16S rRNA序列分析法在大气微生物检测中的应用

随首微生物核糖体数据库的日益完善,１６Ｓ ｒＲＮＡ序列分析技术已应用于海洋、湖泊和土壤等环境微生物多样性的分析,但尚未见其在大气微生物菌群分析中的应用报道。本研究选择５株大气中采集分离的菌株,通过细胞１６Ｓ ｒＲＮＡ通过引物ＰＣＲ扩增其对应序列,直接对ＰＣＲ产物进行测序,分析鉴定其对应细胞的种属,并将该结果同细胞表型鉴定、全自动微生物分析仪以及相色谱分析结果加以比较。结果表明１６Ｓ ｒＲＮＡ序列分     

厌氧微生物研究的新进展（续）

厌氧微生物研究的新进展（续）凌代文（中国科学院微生物研究所,北京１０００８０）ｒＲＮＡ／ＤＮＡ和１６ＳｒＲＮＡ序列的测定已表明在系统发育上肠球菌和链球菌属、乳球菌属为同等相连群。当今使用反转录酶法分析测定１６ＳｒＲＮＡ全序列指示出肠球菌在系统发育上更...     

豌豆5SrRNA的cDNA克隆、全序列及结构特征分析

以赤霉素（ＧＡ）处理后的Ｇ２豌豆为材料,构建了一个２．０×１０６的ｃＤＮＡ文库,用随机筛选法从该ｃＤＮＡ文库中得到一个完整的ｃＤＮＡ．其中１１１５ｂｐ全序列分析表明,它编码了豌豆５Ｓ核糖体ＲＮＡ（５ＳｒｉｂｏｓｏｍａｌＲＮＡ,５ＳｒＲＮＡ）,基因内部存在着与核糖体蛋白Ｌ５及５ＳｒＲＮＡ结合蛋白（５ＳｒＲＮＡＢｉｎｄｉｎｇＰｒｏｔｅｉｎ）同源的区段,这些同源区段是蛋白与ＲＮＡ结合的位点．基因内部还存在着大量的重复序列．     

ITS序列同源性在苏云金芽孢杆菌分型中的应用研究*

ＰＣＲ扩增了苏云金芽孢杆菌９个亚种的１６Ｓ－２３５ｒＲＮＡ基因转录间隔（ＩＴＳ）片段,它们的长度均为１４４碱基;序列同源性分析结果指出这９个亚种及其它亚种的ＩＴＳ序列高度相似,说明１６Ｓ－２３５ ｒＲＮＡ基因的ＩＴＳ序列不适于苏云金芽抱杆菌亚种的分型。     

ITS序列同源性在苏云金芽孢杆菌分型中的应用研究

ＰＣＲ扩增了苏云金芽孢杆菌９个亚种的１６Ｓ－２３Ｓ ｒＲＮＡ基因转录间隔（ＩＴＳ）片段,它们的长度均为１４４碱基;序列同源性分析结果批出这９个亚种及其它亚种的ＩＴＳ序列高度相似,说明１６Ｓ－２３Ｓ ｒＲＮＡ基因的ＩＴＳ序列不适于苏云金孢杆菌亚种的分型。     

几种腹蛇12S rRNA和Cyt b基因片段序列的初步研究

首次对我国几种腹属蛇类的１２Ｓ ｒＲＮＡ和Ｃｙｔ ｂ基因的部分序列进行了测定。１２Ｓ ｒＲＮＡ基因片段序列结果揭示：中介蝮有较大的种下分化。本文为蝮属蛇类的分子系统学研究提供了一些资料。     

定向进化同源基因在细菌系统进化研究中的应用

１　细菌系统进化及分类研究的发展──从表型到基因型 近年来,随着分子生物学理论和技术的发展,细菌系统进化及分类研究有了长足的进步。过去,判断某一群细菌的分类地位,往往仅利用其表观特征,如细菌形态、菌落形态、生理特征、细胞组份等。随着分子生物学研究的深入,基因型特征成为细菌系统进化及分类研究的主要依据。常用的基因型特征包括：ＤＮＡ Ｇ＋Ｃｍｏｌ％、ＤＮＡ－ＤＮＡ相关性分析、ＤＮＡ指纹分析及ｒＲＮＡ同源性分析等。值得一提的是,Ｗｏｅｓｅ通过对各类生物ｒＲＮＡ序列进行分析,认为ｓｓｕ ｒＲＮＡ（１６Ｓ或…     

由部分核糖体RNA序列研究的绿僵菌属种系统发育关系

本研究应用特异寡聚核酸引物和双脱氧核苷酸终止法测定绿僵菌Ｍｅｔａｒｈｉｚｉｕｍ不同种的部分ｒＲＮＡ序列。这些序列分别选自小亚基（１８Ｓ）和大亚基（２５Ｓ）ｒＲＮＡ上的不同区域。校排的不同序列用于计算核苷酸的差异。绿僵菌的系统发育关系采用最大可能性方法分析。所有的分类单元聚类成二个分支。在产生圆柱状瓶形小梗的种中,Ｍ．ａｎｉｓｏｐｌｉａｅ ｖａｒ．ａｎｉｓｏｐｌｉａｅ．Ｍ．ａｎｉｓｏｐｌｉａｅ ｖａ     

亚洲淡水和陆生龟鳖类12S rRNA基因片段的序列分析和系统发生研究

对亚洲产淡水和陆生龟鳖４科２３个种进行了ＤＮＡ序列水平的分子系统学研究，用ＰＣＲ技术扩增约４００ｂｐ的线粒体１２ＳｒＲＮＡ基因片段进行了序列分析，合并从ＧｅｎＢａｎｋ中检索到的其它龟鳖类的序列数据，在基于二级结构的对位排列基因上用邻结法地系统发生研究。结果表明，潮龟科与陆龟简拼要缘关系比龟科与陆龟科的近；支持将平胸龟属归为鳄龟上属；潮产是并系起源，从１２ＳｒＲＮＡ基因序列得到的系统发生关系不支持根     

蓖麻蚕rDNA基因核骨架结合区在酵母中的自主复制功能

蓖麻蚕核糖体ＲＮＡ基因（ｒＤＮＡ）５′－非转录间隔区有长约１ｋｂ的核骨架结合区ＳＡＲ（ｓｃａｆｏｌｄ－ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔ－ｅｄｒｅｇｉｏｎ）［１］。本文对该ＳＡＲ元件的酵母自主复制功能进一步研究,证明该ＳＡＲ５′端６８８ｂｐ含有１２个ＡＣＳ（ＡＲＳ的核心序列）同源序列,但无ＡＲＳ活性,而其３′端仅３个ＡＣＳ同源序列,但对酵母的转化率比全片段还高４０～５０倍。体外结合实验证明,蓖麻蚕ｒＲＮＡ基因的ＳＡＲ能专一地同酵母核骨架结合,提示ＡＲＳ的功能体现与核骨架结合紧密相关。ｒＲＮＡ基因ＳＡＲ与ＡＲＳ的功能在进化上可能是很保守的。在此基础上可进一步分析ＳＡＲ中与ＤＮＡ复制相关的正调及负调元件。     

Ribosomal protein-dependent orientation of the 16 S rRNA environment of S15

Ribosomal protein S15 binds specifically to the central domain of 16 S ribosomal RNA (16 S rRNA) and directs the assembly of four additional proteins to this domain. The central domain of 16 S rRNA along with these five proteins form the platform of the 30 S subunit. Previously, directed hydroxyl radical probing from Fe(II)-S15 in small ribonucleoprotein complexes was used to study assembly of the central domain of 16 S rRNA. Here, this same approach was used to understand the 16 S rRNA environment of Fe(II)-S15 in 30 S subunits and to determine the ribosomal proteins that are involved in forming the mature S15-16 S rRNA environment. We have identified additional sites of Fe(II)-S15-directed cleavage in 30S subunits compared to the binary complex of Fe(II)-S15/16 S rRNA. Along with novel targets in the central domain, sites within the 5' and 3' minor domains are also cleaved. This suggests that during the course of 30S subunit assembly these elements are positioned in the vicinity of S15. Besides the previously determined role for S8, roles for S5, S6+S18, and S16 in altering the 16 S rRNA environment of S15 were established. These studies reveal that ribosomal proteins can alter the assembly of regions of the 30 S subunit from a considerable distance and influence the overall conformation of this ribonucleoprotein particle.     

Characterization of Vibrio fischeri rRNA operons and subcloning of a ribosomal DNA promoter.

Analysis of rRNA genes in Vibrio fischeri indicates the presence of eight rRNA gene sets in this organism. It was found that the genes for 5S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and 23S rRNA are organized in operons in the following order: 5' end 16S rRNA 23S RNA 5S rRNA 3' end. Although the operons are homologous, they are not identical with regard to cleavage sites for various restriction endonucleases. A DNA library was constructed, and three ribosomal DNA clones were obtained. One of these clones contained an entire rRNA operon and was used as a source for subcloning. The promoter region which leads to plasmid instability was successfully subcloned into pHG165. The terminator region was subcloned into pBR322.     

Matching the crystallographic structure of ribosomal protein S7 to a three-dimensional model of the 16S ribosomal RNA.

Two recently published but independently derived structures, namely the X-ray crystallographic structure of ribosomal protein S7 and the "binding pocket" for this protein in a three-dimensional model of the 16S rRNA, have been correlated with one another. The known rRNA-protein interactions for S7 include a minimum binding site, a number of footprint sites, and two RNA-protein crosslink sites on the 16S rRNA, all of which form a compact group in the published 16S rRNA model (despite the fact that these interactions were not used as primary modeling constraints in building that model). The amino acids in protein S7 that are involved in the two crosslinks to 16S rRNA have also been determined in previous studies, and here we have used these sites to orient the crystallographic structure of S7 relative to its rRNA binding pocket. Some minor alterations were made to the rRNA model to improve the fit. In the resulting structure, the principal positively charged surface of the protein is in contact with the 16S rRNA, and all of the RNA-protein interaction data are satisfied. The quality of the fit gives added confidence as to the validity of the 16S rRNA model. Protein S7 is furthermore known to be crosslinked both to P site-bound tRNA and to mRNA at positions upstream of the P site codon; the matched S7-16S rRNA structure makes a prediction as to the location of this crosslink site within the protein molecule.     

Ribosomal protein-nucleic acid interactions. I. Isolation of a polypeptide fragment from 30S protein S8 which binds to 16S rRNA.

Within the bacterial ribosome a large number of specific protein and rRNA interactions appear to be required for assembly of the particle and its subsequent function in protein synthesis. In this communication it is shown that it is possible to isolate cyanogen bromide digestion products from ribosomal 30S protein S8 which will interact stoichiometrically with 16S rRNA. In addition to this a small binding polypeptide was generated from S8-16S rRNA complexes which were treated with proteinase K. The digestion of the complex yields a "protected" fragment of protein S8 which binds to 16S-rRNA. The isolated fragment will reassociate with 16S rRNA. It is not displaced by other 30S ribosomal proteins and blocks the binding of intact S8 to 16S rRNA. The size the possible structure of the S8 protein binding site are discussed and compared with the binding of cyanogen bromide digestion products which bind to 16S rRNA.     

Unique organization of Leptospira interrogans rRNA genes.

We cloned Sau3AI fragments containing the rRNA genes for Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola strain Moulton in the BamHI site of lambda EMBL3 bacteriophage DNA. Physical maps of the fragments were constructed, and the locations of the rRNA genes were determined by Southern blot hybridization and S1 protection. Each fragment of the 23S or the 16S rRNA gene contained at least one copy of the 23S or the 16S sequence. Genomic hybridization showed that there were two genes for the 23S rRNA and the 16S rRNA but only one gene for the 5S rRNA on the chromosome of L. interrogans. The results revealed the important fact that each rRNA gene is located far from the other rRNA genes. Our findings, accordingly, also suggest that these rRNA genes are expressed independently in this organism.     

Novel approach to quantitative detection of specific rRNA in a microbial community, using catalytic DNA

We developed a novel method for the quantitative detection of the 16S rRNA of a specific bacterial species in the microbial community by using deoxyribozyme (DNAzyme), which possesses the catalytic function to cleave RNA in a sequence-specific manner. A mixture of heterogeneous 16S rRNA containing the target 16S rRNA was incubated with a species-specific DNAzyme. The cleaved target 16S rRNA was separated from the intact 16S rRNA by electrophoresis, and then their amounts were compared for the quantitative detection of target 16S rRNA. This method was used to determine the abundance of the 16S rRNA of a filamentous bacterium, Sphaerotilus natans, in activated sludge, which is a microbial mixture used in wastewater treatment systems. The result indicated that this DNAzyme-based approach would be applicable to actual microbial communities.     

Novel Approach to Quantitative Detection of Specific rRNA in a Microbial Community, Using Catalytic DNA

We developed a novel method for the quantitative detection of the 16S rRNA of a specific bacterial species in the microbial community by using deoxyribozyme (DNAzyme), which possesses the catalytic function to cleave RNA in a sequence-specific manner. A mixture of heterogeneous 16S rRNA containing the target 16S rRNA was incubated with a species-specific DNAzyme. The cleaved target 16S rRNA was separated from the intact 16S rRNA by electrophoresis, and then their amounts were compared for the quantitative detection of target 16S rRNA. This method was used to determine the abundance of the 16S rRNA of a filamentous bacterium, Sphaerotilus natans, in activated sludge, which is a microbial mixture used in wastewater treatment systems. The result indicated that this DNAzyme-based approach would be applicable to actual microbial communities.     

Assembly of the central domain of the 30S ribosomal subunit: roles for the primary binding ribosomal proteins S15 and S8

Assembly of the 30S ribosomal subunit occurs in a highly ordered and sequential manner. The ordered addition of ribosomal proteins to the growing ribonucleoprotein particle is initiated by the association of primary binding proteins. These proteins bind specifically and independently to 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Two primary binding proteins, S8 and S15, interact exclusively with the central domain of 16S rRNA. Binding of S15 to the central domain results in a conformational change in the RNA and is followed by the ordered assembly of the S6/S18 dimer, S11 and finally S21 to form the platform of the 30S subunit. In contrast, S8 is not part of this major platform assembly branch. Of the remaining central domain binding proteins, only S21 association is slightly dependent on S8. Thus, although S8 is a primary binding protein that extensively contacts the central domain, its role in assembly of this domain remains unclear. Here, we used directed hydroxyl radical probing from four unique positions on S15 to assess organization of the central domain of 16S rRNA as a consequence of S8 association. Hydroxyl radical probing of Fe(II)-S15/16S rRNA and Fe(II)-S15/S8/16S rRNA ribonucleoprotein particles reveal changes in the 16S rRNA environment of S15 upon addition of S8. These changes occur predominantly in helices 24 and 26 near previously identified S8 binding sites. These S8-dependent conformational changes are consistent with 16S rRNA folding in complete 30S subunits. Thus, while S8 binding is not absolutely required for assembly of the platform, it appears to affect significantly the 16S rRNA environment of S15 by influencing central domain organization.