鳗鲡繁殖生物学研究——Ⅲ．鳗鲡性腺发育组织学和细胞学研究

鳗鲡精巢发育可划分为6个时期,即精原细胞前增殖期,精原细胞后增殖期,精母细胞生长、成熟期,精子开始出现期,精子完全成熟期和精子退化吸收期。卵细胞的发育可划分为6个时相,即卵原细胞时相,卵母细胞单层滤泡时相,卵母细胞出现脂肪泡时相,卵母细胞卵黄充满时相,卵母细胞核极化时相和卵母细胞退化时相。以卵细胞发育6个时相在卵巢中组成的差异,也可把卵巢划分为相应的6个时期。对鳗鲡性腺发育的分期,卵黄积累方式,产卵类型等问题进行了讨论。     

大弹涂鱼性腺发育的组织学观察

于光镜下对大弹涂鱼性腺切片作了组织学观察,对大弹涂鱼卵细胞和精子发育规律进行研究。结果表明:大弹涂鱼在一个生殖季节中只能产卵1次,大弹涂鱼属于一次性产卵类型。大弹涂鱼3月卵母细胞进入大生长期发育阶段,4—6月为繁殖盛期,7—8月为繁殖末期。10月卵巢基本修整完毕,进入Ⅱ′恢复期。卵细胞发育可分为6个时相:卵原细胞、卵母细胞单层滤泡、卵母细胞出现脂滴和卵黄、卵母细胞卵黄充满、卵母细胞核极化、卵母细胞退化时相。卵母细胞膜单层,由具有辐射纹的放射带构成,滤泡膜细胞分泌而成的次级卵膜成为成熟卵子的附着丝。大弹涂鱼2月精巢开始发育,5月GSI值达最高值,平均成熟系数达0.70%,排精量最旺盛,出现高峰。7—9月GSI值明显下降。11月至翌年2月GSI值波动于0.08%—0.20%之间,变辐小,此期间精巢处于静止发育状态。大弹涂鱼的精巢属于小叶型结构。精子发育分为6个时期:精原细胞期、精原细胞增殖期、精母细胞生长成熟期、精子细胞变态期、精子成熟期和退化吸收期。繁殖季节精小叶内充满精子,精小囊消失。       

西藏双须叶须鱼性腺发育的组织学观察

为丰富双须叶须鱼 (Ptychobarbus dipogon) 繁殖生物学,实验采用常规的石蜡切片及HE染色方法,对西藏双须叶须鱼的性腺发育及组织结构特征进行了研究,对双须叶须鱼人工繁殖成功具有重要的理论意义。结果表明:双须叶须鱼卵母细胞发育过程可分为5个时期,其卵巢发育可分为6个时期,在第Ⅴ期卵巢中,小卵和大卵数量比例为1.38 鲶1,存在败育现象。雌性卵母细胞在第3时相卵黄颗粒和滤泡;第4时相卵母细胞中卵黄颗粒数量迅速增多,细胞核向动物极移动;第5时相卵母细胞中卵黄颗粒融合成片,卵细胞与滤泡膜分离并游离于卵巢腔中。双须叶须鱼精巢为小叶型,其生殖细胞可分为精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞和精子,其精巢发育也分为6个时期。双须叶须鱼属于分批同步产卵鱼类。     

西藏双须叶须鱼性腺发育的组织学观察（英文）

为丰富双须叶须鱼(Ptychobarbus dipogon)繁殖生物学,实验采用常规的石蜡切片及HE染色方法,对西藏双须叶须鱼的性腺发育及组织结构特征进行了研究,对双须叶须鱼人工繁殖成功具有重要的理论意义。结果表明:双须叶须鱼卵母细胞发育过程可分为5个时期,其卵巢发育可分为6个时期,在第Ⅴ期卵巢中,小卵和大卵数量比例为1.38鲶1,存在败育现象。雌性卵母细胞在第3时相卵黄颗粒和滤泡;第4时相卵母细胞中卵黄颗粒数量迅速增多,细胞核向动物极移动;第5时相卵母细胞中卵黄颗粒融合成片,卵细胞与滤泡膜分离并游离于卵巢腔中。双须叶须鱼精巢为小叶型,其生殖细胞可分为精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞和精子,其精巢发育也分为6个时期。双须叶须鱼属于分批同步产卵鱼类。     

养殖鲥鱼性腺发育的研究

经激素处理和生态调控的养殖鲥鱼,能完成性腺发育的全过程,其可分为６个时期,卵细胞发育可相应分为６个时相。与其它鱼类不同,细胞中液泡最早出现在胞质的内缘而不是外缘。大、小核仁数随卵母细胞的发育而变化。成熟卵巢成熟系数为８５４％～１２６４％。成熟期卵径为６２８５～８３５３μｍ、精子头径为０７４～１５５μｍ。达性成熟的鲥鱼,冬季卵巢为Ⅱ期、精巢为Ⅱ～Ⅲ期。精、卵巢发育呈现出明显的不同步现象。前者５月底开始进入成熟期,后者７月初进入成熟期。初级卵母细胞由Ⅱ时相发育到Ⅳ时相基本上是同步的。第Ⅳ期卵巢卵径的频率仅出现１个高峰。养殖鲥鱼属１年１次产卵类型。     

黑斑口虾蛄的卵巢组织学研究

通过对黑斑口虾蛄的卵巢组织切片观察,结果表明,卵细胞的发育分卵原细胞期（I期）,卵黄形成前期卵母细胞（II期）,卵黄形成期卵母细胞（III期）,成熟期卵细胞（IV期）,在卵黄形成前期和卵黄形成期卵母细胞对应的卵巢左右两叶各有一“S”形的增殖中心。     

剑尾鱼卵子发生的组织学观察

应用光学显微镜对卵胎生硬骨鱼类剑尾鱼(Xiphophorus helleri)卵巢的组织结构进行了观察。结果显示,剑尾鱼卵子的发育过程可划分为6个时相。Ⅰ时相的卵母细胞呈原始分化状态,细胞外具一层细胞质膜。Ⅱ时相卵母细胞外不仅具有质膜,而且还包绕一层滤泡细胞。Ⅲ时相和Ⅳ时相的卵母细胞分化明显,胞质内开始积累脂滴和卵黄颗粒。Ⅴ时相为成熟卵子,卵子的卵膜极薄,胞质内含有丰富的脂滴和卵黄。Ⅵ时相卵母细胞进入退化期,滤泡细胞从卵周向中央突入,卵黄被完全吸收,滤泡细胞自身也变得肥大。结果表明,剑尾鱼卵巢中卵母细胞的发育是不同步的。     

剑尾鱼卵子发生的的组织学观察

应用光学显微镜对卵胎生硬骨鱼类剑尾鱼(Xiphophorus helleri)卵巢的组织结构进行了观察。结果显示,剑尾鱼卵子的发育过程可划分为6个时相。Ⅰ时相的卵母细胞呈原始分化状态,细胞外具一层细胞质膜。Ⅱ时相卵母细胞外不仅具有质膜,而且还包绕一层滤泡细胞。Ⅲ时相和Ⅳ时相的卵母细胞分化明显,胞质内开始积累脂滴和卵黄颗粒。Ⅴ时相为成熟卵子,卵子的卵膜极薄,胞质内含有丰富的脂滴和卵黄。Ⅵ时相卵母细胞进入退化期,滤泡细胞从卵周向中央突入,卵黄被完全吸收,滤泡细胞自身也变得肥大。结果表明,剑尾鱼卵巢中的卵母细胞的发育是不同步的。     

青鱼性腺发育的研究

湖南地区生长于池塘环境的青鱼,性成熟年龄是5—6年,雄性比雌性普遍地早熟一年。卵母细胞和滤泡细胞是同源的,都来自于卵原细胞。池养青鱼的卵母细胞只能发育到初级卵母细胞阶段(Ⅳ时相),必须通过人工催情,才能进行染色体的减数分裂,使卵母细胞由第Ⅳ时相发育到第Ⅴ时相。精细胞的发生,能够完成由精原细胞到精子的全部发育过程。青鱼在第一次性周期内,雄性精巢在第5个冬季进入第Ⅳ期,雌性卵巢在第6个冬季进入第Ⅲ期,从此以后,每年冬季,雄性精巢回复到第Ⅳ期,雌性卵巢回复到第Ⅲ期,这种性腺季节周期变化的规律,为生产上选留亲鱼提供了理论依据。青鱼雌性卵母细胞由第Ⅲ时相到第Ⅳ时相是同步性的;经人工催情产卵或自然退化后,卵巢的组织学结构又回复到第Ⅱ期,证明青鱼是一次产卵类型。已经达到性成熟年龄的雌性青鱼,卵母细胞的卵黄形成有两种不同的类型。第一种类型是泡内卵黄,第二种类型是泡外卵黄。如果饲养管理工作如投饵、水质调节不适宜,卵母细胞不能正常形成卵黄,就会出现卵子的败育现象,这是生产上一个重要问题,必须进一步研究。       

青鱼性腺发育的研究

湖南地区生长于池塘环境的青鱼,性成熟年龄是5—6年,雄性比雌性普遍地早熟一年。卵母细胞和滤泡细胞是同源的,都来自于卵原细胞。池养青鱼的卵母细胞只能发育到初级卵母细胞阶段(Ⅳ时相),必须通过人工催情,才能进行染色体的减数分裂,使卵母细胞由第Ⅳ时相发育到第Ⅴ时相。精细胞的发生,能够完成由精原细胞到精子的全部发育过程。青鱼在第一次性周期内,雄性精巢在第5个冬季进入第Ⅳ期,雌性卵巢在第6个冬季进入第Ⅲ期,从此以后,每年冬季,雄性精巢回复到第Ⅳ期,雌性卵巢回复到第Ⅲ期,这种性腺季节周期变化的规律,为生产上选留亲鱼提供了理论依据。青鱼雌性卵母细胞由第Ⅲ时相到第Ⅳ时相是同步性的;经人工催情产卵或自然退化后,卵巢的组织学结构又回复到第Ⅱ期,证明青鱼是一次产卵类型。已经达到性成熟年龄的雌性青鱼,卵母细胞的卵黄形成有两种不同的类型。第一种类型是泡内卵黄,第二种类型是泡外卵黄。如果饲养管理工作如投饵、水质调节不适宜,卵母细胞不能正常形成卵黄,就会出现卵子的败育现象,这是生产上一个重要问题,必须进一步研究。     

长吻鮠精巢发育的分期及精子的发生和形成

长吻鮠精巢的发育分为精原细胞增殖期、精母细胞生长期、精母细胞成熟期、精子细胞出现期,精子完全成熟期和精子退化吸收期。精巢的后1/3不产生也不贮存精子,精子的发生和形成经过精原细胞、精母细胞、精子细胞到精子的一系列过程。精原细胞有两种类型。精子无顶体,有中心粒帽,中片长,核凹窝和线粒体发达,鞭毛具侧鳍。     

纳木错裸鲤性腺发育的组织学研究

采用常规的组织切片方法,对西藏特有鱼类纳木错裸鲤的性腺发育进行了组织学研究,系统地描述了各期精巢和卵巢的形态结构、特征及其变化.尤其论述了其卵巢中卵细胞的卵黄核破碎与分解的特点、卵膜的结构、核仁排出物在卵黄形成过程中的作用,以及卵粒重吸收的过程.根据各期卵巢中卵母细胞的组成情况,认为纳木错裸鲤已达性成熟的个体并不是每年都参与繁殖活动是对高原极端、多变气候环境的一种生态适应;阐明了纳木错裸鲤属于分批同步产卵鱼类.       

尼罗罗非鱼性腺发育的研究

湖南地区生长于池塘环境的尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapia nilotica),性成熟日龄是110—130天,雄性比雌性普遍早熟20天。精细胞的发生能够完成由精原细胞到精子的全部发育过程,同样,卵细胞的发生也能完成由卵原细胞到卵子的全部发育过程。初级卵母细胞处于Ⅲ时相阶段时,可由包被卵周的滤泡细胞分泌产生放射膜,但放射膜不在动物性极形成受精孔,也无精孔细胞的分化,证实尼罗罗非鱼是属于非受精孔受精类型。初级卵母细胞由Ⅲ时相发育到Ⅳ时相是非同步性的,产后卵巢的组织学结构为第Ⅳ期,卵巢系数在繁殖季节可出现三次高峰,证实尼罗罗非鱼是属于多次产卵类型。通过对精巢组织学的研究,发现尼罗罗非鱼的第Ⅰ期精巢是自然两性嵌合体。       

AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF GAMETOGENESIS OF THE MARINE BIVALVE PINNA NOBILIS (LINNAEUS 1758)I. OOGENESIS

The ultrastructural stages of female gametogenesis are describedin a Mediterranean marine bivalve, Pinna nobiiis. Firstly, theprocess of oocyte formation is analysed and the formation ofthe yolk granules is discussed. Secondly the degeneration ofoocytes is described and seems to be most common in vitello-genicoocytes. The evolution of the oocyte reserves is particular;they form a dense globulose mass in the acinar lumen which willthen appear in the cytoplasm content of auxiliary cells. Duringearly stages of oogenesis the oocyte is completely surroundedby several layers of auxiliary cells. On formation of the viteliinecoat around the oocyte, the auxiliary cells are restricted tothe stalk and contact is maintained by desmosomes. Interdigitationphenomena are observed. The auxiliary cells appear to play anintegral role in development of the oocyte. Their functionsare the phagocytosis and intracellular digestion of productsoriginating from oocyte degeneration; this function can permita transfer of precursors necessary to vitellogenesis; they havealso a synthetic activity and they accumulate reserves in theircytoplasm, as glycogen and lipids, which can be employed byvitellogenic oocytes. (Received 2 November 1994; accepted 20 February 1995)     

Oogenesis: From Oogonia to Ovulation in the Flagfish,Jordanella floridae Goode and Bean, 1879 (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae)

We provide histological details of the development of oocytes in the cyprinodontid flagfish, Jordanella floridae. There are six stages of oogenesis: Oogonial proliferation, chromatin nucleolus, primary growth (previtellogenesis [PG]), secondary growth (vitellogenesis), oocyte maturation and ovulation. The ovarian lamellae are lined by a germinal epithelium composed of epithelial cells and scattered oogonia. During primary growth, the development of cortical alveoli and oil droplets, are initiated simultaneously. During secondary growth, yolk globules coalesce into a fluid mass. The full‐grown oocyte contains a large globule of fluid yolk. The germinal vesicle is at the animal pole, and the cortical alveoli and oil droplets are located at the periphery. The disposition of oil droplets at the vegetal pole of the germinal vesicle during late secondary growth stage is a unique characteristic. The follicular cell layer is composed initially of a single layer of squamous cells during early PG which become columnar during early vitellogenesis. During primary and secondary growth stages, filaments develop among the follicular cells and also around the micropyle. The filaments are seen extending from the zona pellucida after ovulation. During ovulation, a space is evident between the oocyte and the zona pellucida. Asynchronous spawning activity is confirmed by the observation that, after ovulation, the ovarian lamellae contain follicles in both primary and secondary growth stages; in contrast, when the seasonal activity of oogenesis and spawning ends, after ovulation, the ovarian lamellae contain only follicles in the primary growth stage. J. Morphol. 277:1339–1354, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Ovarian morphology of the Japanese eel in Mikawa Bay

Annual changes in gonadal maturation of female Japanese eel Anguilla japonica in sea water were investigated histologically over 5 years in the Mikawa Bay, Japan, where they occurred throughout the year except in March. Almost all immature Japanese eels (yellow eels) occurred mainly from April to September, and they were rare after November. In contrast, maturing Japanese eels (silver eels) occurred from October to February. The gonado‐somatic index ( I _G) and oocyte diameters of yellow eels were <1·0 and 150 μm, respectively, and oocytes were at the peri‐nucleolus or the oil droplet stages. The I _G and oocyte diameters of silver eels were greater than those of yellow eels and most oocytes developed to the primary yolk globule stage. The numbers of silver eels lacking oocytes at the primary yolk globule stage increased after January in Mikawa Bay, although I _G and oocyte diameters remained unchanged. In contrast, silver eels caught at the mouth of the bay in January possessed oocytes that had advanced to the secondary yolk globule stage. These observations indicate that oocyte development changes seasonally, especially after winter in Mikawa Bay.     

Oogenesis and the ovarian cycle in Salamandra salamandra infraimmaculata Mertens (Amphibia; Urodela; Salamandridae) in fringe areas of the taxon's distribution

Reproductive cycle and oogenesis were studied in specimens of Salamandra salamandra infraimmaculata Mertens that inhabit fringe areas of the taxon's distribution in the Mediterranean region. Both ovarian mass and length are correlated significantly with body mass and length. Ovarian length is also correlated with the number of oocytes. During the oogenetic cycle six stages in oocyte development were recognized. Three occur during previtellogenesis: stage 1, in which oogonia divide and form cell nests; stage 2 in which oogonia differentiate into oocytes; and stage 3, in which the oocyte cytoplasm increases in volume. In the vitellogenic phase two additional stages, 4 and 5, were recognized: stage 4, in which lipid accumulates in vacuoles in the periphery followed by the appearance of yolk platelets near the cytoplasmic margin; and stage 5, in which oocyte volume increases rapidly due to increased number of yolk platelets until it reaches its maximal size. During postvitellogenesis one stage was recognized: stage 6, in which the beginning of maturation is characterized by movement of the nucleus toward the animal pole. Oogenesis continues year-round. The first four stages were seen in all ovaries examined. The ovarian cycle is independent of season and reproductive stage apart from the number of mature, postvitellogenic oocytes that increases following gestation toward the beginning of spring (March-April). J. Morphol 231:149–160, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

性成熟华鲮卵子发生的组织学

2003年7月~2005年6月,从嘉陵江收集雌性华鲮性腺材料,通过组织学方法观察其卵子发育的特征。华鲮的卵子发生经过卵原细胞、核酸积累、皮层小泡形成、卵黄积累、成熟卵、退化卵几个时相。卵母细胞核酸时相初期,染色质明显向核膜内侧边缘聚集是卵母细胞早期发育的重要特点。