Approaches to Selecting Native Plant Replacements for Fleshy-Fruited Invasive Species

Invasive plants are a serious threat to biodiversity. Yet, in some cases, they may play an important ecological role in heavily modified landscapes, such as where fleshy‐fruited invasive plants support populations of native frugivores. How can such conservation conflicts be managed? We advocate an approach in which native fleshy‐fruited plants are ranked on their ability to provide the fruit food resources for native frugivores currently being provided by invasive plants. If these native taxa are preferentially used, where ecologically appropriate, in plantings for restoration and in park and garden settings, they could help support native frugivore populations in the event of extensive invasive plant control. We develop and critically examine six approaches to selecting candidate native plant taxa: a multivariate approach based on the frugivore assemblage, a scoring model, and several multivariate approaches (including trait combinations having the greatest correlation with the diet of the native frugivore assemblage) based on the functional traits of fruit morphology, phenology, conspicuousness, and accessibility. To illustrate these approaches, we use a case study with Bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata) (Asteraceae), an Australian Weed of National Significance. The model using a dissimilarity value generated from all available traits identified a set of species used by the frugivores of C. monilifera more than null models. A replacement approach using species ranked by either all traits available or the frugivore community appears best suited to guide selection of plants in restoration practice.     

Attraction of Fruit-Eating Bats with Essential Oils of Fruits: A Potential Tool for Forest Restoration

Previous tests with essential oils from ripe chiropterochoric fruits suggested they can be used to attract and capture fruit-eating bats inside forest remnants. Here we evaluated the efficiency of these oils to attract frugivorous bats to open areas. We performed field tests with artificial fruits impregnated with essential oils of the genera Piper or Ficus that were attached to two groups of mist-nets set 50 m outside the border of a forest remnant. One group of artificial fruits received the corresponding oil isolated through hydrodistillation and the other received water only. Fruits with oils attracted significantly more fruit-eating bats, especially Artibeus lituratus that regularly crosses open habitats to reach other forest remnants. The highly significant attraction of A. lituratus by the oil of Piper was unexpected, since this bat is a specialist on Ficus fruits. We hypothesize that in habitats with no fruit available it is possible to attract frugivorous bats with the odor of several ripe fruit species. Furthermore, we verified that almost half of the individuals captured defecated seeds, indicating that the oils also attract recently fed bats, even when their preferred food is available nearby. This technique potentially may increase seed rain at specific locations, being particularly promising to restoration projects.     

生态建设补偿的定量标准——以南水北调东线水源地保护区一期生态建设工程为例

生态补偿标准的确定是生态补偿机制建立的重点和难点.以南水北调东线水源地保护一期生态建设工程的补偿为例,探讨生态建设的补偿标准.从工程投资和机会成本的角度分析生态建设的总成本为1.46亿元/年,通过生态系统服务价值评价并结合专家咨询赋权,计算出生态建设工程成功实施后,建设区域所增加的生态服务效益为0.83亿元/年,外部区域所增加的生态服务效益为2.13亿元/年;综合生态建设成本和生态效益,提出了根据生态服务效益分担生态建设成本的补偿标准分析思路,并由此计算得到外部区域对建设区域的补偿标准为1.11亿元/年.     

The competition–dispersal trade‐off exists in forbs but not in graminoids: A case study from multispecies alpine grassland communities

Much theoretical evidence has demonstrated that a trade‐off between competitive and dispersal ability plays an important role in facilitating species coexistence. However, experimental evidence from natural communities is still rare. Here, we tested the competition–dispersal trade‐off hypothesis in an alpine grassland in the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China, by quantifying competitive and dispersal ability using a combination of 4 plant traits (seed mass, ramet mass, height, and dispersal mode). Our results show that the competition–dispersal trade‐off exists in the alpine grassland community and that this pattern was primarily demonstrated by forbs. The results suggest that most forb species are constrained to be either good competitors or good dispersers but not both, while there was no significant trade‐off between competitive and dispersal ability for most graminoids. This might occur because graminoids undergo clonal reproduction, which allows them to find more benign microenvironments, forage for nutrients across a large area and store resources in clonal structures, and they are thus not strictly limited by the particular resources at our study site. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the CD trade‐off has been tested for plants across the whole life cycle in a natural multispecies plant community, and more comprehensive studies are still needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and the linkage between the CD trade‐off and community composition.     

A modelling approach to estimate the effect of exotic pollinators on exotic weed population dynamics: bumblebees and broom in Australia

The role of mutualisms in contributing to species invasions is rarely considered, inhibiting effective risk analysis and management options. Potential ecological consequences of invasion of non‐native pollinators include increased pollination and seed set of invasive plants, with subsequent impacts on population growth rates and rates of spread. We outline a quantitative approach for evaluating the impact of a proposed introduction of an invasive pollinator on existing weed population dynamics and demonstrate the use of this approach on a relatively data‐rich case study: the impacts on Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) from proposed introduction of Bombus terrestris. Three models have been used to assess population growth (matrix model), spread speed (integrodifference equation), and equilibrium occupancy (lattice model) for C. scoparius. We use available demographic data for an Australian population to parameterize two of these models. Increased seed set due to more efficient pollination resulted in a higher population growth rate in the density‐independent matrix model, whereas simulations of enhanced pollination scenarios had a negligible effect on equilibrium weed occupancy in the lattice model. This is attributed to strong microsite limitation of recruitment in invasive C. scoparius populations observed in Australia and incorporated in the lattice model. A lack of information regarding secondary ant dispersal of C. scoparius prevents us from parameterizing the integrodifference equation model for Australia, but studies of invasive populations in California suggest that spread speed will also increase with higher seed set. For microsite‐limited C. scoparius populations, increased seed set has minimal effects on equilibrium site occupancy. However, for density‐independent rapidly invading populations, increased seed set is likely to lead to higher growth rates and spread speeds. The impacts of introduced pollinators on native flora and fauna and the potential for promoting range expansion in pollinator‐limited ‘sleeper weeds’ also remain substantial risks.     

县区生态系统服务分布图编制——以北京市延庆区土壤保持服务为例

地图是直观展示生态系统服务空间分布格局的手段,是确定重要生态保护目标和区域的主要方法。结合制图学理论方法及国家、行业相关制图规范,探讨生态系统服务分布图编制的目标、原则、流程和制图方法。以编制北京市延庆区1 ： 25万土壤保持服务分布图为例,分析了地理基础确定、地理要素取舍以及土壤保持服务分级等关键制图方法,提出了土壤保持服务分布图的编制规范。研究结果表明,编制的图件能够详尽的展示土壤保持服务的分布特征,精细的反映生态系统服务与自然、人文要素的关系。通过详实的图面信息可进一步判别土壤保持服务分布重要区域,这将为区域生态环境保护规划提供重要技术手段。     

地表水资源供给服务供需关系对节水政策的响应——以大清河流域为例

水资源是基础性自然资源和战略资源,科学量化水资源供给服务的供需关系、识别供需矛盾的突出区域是进行流域水资源管理的重要前提。以大清河流域为例,利用InVEST模型,建立了水资源供给服务空间流动量化方法,预测了用水效率提升、节水灌溉两种节水政策情景对水资源供给服务供需关系的影响。结果表明：(1)流域水资源供给服务和水资源需求量均呈现出上游低、下游高的空间分布格局,农业用水为流域主要用水类型,2010—2015年,流域水资源供给服务增长0.97%,水资源需求量出现了9.6%的下降;(2)2010—2015年,流域整体水资源供给服务的供需比由0.78提升至0.88,服务的空间流动使得上游盈余的水量缓解了中下游的用水压力,但中下游水资源需求大于供给的问题仍普遍存在;(3)提升用水效率、推行节水灌溉这两种节水政策均能够有效改善大清河流域的水资源供需关系,分别可将流域水资源供需比提升至0.97和0.96,基本达到供需平衡。研究可为北方资源型缺水流域水资源供需匹配度的提高、节水政策潜力的评估提供借鉴。     

基于生态系统服务视角的山水林田湖草生态保护与修复——以洞庭湖流域为例

山水林田湖草系统保护与修复的重要目标是维护和提升区域生态系统服务。基于山水林田湖草生命共同体理念,以维护和提升人类福祉所需的重要生态系统服务为目标,提出生态系统服务视角下的山水林田湖草系统治理框架,以实现流域生态系统整体保护、质量提升和格局优化。基于该框架,以洞庭湖流域为例,通过流域生态系统格局、生态系统质量状况分析、流域生态系统服务重要性评估和生态问题识别,构建流域生态安全格局,为实现可持续的山水林田湖草生命共同体提出系统保护与修复布局建议。通过洞庭湖流域的分析案例为流域山水林田湖草生态保护与修复重要区域的识别提供了可借鉴的指标和定量分析方法,为流域尺度构建生态安全格局、实现山水林田湖草系统保护和修复提供思路和途径。     

The ecological barriers to the recovery of bridal creeper (Asparagus asparagoides (L.) Druce) infested sites: Impacts on vegetation and the potential increase in other exotic species

Abstract To protect native biodiversity from environmental weeds, the impacts that these weeds cause need to be known before weed control commences. Asparagus asparagoides (L.) Druce (bridal creeper) (Asparagaceae) is a serious environmental weed and has been selected for biological control in Australia. To predict the responses of plant communities to the control of bridal creeper, a prerelease baseline of the impacts of bridal creeper on native plant communities was undertaken. Plant assemblages in areas invaded by bridal creeper were compared with reference areas that contained little or no bridal creeper. Areas invaded by bridal creeper contained 52% fewer native plant species when compared with nearby reference areas. However, there was no difference in the number of other exotic plant species between areas. Similar trends were found for the germinable seed bank. Although a greater number of exotic species were present in the seed bank compared with the vegetation surveys, there was still no difference between areas with and without bridal creeper. In a glasshouse trial, exotic species germinated more frequently compared with native species. This could indicate that as bridal creeper density decreases following control, exotic species have an advantage over native species when colonizing areas left vacant by bridal creeper. Second, as bridal creeper areas contained reduced native species richness and cover, they may be susceptible to further weed invasion after bridal creeper is removed. Therefore, simply reducing the presence of bridal creeper may not guarantee successful restoration of invaded areas and additional restoration efforts will be needed to ensure the ultimate goal of protecting native biodiversity is reached.     

C9泄漏事故对海湾生态系统服务的影响评估——以x海湾为例

海湾是海洋中最易受人类活动干扰的区域,构建C9泄漏造成的海湾生态系统服务损失评估框架并进行定量评估对维护海湾生态安全具有重要意义。本研究以x海湾C9泄漏事故为例,基于生态系统服务损失视角,综合应用市场价值法、替代成本法、碳税法及能值分析法,结合海湾生态过程,针对C9泄漏事故造成的关键生态系统服务(食品生产、气体调节、气候调节、废物处理、人体健康、养分循环、物种多样性维持、休闲娱乐)损失建立货币价值评估模式,分析了x海湾生态系统服务损失情况。结果表明: C9泄漏造成的x海湾关键生态系统服务损失总价值为1.93亿元,单位面积损失的货币价值达1.19亿元·km^-2,是一般海洋溢油事件的2800余倍。其中,食品生产服务损失占总损失价值的77.1%,远高于一般近海溢油事故对人类的生产生活的影响。研究结果可为C9等有毒物质泄漏造成的海湾生态系统服务损失评估提供参考,为政府决策和国土空间规划提供依据。     

生态系统生产总值核算理论在生态文明评价中的应用——以三亚市文门村为例

乡村生态文明建设是海南生态省建设的重要内容。通过培育"文明生态村"、打造"美丽乡村",海南省乡村生态文明建设进入提质增效的生态产业化阶段,为乡村迎来了发展机遇。生态系统生产总值核算可以通过在乡村尺度上计算生态系统产品与服务的价值,起到监督、评价生态文明建设进展,探寻生态保护与乡村经济发展的平衡点,为实现彼此增益提供科学的数据支撑。同时,生态系统生产总值核算可以客观呈现当前乡村的生态价值,以此可以吸引资本、技术、人才等要素向农村流动,推动绿水青山变成金山银山。研究以海南省三亚市天涯区文门村为例,基于生态系统生产总值核算理论,对其生态系统产品与服务功能量和价值量进行核算。结果表明,文门村2017年生态系统生产总值是10297.79万元,生态系统产品价值占24.93%,调节服务价值占75.07%,单位面积生态系统生态总值为5.06万元/hm²。调节服务价值中,水源涵养、洪水调蓄、固碳释氧和空气净化价值分别为3287.44万元、1593.32万元、2815.31万元和34.72万元;林地对生态调节服务价值的贡献最大,达到5378.33万元,约占总间接价值的69.57%,其...     

基于生态系统服务功能和生态敏感性的生态空间划定研究——以南宁市为例

生态空间管制是我国国土空间管制的重要内容。针对目前国内对生态空间认知有差异,对其划定技术方法还处于探索阶段的情况下,以生态系统服务功能和生态敏感性技术评价方法为手段,以广西壮族自治区南宁市为研究对象,开展了基于生态系统服务功能重要性和生态敏感性的生态空间划定方法的探索研究。结果表明:(1)研究区域内主导的生态系统服务功能主要为生物多样性维护功能和水土保持功能,其次为水源涵养功能。生态系统综合服务功能重要性类型以一般重要为主,约占研究区总面积的42.32%。(2)研究区生态敏感性以水土流失敏感性为主,其次为石漠化敏感类型。生态环境综合敏感类型以敏感为主,约占总面积的85.44%。(3)研究区内初步划定生态空间总面积约9325.27 km~2,占研究区总面积的42.19%,占研究区内生态用地面积的76.59%。土地利用类型以林地为主,约占生态空间面积的83.65%。划定的生态空间范围涵盖了绝大部分生态用地。本研究在一定程度上丰富了生态空间的内涵,可为进一步理解和划定生态空间提供参考与借鉴。     

农作物授粉生态系统服务评估——以丽江老君山地区为例

为科学评估野生传粉昆虫对农作物授粉生态系统服务能力以及空间格局,基于不同土地利用/覆被类型上各种野生传粉蜂的蜜粉源植物和其巢穴资源的可得性,并结合其传粉的飞行行为及对其传粉有一定依赖性的作物,以ArcGIS9.2为平台构建了针对每个农作物像元的生态系统传粉授粉服务能力评估模型。并在云南丽江老君山地区,以当地野生东方蜜蜂(Apiscerana Fabricius)为例进行了模型的应用。结果表明:当地野生东方蜜蜂在森林的平均生境质量指数最高,达到2.24×10-2;而在栽培植被最低,为0.37×10-2。由于研究区西部农作物区分布零散,周边天然林可提供丰富的蜜粉源和栖息地;而东部农作区集中连片,作物相单一,传粉有较大的空间障碍,且周边多为次生林,研究区农田范围内授粉服务能力空间分布呈现"西高东低"格局。     

基于土地利用变化的区域生态系统服务价值评价——以山东省德州市为

根据德州市2006-2014年土地利用变化数据,运用土地利用动态度指标分析土地利用变化情况,基于陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值当量表,结合德州市经济发展水平进行系数修正,对德州市2006-2014年间生态系统服务价值的时空变化进行分析。研究结果表明：德州市生态系统服务价值总体呈减少趋势,由2006年的460.92亿元减少至2014年的443.47亿元,价值变化率为-3.78%,林地和水域面积的减少是该区生态系统服务价值减少的主要原因;德州市各区县生态系统服务价值空间分异明显,其中齐河县生态系统服务价值最高,主要原因在于生态系统服务价值较高的林地和水域在齐河县广泛分布;德城区生态系统服务价值减少量最大,经济发展引起的土地利用结构变化是造成其服务价值大幅减少的主要原因;与生态系统服务总价值变化趋势相同,研究的时间跨度内德州市生态系统单项服务价值均呈现出不断减少的变化趋势。因此,在新一轮土地利用总体规划中,规划者应高度重视土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响,优化调整土地利用结构,注重增加生态用地,稳步提升区域生态系统服务价值。     

红树植物秋茄替代互花米草的生态修复评估——以浙江温州为例

互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)已经大面积入侵并威胁我国滨海湿地生态系统。利用红树植物替代法控制互花米草入侵的生态修复模式已得到广泛关注。本研究选取浙江温州鳌江口红树植物秋茄(Kandelia obovata)替代互花米草的生态修复区,在3年修复期前后,对修复区和对照区进行植物群落结构和大型底栖动物群落多样性监测,结合沉积物质量与水质变化监测,对生态修复的效果进行评价。结果表明:生态修复区的秋茄群落虽结构单一、但生长良好;红树林生境大型底栖动物物种多样性指数为0～2.055;而在互花米草生境中为1.053～2.805,说明对大型底栖动物而言互花米草生境的生态环境状况优于红树林生境。这可能是由于恢复的早期阶段,秋茄树龄小且对水质污染的改善作用不显著,其大型底栖动物的种类偏少。本研究是红树林高纬度分布区生态替代法控制互花米草的典型案例;随着植株的生长,秋茄群落的生态效益将进一步显现。     

基于景观生态风险格局的盐碱地分区规划防治研究——以黑龙江省林甸县为例

盐碱地分区规划防治是提高区域盐碱综合治理效果,降低治理成本的有效途径,对实现区域生态恢复、土地可持续利用和保障粮食安全具有重要实践价值。当前,在区域景观生态风险分析基础上,进行盐碱地规划防治研究的研究尚显不足。以大庆市林甸县为研究区,以景观生态学理论为视角,基于RS和GIS技术平台,综合运用最小累积阻力模型和空间分析方法,分析了生态流和生态阻力面,构建了区域景观生态风险格局;结合关键景观与盐碱地的生态廊道分析等方法,确定盐碱地防治分区;并进一步确定了防治分区中的核心防治区域。结果表明:林甸县盐碱地面积为263 km~2,其景观生态风险格局呈现西部和南部的景观生态风险等级较高,东北部、中部和西南部较低的特征,其中,高危区、重度危险区占地区总面积41.24%,集中分布在地区下游的沼泽湿地周围,说明保护沼泽湿地迫在眉睫。林甸县的两条土地盐碱化防治景观生态廊道是以最低防治成本实现土地盐碱化预防和治理的最佳区域,其主要分布在15个村(镇)上,未来应将此地区作为规划防治的核心。基于景观生态风险格局的盐碱地分区规划防治研究,为大尺度土地盐碱化综合防治提供了新的思路和方法,研究结果对林甸县未来开展土地盐碱化预防和治理提供了科学依据。     

人类活动对资源型城市生态系统服务价值的影响——以鄂尔多斯为例

资源型城市通过资源开采驱动城市快速发展,同时通过生态恢复维持生态系统稳定。探究典型人类活动对资源型城市生态系统服务的消极和积极影响对于可持续城市建设具有重要意义。以鄂尔多斯市为例,基于1990-2018年土地利用/覆盖、NDVI等数据,修订了生态系统服务价值计算方法,量化了区域生态系统服务价值的时空格局,进而评估了人类活动过程对生态系统服务的影响。研究结果表明,研究时段内鄂尔多斯市城镇建设用地、林地和草地面积总体增加,耕地及未利用土地面积减少。区域生态系统服务总价值总体呈上升趋势,从1990年的2312.24亿元上升至2018年的2421.38亿元,增加了4.72%。2000年以后鄂尔多斯市退耕还林、未利用地植被恢复等措施使得生态系统服务价值增加了113.53亿元,同期城镇建设用地扩展占用生态生产用地导致生态系统服务价值减少了91.36亿元,生态建设的积极影响大于城镇建设用地扩展的消极影响。