210株肠道致病菌的分类及耐药性分析

目的：探讨本地区肠道致病菌的分类及主要致病菌的耐药性,给临床治疗腹泻疾病提供指导。方法：药敏试验采用K-B法,用WHONET4软件进行数据分析。结果：210株肠道致病菌中,志贺菌属占70％,沙门菌属占3％,致病性大肠埃希菌占4．8％,副溶血弧菌占3．8％,阴沟肠杆菌占3．3％,鼠伤寒沙门菌占2．4％,霍乱弧菌占1．9％,其他占10．8％等;在志贺菌属中,福氏占87％,宋内占13％。福氏和宋内志贺菌对三代头孢和IMP较敏感,对复方新诺明耐药率较高。结论：福氏志贺菌是肠道的主要致病菌;临床怀疑菌痢时,应首选三代头孢、IMP。     

苏州地区儿童感染志贺菌的耐药监测

目的调查苏州地区2000年至2006年儿童感染志贺菌的耐药情况,了解其耐药趋势,以指导临床合理用药。方法对2000年至2006年苏州大学附属儿童医院临床标本中分离的589株志贺菌（福氏志贺菌470株,宋内志贺菌119株）采用K-B法对氨苄西林、哌拉西林、头孢哌酮、头孢曲松、环丙沙星、SMZ＋TMP、亚胺培南进行药敏试验。结果于7年中470株福氏志贺菌的耐药率：氨苄西林：始终在90．0％以上;哌拉西林：从22．6％逐渐上升到63．2％;头孢哌酮：1．1％～56．1％;头孢曲松：2．2％～43．9％;环丙沙星：一直在10．0％左右;SMZ＋TMP：在70．0％～96．0％波动;对亚胺培南均敏感。119株宋内志贺菌的耐药率：氨苄西林：从7．1％逐渐上升到82．8％;哌拉西林：0～79．3％;头孢哌酮：0～55．2％;头孢曲松：0～51．7％;SMZ＋TMP：在62．5％～100．0％波动;对环丙沙星和亚胺培南均敏感。结论本地区儿童感染福氏志贺菌对氨苄西林严重耐药,同时伴有对SMZ＋TMP的高耐药率,对哌拉西林和3代头孢菌素的耐药率呈逐年上升趋势。宋内志贺菌的耐药率在2004年之前（除对复方新诺明外）,远低于福氏志贺菌,但在2005年其对氨苄西林和3代头孢菌素的耐药率突然上升,大有赶超福氏志贺菌之势。因此苏州地区儿童感染志贺菌的耐药情况不容乐观,对儿童细菌性痢疾的治疗将会面临困境。     

昭通地区痢疾菌群变迁及控制对策

1964－1995年共检测到志贺氏菌四个群353株;其中：福氏志贺氏菌312株,痢疾志贺氏菌29株,宋内氏志贺氏图9株,鲍氏志贺氏菌3株,分别占总数的88．38％,8．22％,2．55％和0．85％。各年度分离菌群中,福氏志贺氏菌比例最大,为本地区流行的主要菌群。在153株福氏志贺氏菌中,福氏Ⅱ型占60．13％;福氏I型占19．61％和福氏Ⅳ型占13．72％。根据菌群监测结果,对细菌性痢疾防治,选用针对B群福氏志贺氏菌的菌苗进行研制开发,广泛开展易感人群预防接种;同时加强疫情、病源监测防止疫情暴发,并结合实际开展改水、卫生宣传教育和食品卫生监督等,可对痢疾起到有效的控制。     

志贺氏菌属virG基因半抗原——Digoxigenin标记探针的制备及其同源性分析

用半抗原——Digoxigenin标记的福氏2a YSH6000的1．4kb virG DNA探针,检测73株痢疾杆菌(宋氏64株、福氏5株、志贺氏4株)、32株EIEC、17株耶氏菌属菌、5株伤寒杆菌和5株大肠杆菌的DNA同源性。前3种菌同时作Sereny试验,以进行比较。结果表明,痢疾杆菌及EIEC中均含virG同源区,其它被测菌则无此同源区。virG DNA仅与痢疾杆菌及EIEC的Sereny试验相关．而与耶氏菌属的Sereny试验无关。用virG DNA探针检测宋氏痢疾杆菌及EIEC的毒力,与Sereny试验结果比较。符合率分别为87．5％和90．9％。     

112株志贺菌菌群分布和药敏特点分析

目的研究本地区2001年至2005年志贺菌菌群分布及其药敏特点,以指导临床合理抗菌治疗。方法经大便培养筛选志贺菌,用生化和血清学方法鉴定菌群和血清型,采用K-B法检测病原菌耐药性。结果在112例细菌性痢疾患者中,男女比例相似,年龄分布以婴幼儿最高,临床表现不典型者较多,菌群分布以福氏志贺菌最多,F2b为优势血清型,对抗菌药物敏感性差异有显著性。结论近5年来本地区细菌性痢疾患者发病特点有年龄差异,菌群仍以福氏志贺菌为主,血清型以F2b为主,第3代头孢菌素是治疗细菌性痢疾最佳的抗菌药物。     

尿培养中病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的研究大连市中心医院2007年1月至2012年9月尿培养中常见病原菌（真菌除外）的分布及其耐药性,为临床治疗尿路感染提供诊断及用药依据。方法采用MicroScan—Walkaway40全自动微生物鉴定药敏分析仪和ATBExpression自动细菌鉴定仪及K—B纸片法药敏试验,应用WHONET5．4软件对结果进行回顾性统计分析。结果五年间尿培养中共分离出病原菌1012株（真菌除外）,其中革兰阴性菌802株（79．2％）,主要是大肠埃希菌538株（53．2％）、肺炎克雷伯菌95株（9．5％）、铜绿假单胞菌51株（5．1％）、奇异变形杆菌30株（2．9％）、鲍曼不动杆菌26株（2．6％）。革兰阳性菌210株（20．8％）,主要是粪肠球菌86株（8．6％）,屎肠球菌83株（8．2％）,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌21株（2．1％）,金黄色葡萄球菌13株（1．3％）。抗生素敏感试验中碳青霉烯类（亚胺培南及美洛培南）对肠杆菌科细菌大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及奇异变形杆菌抗菌活性最强,无耐药菌株,对非发酵菌中铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率为30％～40％,革兰阳性菌对糖肽类（万古霉素、替考拉宁）和利奈唑胺等抗菌药物高度敏感。结论应当根据主要易感菌种类及其抗生素敏感试验结果指导临床合理使用抗生素。     

烧伤感染病原菌调查及药敏分析

目的对5年来烧伤感染菌的种类和主要感染菌的耐药性作了研究分析。方法采用细菌,霉菌常规鉴定方法,药敏试验采用K-B法。结果共收到标本746份,检出感染菌512株,共计36种,分离率68．6％,其中创面分泌物标本528份,分离出感染菌490株（占92．8％）;血标本218份,分离出感染菌36株（占17％）;静脉导管11份,分离出感染菌8株（占72％）。其中G^-菌229株（44．9％）,G^＋球菌217株（42．4％）,霉菌66株（12．2％）。结论根据5年来病原菌培养结果分析,铜绿假单胞菌占9．38％;阴沟肠杆菌占6．10％,总状毛霉菌占6．0％。     

608份胆汁标本中分离细菌菌谱及其药敏结果分析

了解胆系感染常见的病原菌及其药敏情况,为抗菌治疗提供依据。采用法国生物梅里埃公司的VITEK-2及API系统进行细菌鉴定,药敏试验采用K—B纸片法,应用WHONET5．4对药敏结果进行分析。608份胆汁标本中共分离细菌和真菌431株,其中革兰阴性杆菌320株（占74．2％）、革兰阳性球菌91株（占21．1％）、真菌20株（占4．6％）;排在前3位的菌株分别是大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌。胆系感染以革兰阴性杆菌为主,尤以肠杆菌科细菌为主,上述细菌对碳青霉烯类、酶抑制剂类以及三代头孢菌素的敏感率均较高。     

分离自腹泻成人志贺菌的血清分群及耐药性分析

目的 调查志贺菌在成人腹泻患者中的主要血清群和耐药性,为临床治疗和预防提供依据.方法 对2008年1月至2012年10月浙江萧山医院临床分离自腹泻成人志贺菌菌株,进行生化鉴定、血清学分群和抗生素敏感性试验,所有数据用WHONET 5.6软件进行回顾性分析.结果 共检出125株志贺菌,其中66(52.8％)株为宋内志贺菌,58(46.4％)株为福氏志贺菌;氨苄西林耐药率最高达95.9％,复方新诺明耐药率达79.8％,头孢噻肟为48.6％,未检出头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药株,福氏志贺菌对环丙沙星和左旋氧氟沙星耐药率为87.0％和57.1％,而宋内志贺菌未检出氟喹诺酮类耐药株;福氏志贺菌和宋内志贺菌耐药率在哌拉西林、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、复方新诺明和氟喹诺酮间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 萧山地区成人志贺菌感染以宋内和福氏两种血清群为主,青霉素类和复方新诺明耐药率太高已不适合临床使用,含酶抑制剂抗生素是治疗志贺菌感染的首选药物.     

福氏2a宋内氏双价痢疾菌苗候选株的生物表型及稳定性鉴定

志贺氏痢疾是我国常见病、多发病。根据我国主要流行型别特点,构建f侵袭表型阳性的福氏人来内氏双价痢疾菌苗。2株议价菌苗候选株生物表型及其稳定性研究结果：（1）O抗原表达,候选株能良好表达福氏Za及来内氏双价0抗原,用针对保护性表位单抗2E6及SSD3所做的FAS表明,福氏Za抗原表达为亲株FS－15的86．8％一121．0％,来内氏为兀．4％～119．0％;经液体传代20代后,双价O抗原表达稳定率均在95％以上。（2）IPa表达,WesTen1Dlot结果表明,候选株能表达侵袭相关蛋白IPaA、IPaB、IPaC、IPaD,经液体连续传20代后,侵袭蛋白的…     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418