Expression, purification and characterization of the sulfite reductase hemo-subunit, SiR-HP, from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

Sulfite reductase (SiR) is a large and soluble enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of six electrons from NADPH to sulfite to produce sulfide. The sulfite reductase flavoprotein (SiR-FP) contains both FAD and FMN, and the sulfite reductase hemoprotein (SiR-HP) contains an iron-sulfur cluster coupled to a siroheme. The enzyme is arranged so that the redox cofactors in the FAD-FMN-Fe(4)S(4)-Heme sequence make an electron pathway between NADPH and sulfite. Here we report the cloning, expression, and characterization of the SiR-HP of the sulfite reductase from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The purified SiR-HP contained a [Fe(4)S(4)] cluster. Site-directed mutagenesis results revealed that Cys427, Cys433, Cys472 and Cys476 were in ligating with the [Fe(4)S(4)] cluster of the protein.     

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌硫氰酸酶的表达、纯化及其性质鉴定

目的:嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)硫氰酸酶是硫代谢中极其重要的酶,其作用主要包括氰化物的解毒,铁-硫蛋白的合成,以及硫胺、硫尿苷或烟碱乙酸胆碱的生物合成,硫氰酸酶的研究对揭示生物冶金机理具有重要的推动作用.方法:以A.ferrooxidans ATCC23270基因组为模板设计引物,通过PCR扩增得到编码硫氰酸酶的基因,目的基因片段与原核表达载体PLM1构建重组体,然后转入大肠杆菌(Eschcrichia coli,E.coli)DH5a感受态中,基因测序正确后,重组质粒再转入E.coli BL21感受态中,加IPTG诱导蛋白表达,用一步亲和层析法纯化出浓度和纯度都较高的硫氰酸酶.结果:SDS-PAGE分析证实蛋白分子量为21kD,紫外可见光分析,确定硫氰酸酶中含有铁硫簇,酶活测定发现重组硫氰酸酶在体外不具有酶活性,可能与酶反应条件及信号肽的切断有关.结论:体外成功克隆.表达,纯化出重组体硫氰酸酶,其基本性质也得到阐述.     

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌ATP硫酸化酶的表达、纯化及性质鉴定

ATP硫酸化酶是一种催化ATP和SO42-反应生成腺嘌呤-5’-磷酸硫酸(APS)和焦磷酸盐(PPi)的酶,它是硫酸根同化反应第一步的关键酶。以嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.ferrooxidansATCC 23270)基因组为模板,用PCR扩增得到ATPS基因,并克隆到表达载体pLM1上。加入IPTG的诱导表达,用AKTA蛋白纯化仪的镍柱亲和层析纯化得到浓度和纯度都较高的ATPS蛋白。SDS-PAGE分析,证实其分子量大小为33 kD,并成功的测出了其活性,比活达3.0×103U/mg。     

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌半肤氨酸合成酶的表达、纯化及其性质鉴定

半胱氨酸合成酶是半胱氨酸合成反应的关键限速酶,催化了半胱氨酸合成的最后一个步骤。以A.ferro-oxidans ATCC 23270基因组为模板,通过PCR扩增得到编码半胱氨酸合成酶(cysM)的基因,与原核表达载体PLM 1构建重组体,转入大肠杆菌DH5α中,测序正确后,加IPTG诱导表达,用一步亲和层析法纯化出了浓度和纯度都较高的半胱氨酸合成酶。由蛋白颜色和紫外分析,确定是以PLP辅基作为活性中心。表达产物进行SDS-PAGE分析,证实分子量为32 kD。     

Ferric reductase activity of the ArsH protein from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

The arsH gene is one of the arsenic resistance system in bacteria and eukaryotes. The ArsH protein was annotated as a NADPH-dependent flavin mononucleotide (FMN) reductase with unknown biological function. Here we report for the first time that the ArsH protein showed high ferric reductase activity. Glu104 was an essential residue for maintaining the stability of the FMN cofactor. The ArsH protein may perform an important role for cytosolic ferric iron assimilation in vivo.     

Expression, Purification and Molecular Modeling of Another HdrC from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans Which Binds Only One [4Fe-4S] Cluster

The heterodisulfide reductase complex HdrABC from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was predicted to have novel features that work in reverse to catalyse the sulfane sulfur of GSnH species (n?>?1) into sulfite in sulfur oxidation. There are two different highly upregulated genes potentially encoding the HdrC subunit in A.?ferrooxidans grown in sulfur-containing medium. An HdrC containing iron-sulfur cluster from A. ferrooxidans corresponding to one of the genes had been expressed and biophysically characterized. Comparatively, here we report the cloning, expression, and characterization of another HdrC from A.?ferrooxidans. This HdrC was expressed in inclusion bodies in all conditions tested. This purified HdrC displayed brown color and contained the [4Fe-4S] cluster confirmed by the UV-scanning and EPR spectra. This HdrC owned two identical motifs (Cx(2)Cx(2)Cx(3)C) including total of eight cysteine residues for [4Fe-4S] cluster binding. To our surprise, the site-directed mutagenesis results of these eight residues revealed that respective removal of the sulfhydryl group of Cys73, Cys76, Cys79, and Cys37 resulted in the cluster loss, but those of Cys27, Cys30, Cys33, and Cys83 had no influence, which demonstrated that this HdrC bound only one cluster, and it might be responsible for causing the HdrABC in A.?ferrooxidans working in reverse. Molecular modeling results also supported the above results and showed that this cluster was ligated by Cys73, Cys76, and Cys79 in one motif and Cys37, however, in another motif.     

Expression, Purification, and Characterization of an Iron Chaperon Protein CyaY from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

CyaY is the bacterial homolog of frataxin, proposed to be involved in the assembly of iron-sulfur clusters. While, the physiological iron donor for the iron-sulfur clusters assembly remains controversial. In this study, the gene of CyaY from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, the protein was purified by one-step affinity chromatography to homogeneity. The CyaY protein can bind ferric iron and serve as an iron donor for the biogenesis of iron-sulfur clusters on the scaffold protein IscU in the presence of IscS and L-cysteine in vitro.     

Characterization of iron-sulfur cluster assembly protein isca from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

IscA is a key member of the iron-sulfur cluster assembly machinery found in bacteria and eukaryotes, but the mechanism of its function in the biogenesis of iron-sulfur cluster remains elusive. In this paper, we demonstrate that Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans IscA is a [4Fe-4S] cluster binding protein, and it can bind iron in the presence of DTT with an apparent iron association constant of 4·10²⁰ M^?1. The iron binding in IscA can be promoted by oxygen through oxidizing ferrous iron to ferric iron. Furthermore, we show that the iron bound form of IscA can be converted to iron-sulfur cluster bound form in the presence of IscS and L-cysteine in vitro. Substitution of the invariant cysteine residues Cys35, Cys99, or Cys101 in IscA abolishes the iron binding activity of the protein; the IscA mutants that fail to bind iron are unable to assemble the iron-sulfur clusters. Further studies indicate that the iron-loaded IscA could act as an iron donor for the assembly of iron-sulfur clusters in the scaffold protein IscU in vitro. Taken together, these findings suggest that A. ferrooxidans IscA is not only an iron-sulfur protein, but also an iron binding protein that can act as an iron donor for biogenesis of iron-sulfur clusters.     

Expression and function of two chaperone proteins,AtGroEL and AtGroES,from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 23270

Two molecular chaperone genes encoding the Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans Hsp60 (AtGroEL) and Hsp10 (AtGroES), respectively were introduced into Escherichia coli using the pLM1 expression vector. Then the AtGroEL and AtGroES proteins were overexpressed successfully in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and purified by one-step immobilized metal affinity chromatography. The ATPase assay showed that the proteins were in active form, and the ATPase activity of AtGroEL was temperature dependent with an optimal temperature of 50°C, but the co-chaperonin AtGroES inhibited the ATPase activity of AtGroEL. The chaperonin function of the recombinant proteins was examined using three different protein substrates in vitro, and the results showed that AtGroEL/AtGroES chaperone system could facilitate the refolding of the thermodenatured rusticyanin and recover the activity of thermodenatured ArsH protein. In addition, it could improve the thermal stability of xylanase. Molecular modelling for AtGroEL protein revealed that residues of Tyr199, Ser201, Tyr203, Phe204, Leu234, Leu237, Leu259, Val263 and Val264 were necessary for binding the denatured polypeptides.     

Tetrathionate-Forming Thiosulfate Dehydrogenase from the Acidophilic,Chemolithoautotrophic Bacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

Thiosulfate dehydrogenase is known to play a significant role in thiosulfate oxidation in the acidophilic, obligately chemolithoautotroph, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Enzyme activity measured using ferricyanide as the electron acceptor was detected in cell extracts of A. ferrooxidans ATCC 23270 grown on tetrathionate or sulfur, but no activity was detected in ferrous iron-grown cells. The enzyme was enriched 63-fold from cell extracts of tetrathionate-grown cells. Maximum enzyme activity (13.8 U mg⁻¹) was observed at pH 2.5 and 70°C. The end product of the enzyme reaction was tetrathionate. The enzyme reduced neither ubiquinone nor horse heart cytochrome c, which serves as an electron acceptor. A major protein with a molecular mass of ∼25 kDa was detected in the partially purified preparation. Heme was not detected in the preparation, according to the results of spectroscopic analysis and heme staining. The open reading frame of AFE_0042 was identified by BLAST by using the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the protein. The gene was found within a region that was previously noted for sulfur metabolism-related gene clustering. The recombinant protein produced in Escherichia coli had a molecular mass of ∼25 kDa and showed thiosulfate dehydrogenase activity, with maximum enzyme activity (6.5 U mg⁻¹) observed at pH 2.5 and 50°C.     

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌APS还原酶的表达、纯化及其性质鉴定

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)中APS还原酶是硫同化途径的一个关键酶,其对硫酸盐的还原及硫化物的氧化具有重要调节作用.本文以A.ferrooxidans ATCC23270基因组为模板.通过PCR扩增得到编码APS还原酶的cysH基因,与原核表达载体pLM l构建重组体,转化入大肠杆茵(Escherichia coli,E.coli)DH5a中,测序正确后,加IPTG诱导表达,用一步亲和层析法纯化出浓度和纯度都较高的APS还原酶.由蛋白颜色和紫外分析,确定其含有一个[Fe4S4]簇作为活性中心.表达产物进行SDS-PAGE分析,证实分子量为28 kD.酶活测定表明其具有将APS还原为亚硫酸盐跟AMP的功能.     

Reconstitution of Iron Oxidase from Sulfur-Grown Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

The iron oxidation system from sulfur-grown Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 23270 cells was reconstituted in vitro. Purified rusticyanin, cytochrome c, and aa₃-type cytochrome oxidase were essential for reconstitution. The iron-oxidizing activity of the reconstituted system was 3.3-fold higher than that of the cell extract from which these components were purified.     

Purification and some properties of thiosulfate dehydrogenase from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

Thiosulfate dehydrogenase was purified from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans using three purification steps. The purification procedure involved ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel permeation chromatography. Specific activity of the purified enzyme (after IEC) was 3.26 nkat/mg, and yield of the enzyme was 78%. The purity of the enzyme was checked by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The enzyme is a tetramer composed of four probably identical subunits of relative molecular weight 45,000. The pH optimum of the enzyme reaction in the direction of substrate oxidation was found to be 3.0. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 8.3. Enzyme activity was found to be particularly sensitive to the histidine-selective reagent diethylpyrocarbonate. Reagents selective for arginine, cysteine, and tryptophane had no effect on enzyme activity.     

Purification and Some Properties of Thiosulfate Dehydrogenase from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

Abstract

Thiosulfate dehydrogenase was purified from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans using three purification steps. The purification procedure involved ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion‐exchange chromatography, and gel permeation chromatography. Specific activity of the purified enzyme (after IEC) was 3.26 nkat/mg, and yield of the enzyme was 78%. The purity of the enzyme was checked by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The enzyme is a tetramer composed of four probably identical subunits of relative molecular weight 45,000. The pH optimum of the enzyme reaction in the direction of substrate oxidation was found to be 3.0. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 8.3. Enzyme activity was found to be particularly sensitive to the histidine‐selective reagent diethylpyrocarbonate. Reagents selective for arginine, cysteine, and tryptophane had no effect on enzyme activity.     

Functional dissection of a mercuric ion transporter, MerC, from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

Topological analysis with a phoA gene fusion suggested that Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans MerC, a mercury transporter, has two periplasmic loops and four transmembrane domains. Cys-23 and Cys-26 of the protein were involved in Hg(2+)-recognition/uptake, but Cys-132 and Cys-137 were not. Escherichia coli cells producing the MerC were hypersensitive to CdCl(2). In this case, mutation of His72 rendered the host cells less CdCl(2) sensitive, whereas none of the Cys residues affected it. E. coli cells expressing the gene encoding a mercuric ion transporter (merC)-deletion mutant, in which the coding-sequence of the carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic region was removed, retained Hg(2+) hypersensitivity and showed about 55% HgCl(2) uptake ability compared to that of the one expressing the intact merC, indicating that the region is not essential for Hg(2+) uptake. Coexpression of A. ferrooxidans the gene encoding mercuric reductase (merA) and the merC deletion mutation conferred HgCl(2) tolerance to E. coli host cells. Under this condition, the merC deletion gene product was exclusively present as a monomer.     

Expression, Purification, and Characterization of a [Fe2S2] Cluster Containing Ferredoxin from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

The [2Fe-2S] cluster containing ferredoxin has attracted much attention in recent years. Genetic analyses show that it has an essential role in the maturation of various iron–sulfur (Fe-S) proteins and functions as a component of the complex machinery responsible for the biogenesis of Fe-S clusters. The gene of ferredoxin from A. ferrooxidans ATCC 23270 was cloned, successfully expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified by one-step affinity chromatography to homogeneity. The MALDI-TOF MS and spectra results of the recombinant protein confirmed that the iron–sulfur cluster was correctly inserted into the active site of the protein. Site-directed mutagenesis results revealed that Cys42, Cys48, Cys51, and Cys87 were ligating with the [Fe₂S₂] cluster of the protein.     

Insight into molecular stability and physiological properties of the diheme cytochrome CYC41 from the acidophilic bacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

The cyc1 gene encoding the soluble dihemic cytochrome c CYC(41) from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, an acidophilic organism, has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as the host organism. The cytochrome was successfully produced and folded only in fermentative conditions: this allowed us to determine the molecular basis of the heme insertion at extreme pH. Point mutations at two sequence positions (E121 and Y63) were introduced near the two hemes in order to assign individual redox potentials to the hemes and to identify the interaction sites with the redox partners, rusticyanin and cytochrome oxidase. Characterization of mutants E121A, Y63A, and Y63F CYC(41) with biochemical and biophysical techniques were carried out. Substitution of tyrosine 63 by phenylalanine alters the environment of heme B. This result indicates that heme B has the lower redox potential. Interaction studies with the two physiological partners indicate that CYC(41) functions as an electron wire between RCy and cytochrome oxidase. A specific glutamate residue (E121) located near heme A is directly involved in the interaction with RCy. A docking analysis of CYC(41), RCy, and cytochrome oxidase allowed us to propose a model for the complex in agreement with our experimental data.     

嗜水气单胞菌J-1株弹性蛋白酶的表达、纯化及特性分析

摘要：【目的】表达、纯化嗜水气单胞菌J-1株弹性蛋白酶,并对弹性蛋白酶的性质进行分析。【方法】以pET-32a为表达载体将弹性蛋白酶基因ahyB转化至大肠杆菌BL21菌株中进行诱导表达,表达重组酶用His TaqNi2+亲和层析柱纯化并用6 mol/L盐酸胍进行复性;利用硫酸铵分级沉淀、阴离子交换层析和分子筛层析对嗜水气单胞菌培养上清液中的弹性蛋白酶进行纯化。将【结果】从嗜水气单胞菌培养上清液中获得的弹性蛋白酶原酶的最适pH 为8.5,而表达重组酶为 10.0;对热的稳定性,原酶高于表达酶。两种形式酶的性