瘤背石磺和里氏拟石磺背部皮肤蛋白质组差异分析

从蛋白质水平探讨瘤背石磺和里氏拟石磺背部皮肤蛋白质组差异表达,为完善石磺科贝类从海洋到陆地进化的研究以及解释两种石磺不同的环境适应性提供蛋白质依据。应用Label-free非标定量蛋白质组学技术,结合软件Sequest HT和Proteome Discoverer (Thermo),对瘤背石磺和里氏拟石磺的背部皮肤进行蛋白质组搜库鉴定及定量分析,其中瘤背石磺中鉴定到1 491个蛋白质,里氏拟石磺中鉴定到1 030个蛋白质;用Pfind软件对表达图谱进行同源序列的鉴定及定量分析,检测到928个同源蛋白表达量有差异,瘤背石磺较里氏拟石磺上调表达406个(p0.05, FC1.5),下调表达339个(p0.05, FC0.5)。适应水下生活的里氏拟石磺背部皮肤角质化程度较低,差异同源蛋白序列分析显示与角质形成、细胞凋亡相关蛋白在里氏拟石磺背部皮肤中高表达,与皮肤保湿性能相关的神经酰胺类物质在瘤背石磺中高表达;KEGG分析显示,嘌呤代谢通路中存在的差异蛋白最多,共73个,其中瘤背石磺较里氏拟石磺上调表达22个,下调表达21个。蛋白组差异分析显示关键酶尿素酶在陆栖性较强的瘤背石磺中高表达,与前人所做动物从水生到陆生进化过程中尿素酶基因完全丢失的研究结论有所出入,属于特殊物种。里氏拟石磺的皮肤辅助呼吸能力和血窦数目均高于瘤背石磺,且背部皮肤中肌纤维更加粗壮,此生理现象在蛋白质组上的表现为两种石磺能量代谢及氧离子运输相关蛋白的差别较大;瘤背石磺背部皮肤中对环境污染反应灵敏的谷胱甘肽S转移酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的表达量高于里氏拟石磺,推测其与瘤背石磺较强的皮肤免疫能力和环境适应性相关。蛋白表达谱中928个差异表达同源序列为两种石磺表现差异和环境适应的分子机制研究提供了有意义的蛋白质组的基础数据。     

红条毛肤石鳖齿舌形态及矿物成分含量

在光镜和扫描电镜下对红毛肤石鳖齿舌的组成及各种齿片形态进行了较详细的观察,齿舌的每一排由17个齿片组成,形态各异。采用原子吸收法对齿舌中的钾、钙、钠、镁、铬、铁、钴和锰8种元素含量进行了测定,其中铁元素含量最高,达齿舌干重的14．6％,其次为镁,其它元素含量依次为钠、钙、钾、锰、铬和钴;并且齿舌在生长过程中通过不断的积累矿物元素而使齿舌的不同部位矿化程度有所差异,矿化程度由重至轻依次为齿舌前段、中段、后段和末段;在研究中发现齿舌中含有磁性物质Fe3O4,并且磁性物质主要存在于第1侧齿的齿尖上。     

我国华东沿海4种石磺形态学比较

我国华东沿海分布有瘤背石磺(Onchidium struma)、平疣桑椹石磺(Platevindex mortoni)、里氏拟石磺(Paraoncidium reevesii)、紫色疣石磺(Peronia verruculata)4属4种石磺,后3种为我国大陆沿海新纪录种。通过野外实地调查和实验室暂养分别观察了其生态习性及外部形态,测定外形主要生物学性状指标进行统计分析;同时解剖比较4种石磺的生殖系统和消化系统等内部结构。结果显示,4种石磺的生活区域分别从潮间带中潮区至高潮区再到潮上带而呈现梯度分布状态,生活区域的不同导致生活习性、呼吸方式的不同;4种石磺外部形态差别明显,身体背部和腹足的颜色不同,平疣桑椹石磺没有背眼,腹足灰黑色或灰白色,惟紫色疣石磺有树枝状鳃;在内部结构中,平疣桑椹石磺无阴茎附属腺,里氏拟石磺无阴茎牵引肌且与紫色疣石磺一样不具有肛门腺。主要生物学性状数据分析得出足长和足宽是典型代表数据,判别分析得出呼吸孔至身体末端距离与肛门至呼吸孔距离的比例是属种间具有显著性意义的观察指标,从外形及内部主要结构比较发现将它们分属4个种是准确的。外部形态的特殊结构以及内部结构主要差异可作为石磺科分类的主要依据;比较我国华东沿海石磺的形态学差异能为石磺科贝类模式种资料的重新修订提供良好的研究基础。     

苏沪沿海瘤背石磺的形态和习性

瘤背石磺(Onchidium struma)是生活在潮间带高潮区的一种肺螺类。属软体动物门(Mollusca)腹足纲(Gastropoda)肺螺亚纲(Pulmonata)柄眼目(Stylommatophora)石磺     

基于18S rRNA的中国大陆沿海石磺科贝类分类的初步分析

对采自上海崇明、福建宁德、海南海口等沿海地区9个群体的石磺科贝类进行外部形态特征差异分析和内部结构比较,在初步分类基础上利用核糖体小亚基18S rRNA基因部分序列对9个群体进行系统发育分析,以菊花螺为外群,结合GenBank上石磺科4个18S rRNA基因序列构建系统发生树来探讨我国大陆沿海石磺科属种间的亲缘关系.结果显示:我国石磺科贝类南方沿海种类多于北方沿海;除报道的瘤背石磺(Onchidium struma)和石磺(O.verruculatum)外,可能还有新记录5种:Onchidium属1种、Platevindex属2种、Peronia属1种和Paraoncidium属1种.分子系统发生树显示,我囝大陆沿海石磺科9个群体可分为4个亚群,分别为Onchidium、Platevindex、Paraoncidium、Peronia,其中Peronia亚群的置信度较高;Onchidium verruculatum应更名为Peronia verruculata.     

嫁(虫戚)属2种的齿舌形态差异分析

在光镜和电镜下对嫁(虫戚)(Cellana toreuma)和斗嫁(虫戚)(C.grata)的齿舌形态进行观察比较。2种嫁(虫戚)的齿式都为1.1.0.1.1,即具有1枚侧齿和1枚缘齿,缺乏中央齿。齿舌前端都有1小段弯曲,齿片排列松散且存在明显的磨损现象。嫁(虫戚)和斗嫁(虫戚)的侧齿形状很相似,侧齿呈镰刀型且具1个齿尖,基部近似三角形且具突起,尖齿部分细长。两种嫁(虫戚)的缘齿存在一定的差异,嫁(虫戚)缘齿具3个齿尖,第2尖齿靠近第3尖齿。斗嫁(虫戚)缘齿具2个齿尖且比较细长,第2尖齿靠近缘齿基部。本文用17个参数对这两种嫁(虫戚)的齿舌带及其前中后3段上的齿片进行了测量比较,发现斗嫁(虫戚)齿舌带的长宽比明显大于嫁(虫戚)齿舌带的长宽比,即斗嫁(虫戚)的齿舌带显得更加细长。齿舌带前、中、后3段各比例参数的值存在一定的关系,即中段大于前段、中段大于后段。据此认为用齿舌作为2种嫁(虫戚)的分类依据是可行的。     

一种石磺科贝类线粒体基因组全序列分析

石磺线粒体基因组全序列对研究石磺科分子系统进化具有重要意义。利用LA-PCR技术对一种石磺Platevin-dexmortoni线粒体基因组全序列进行了测定和分析。结果表明,线粒体基因组序列全长13 991 bp,碱基组成分别为27.27%A、16.78%C、20.23%G、35.72%T;由22个tRNA、2个rRNA、13个蛋白编码基因和25个长度为2-118 bp的非编码区组成。4个蛋白质编码基因和5个tRNA基因从L链编码,其余基因均从H链编码。蛋白质基因的起始密码子,除ND2为GTG以外,均为典型的起始密码子ATN。ND2和Cytb基因使用了不完全终止密码子T,其余基因均使用典型的TAA或TAG。预测了22个tRNA基因的二级结构,发现tRNASer和TrnaAsn缺少DHU臂,tRNASer和tRNAThr的反密码子环上有9个碱基,而不是通常的7个碱基。最长的非编码区含有两个类似于的tRNAGln和tRNAPhy的二级结构。     

石磺消化系统的组织学观察

对石磺消化系统各部分结构进行组织学观察.石磺的消化系统由消化道和消化腺两部分组成.消化道包括口、食道、贲门胃、幽门胃、中肠和后肠,不具吻;消化腺包括肝胰腺、唾液腺和肛门腺.在光学显微镜下,消化道由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层和外膜4层组成;肌层主要为环肌,粘膜层主要为柱状细胞.肝胰腺甚为发达,组织结构显示肝胰腺由很多分支的腺管组成,腺管由腺细胞、分泌细胞等组成.唾液腺和肛门腺发达.     

四种翁戎螺的齿舌形态及功能

翁戎螺（Pleurotomariidae）起源于寒武纪时期,是介于软体动物祖先和现代腹足类之间的过渡类型。目前我国翁戎螺的分类、生态等方面研究不足,为探究翁戎螺的形态分类及食性,以寺町翁戎螺（Bayerotrochus teramachii）、红翁戎螺（Mikadotrochus hirasei）、高腰翁戎螺（M. salmianus）和龙宫翁戎螺（Entemnotrochus rumphii）为研究对象,应用扫描电镜观察其齿舌结构。结果表明,（1）翁戎螺齿舌结构与大多数腹足类具有3种类型的齿舌不同,其齿舌带上具有中央齿、内侧齿、外侧齿、镰状齿、丝状齿和桨状齿6种不同类型的小齿。（2）4种翁戎螺的中央齿均为1枚,内侧齿2或3枚,外侧齿20 ~ 25枚,镰状齿16 ~ 32枚,丝状齿35 ~ 62枚,桨状齿10 ~ 26枚。（3）翁戎螺属（Mikadotrochus）内种类之间齿舌形态的差异较小,进行种间区分需结合其小齿数量,但属间差异较大,中央齿、内侧齿、镰状齿的齿尖和齿基形态都可以进行属间区分。（4）龙宫翁戎螺齿舌带每个横排具有26枚桨状齿,与之前研究具有10枚不同。本研究对翁戎螺镰状齿和丝状齿之间、丝状齿和桨状齿之间的过渡形态进行深入地描述和划分。本研究结果可为我国翁戎螺的形态分类研究提供资料。     

蛇鮈属一新亚种记述

蛇(鱼句)属为一群小型鲤科鱼类.蛇(鱼句)广泛分布于东亚大陆.通过对采自云南程海和珠江、闽江、长江、辽河、松花江等水系蛇标本的形态、度量特征进行仔细分析和比较,认为蛇程海种群是蛇的1个新亚种,命名为程海蛇(Saurogobio dabryi chenghaiensis).程海蛇(鱼句)的特征为:吻皮发达,盖过上唇;上下唇布满发达的乳突;体及尾柄极细长,体高为体长的12.7%～15.0%,尾柄高为体长的5.5%～6.1%、为尾柄长的31.8%～39.1%;沿体侧中轴自鳃孔上方至尾鳍基具一浅色暗纹,其上布有6～11个大型棒状黑斑(黑斑长为宽的2～4倍);肛门位于腹鳍长度的中点之后;尾鳍最长鳍条为其最短鳍条的2倍以上;仅分布于云南程海.     

小型腹足类齿舌的扫描电镜观察

介绍了应用扫描电镜观察小型腹足类齿舌的方法。描述了折叠萝卜螺和大脐圆扁螺齿舌带上齿片的排列方式,结果显示,两种螺齿舌的齿片排成许多模列,每一横列又包含多个齿片,齿片上缘或侧缘尖齿的数目和形态有差异。     

Diversity in palmar pattern ridge counts among 12 Iranian populations

Bilateral palmar prints of 604 male individuals from 12 Iranian groups, six Mongoloid and six Caucasoid, have been analyzed for palmar pattern ridge counts (PPRC). Highly significant variation has been observed in the size of the palmar patterns in all the configurational areas among the Iranian groups. The distance analysis based on PPRCs differentiated the Iranian Mongoloid from the Iranian Caucasoid groups into distinct clusters. The pattern of differentiation based on PPRCs explained the ethnohistoric relationships between the Iranian groups as well as between the Iranian and the 20 Caucasoid groups from India much better than the palmar pattern frequencies. The results of this study demonstrate the existence of variation in the size of the palmar patterns across different populations within an ethnic group, as well as that among different ethnic groups, and seems to be a better indicator of interpopulational diversity than the palmar pattern frequencies.     

Heritability of and correlations among genotype-by-environment stability statistics for grain yield in bread wheat

Several genotype-by-environment stability measures are in use, but little information exists about their inheritance or genetic inter-relationships. Among those measures in common use are the linear regression coefficient (b), deviations from regression (s_b), coefficient of determination (R²), coefficient of phenotypic variation (CPV) and, more recently, interaction principal components (IPCA) of the additive-main-effect-and-multiplicative-interaction (AMMI) model. Because of the factorial structure of the data, the diallel cross is well suited to study these parameters and their relationship to quantitative traits. For this study a complete diallel cross, derived by mating eight lines from a broad based bread wheat breeding population, was grown for several growing seasons at two Ugandan locations, one of which was prone to yellow rust. Stability parameters and grain yield were measured for each cross. CPV had the highest narrow-sense heritability (h²=0.522) followed by IPCA1 of the AMMI (h²=0.461). Lowest narrow-sense heritabilities were calculated for b and R² (h²=0.150 and 0.100 respectively). There were high additive genetic correlations (r_A) between grain yield and CPV (r_A=−0.933), grain yield and IPCA1 (r_A=0.707), and grain yield and IPCA2 (r_A=0.751). The genetic association between CPV and IPCA1 was also high and negative (r_A= −0.934). These results suggest that it may be possible to select simultaneously for high and stable grain yield in this broad-based bread wheat breeding pool by selecting outyielders that exhibit a low CPV. Received: 25 July 2000 / Accepted: 7 December 2000     

Degradation of the radula in the snails Biomphalaria glabrata say and Limnaea stagnalis L. (Gastropoda,Pulmonata)

Summary The radula of snails is formed at the posterior end of the radular gland or pocket, and degraded at the same rate at its anterior end. Degradation is due to different secretory activities of the inferior epithelium of the radular gland. Its secretions seem to degrade enzymatically the matrix of the radular membrane and basal plates of teeth, leaving only chitin containing microfibres and degradation products. The sclerotized parts of the teeth remain unchanged, but as they are now only loosely connected with the radular membrane. they are torn off easily during feeding movements. The rest of the degraded and frayed radular membrane and the subradular membrane are also lost by abrasion during feeding. The cells of the inferior epithelium are connected with each other by septate desmosomes and an elaborate system of deep lateral interdigitation which may provide tensile strength. Extrusion of degraded cells of the inferior epithelium into the subradular membrane takes place, although the thick basal lamina forms a continuous sheath which is closely adjoined to the basal parts of the inferior epithelium. Nerve fibres containing vesicles with electron dense neurosecretory material (deduced from the diameter of 200–250 nm) are attached to this sheath or penetrate into it; they may be involved in the regulation of production and degradation processes during radula replacement. Problems of the forward transport of radula and inferior epithelium are discussed.     

促菌生胶囊产品质量的预测方法

本文介绍的方法是根据促菌生产品在贮存期中一系列的实测数据,采用数理统计的方法,归纳总结出的一数学方程式。据此,根据产品出厂时的有关参数值来预测产品的远期质量,达到要求的可靠程度,并能找出影响产品质量的主次因素。     

Forecast of Sugarcane Yield Using Eye Estimate Alongwith Plant Characters

The present study proposes to include farmers' appraisal (eye estimate) as one of the variables in the models alongwith plant characters. This will reduce the number of plant character in the model, thus reducing the cost on data collection. This has been demonstrated through regression and probability models.