率,采用微细胞中和试验检测脊灰中和抗体水平。结果 1岁内婴幼儿脊灰I型和III型中和抗体阳性率均为100%,I型和III型抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为1∶916.51和1∶724.09。健康人群中脊灰I型和III型中和抗体阳性率分别为92.26%和97.39%,脊灰I型和III型GMT分别为1∶174.03和1∶95.84;同年龄组中I型GMT均高于III型,0～3岁组I型和III型GMT最高,各型GMT随着年龄的增长均呈现下降趋势。结论湘西土家族苗族自治州针对脊灰疫苗冷链运转情况好,疫苗接种质量与效果好,脊灰疫苗接种免疫成功率高,健康人群免疫状况良好,已形成牢固的免疫屏障,能有效地控制和阻断脊灰野病毒的传播。     

德州市孕期妇女麻疹抗体水平调查分析

目的了解孕期妇女麻疹抗体水平,为麻疹免疫策略提供依据。方法2005-2006年,在德州市随机抽取部分地区20-38岁孕期妇女进行血清麻疹IgG抗体检测。结果检测702人,麻疹IgG抗体阳性率为84．33％,保护率为37．75％,抗体几何平均滴度（GMT）为1：176．81。不同地区麻疹抗体阳性率和GMT的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;GMT呈现随年龄增长而增加的趋势（P〈0．05）。结论德州市孕期妇女麻疹IgG抗体水平较低。     

麻疹减毒活疫苗不同剂量初免及复种后的免疫效果研究

目的评价麻疹减毒活疫苗（Measles Attenuated Live Vaccine,MV）不同接种剂量在初免及复种后的免疫效果及差异性。方法在同一观察区域、不同时段对适龄儿童分成两组采用MV0.2 ml与0.5 ml接种剂量分别在初免和复种后进行麻疹IgG抗体滴度测定。结果初免后,0.5 ml组较0.2 ml组IgG抗体阳性率、保护率分别提高5.28%与9.79%,抗体几何平均滴度（GMT）由1：543.03提高至1：813.51;初免加复种后,0.5 ml组较0.2 ml组阳性率、保护率分别提高5.32%与3.98%,GMT由1：740.49提高至1：1098.30;初免加复种较单一初免的阳性率、GMT差异有统计学意义。结论初免接种剂量0.5 ml可提高IgG抗体阳转率;复种0.5 ml与0.2 ml组的保护率差异无统计学意义,但0.5 ml组抗体阳性率、GMT较高。     

河南省健康儿童A、C、Y和W135群流行性脑脊髓膜炎抗体水平回顾性调查

目的观察从未接种脑膜炎奈瑟菌疫苗的健康儿童人群抗体水平。方法采用血清体外杀菌试验检测来自2013年河南省3月龄~6岁儿童的1 944份血样中抗A、C、Y和W135群流行性脑脊髓膜炎(简称流脑)抗体水平,计算抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)和易感人群比例,并进行统计分析。结果研究结果显示,受试者A、C、Y和W135群流脑血清抗体GMT为1∶0.66~1∶1.74,易感人群比例为91.82%~97.63%;不同性别人群血清抗体GMT和易感人群比例差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。进一步分析发现,不同年龄组受试者A、C和W135群流脑杀菌抗体GMT和抗体滴度≥1∶8人群比例均无统计学意义(P0.05)。在6~23月龄受试者中Y群流脑杀菌抗体GMT(1∶3.42)和抗体滴度≥1∶8人群比例(17.51%)显著高于3~5月龄和2~6岁两个年龄组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 3月龄~6岁儿童A、C、Y和W135群流脑抗体水平均较低,为减轻儿童免疫负担,建议对这类易感人群接种多价流脑结合疫苗。     

2018年河南省健康人群脊髓灰质炎抗体水平监测结果分析

目的了解2018年河南省健康人群脊髓灰质炎(poliomyelitis,简称脊灰)抗体水平,为评价脊灰疫苗免疫效果、保持河南省无脊灰状态提供科学依据。方法选取漯河市舞阳县、许昌市建安区和濮阳市清丰县作为监测点,通过中和抗体测定法对健康人群进行脊灰抗体检测。结果共检测636份健康人血标本,其中脊灰I型和III型抗体阳性率分别为96.54%和93.55%,抗体几何平均滴度(geometric mean titer,GMT)分别为1∶137.70和1∶47.27,I型、III型抗体阳性率和GMT之间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),I型抗体阳性率和GMT均高于III型。不同年龄组之间脊灰I型、III型抗体阳性率和GMT差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),GMT随着年龄的增加而降低。不同免疫史之间脊灰I型、III型抗体阳性率和GMT差异有统计学意义(P0.05),接种过脊灰疫苗人群的抗体阳性率和GMT均高于未接种或者免疫史不详人群。不同性别和不同地区之间脊灰I型、III型抗体阳性率和GMT差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 2018年河南省健康人群脊灰抗体处于较高水平,已形成了有效的免疫屏障,但保持河南省无脊灰的发生工作依然严峻。脊灰防治需加强人群的疫苗免疫规划和常规免疫,定期对健康人群脊灰抗体的检测是防止脊灰病毒传播较为有效的方法之一。     

湘西少数民族健康人群脊灰疫苗免疫效果监测

目的 了解湘西少数民族地区健康人群脊髓灰质炎(poliomyelitis,本文简称脊灰)免疫水平及1岁内儿童完成脊灰疫苗基础免疫后的免疫效果,为制定脊灰免疫策略提供科学依据。方法 随机抽取湘西土家族苗族自治州345名健康人群调查脊髓灰质炎免疫水平,同时选择50名1岁内完成脊灰疫苗基础免疫1个月后的婴幼儿调查免疫成功率,采用微细胞中和试验检测脊灰中和抗体水平。结果 1岁内婴幼儿脊灰I型和III型中和抗体阳性率均为100%,I型和III型抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为1∶916.51和1∶724.09。健康人群中脊灰I型和III型中和抗体阳性率分别为92.26%和97.39%,脊灰I型和III型GMT分别为1∶174.03和1∶95.84;同年龄组中I型GMT均高于III型,0~3岁组I型和III型GMT最高,各型GMT随着年龄的增长均呈现下降趋势。结论 湘西土家族苗族自治州冷链运转情况好,疫苗接种质量与效果好,脊灰疫苗接种免疫成功率高,健康人群免疫状况良好,已形牢固的免疫屏障,能有效地控制和阻断脊灰野病毒的传播。     

中国不同人群麻疹抗体水平分析

本研究对中国不同人群麻疹抗体水平进行分析,为我国在临近麻疹消除阶段的预防控制工作提供指导和借鉴。通过多种检索途径获得中国麻疹抗体阳性水平相关文献,采用Stata 16.0等软件对效应量指标进行meta分析、χ2和非参数检验。共纳入498篇文献,时间跨度为1989-2020年。meta分析随机效应模型计算总的抗体阳性率为88.36%(95%CI:87.84%～88.88%),>85%;抗体保护率为63.30%(95%CI:60.35%～66.24%);抗体几何平均浓度（Geometric mean concentration,GMC）中位数为912.83mIU/mL,>800mIU/mL保护水平。2000-2019年间,我国不同年代麻疹抗体阳性率均在85%以上,无显著性差异;抗体保护率从68.29%(95%CI:55.84%～80.73%)下降到44.26%(95%CI:38.26%～50.25%)。除<1岁组外,各年龄组抗体阳性率均在85%以上,但随着年龄增长人群保护率呈下降趋势;<1岁组GMC(470.75mIU/mL)最低,20～34岁人群在693.69～7...     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.