农田生态系统种群结构多样性与系统微环境的关系——对几种多样性农田生态系统的分析评价

农田生物与其环境因素之间关系问题是农业生态系统研究的一个重点问题 ,生物与其所处环境因素之间关系的好坏 ,对生物的生长发育起着重要作用 ,进而影响着农田生态系统的功能发挥。单一生物与其环境因素之间的关系 ,通常是农田生态系统研究的重点。由多种生物组成的生物群落与其环境因素之间的关系 ,由于对农田生态系统的良好发育更起着关键制约作用 ,因而 ,也越来越多地受到研究人员的关注。对农田生态系统生物种群多样性 ,与多种生态环境因子之间关系的研究 ,也由于人们对多样化系统关注程度的提高而显得尤为重要。本文在对已有研究资料系…     

农田生物多样性与害虫综合治理

在现代农田生态系统中 ,人类为了满足自身的需要 ,通常把自然界的植物群落改造成大面积种植单种特定的作物 ,人为地排除其他植物种类的竞争以提高作物的产量。由于单一化的作物不断取代自然植被 ,降低了农田的物种和生境多样性 ,结果导致农田生态系统的不稳定和害虫问题的更加恶化。影响农田生物多样性的因素很多 ,如地理位置、气候类型、环境条件、作物品种、种间关系、人类的栽培活动等。根据现有的生态学原理和研究成果 ,人类可以通过采用适当的措施来恢复和强化农田生物多样性 ,提高天敌的控制潜能 ,减少害虫发生的可能性 ;这些措施包括合理安排混作的时空格局 ,通过轮作进行间断性耕种 ,对多年生作物采用地面覆盖植被 ,利用不同品种以提高作物的遗传多样性 ,等等。在设计农田生物多样性的管理策略时 ,必须同时考虑当地气候、地理 ,植被 ,作物 ,土壤等因素的变化 ,因为在特定的生境条件下 ,这些因素可能增加或减少害虫发生的机会     

化学除草剂对农田生态系统野生植物多样性的影响

农田生物多样性是全球生物多样性的重要组成部分, 除草剂的大量施用对其产生了严重影响。本文综述了化学除草剂对农田生态系统中野生植物多样性的影响, 并分析归纳了其影响机制。除草剂的施用会使敏感植物减少, 抗药性植物增多, 从而改变农田生态系统中的野生植物物种组成, 并使其趋同化, 降低遗传多样性和物种多样性, 以致植物功能群单一化, 群落稳定性下降。除草剂的主要影响机制是杀死植物或改变其生长代谢、抗性、繁殖等, 改变生境, 并与人为因素、环境因素等产生协同影响。不同种类的除草剂影响程度不同, 且不同物种间、不同群落间的响应也存在差异。我国化学除草剂使用量持续增长, 应加强除草剂对野生植物多样性的影响及其机制研究, 重视除草剂使用历史记录和野生植物的长期监测, 以及除草剂使用规范和相关政策法律研究, 更好地保护我国农田生态系统中的生物多样性。     

我国主要类型农业地区农田生态系统多样性的研究

通过对我国 5个典型农业类型区农田生态系统多样性现状的调查 ,建立了农田生态系统多样性数据库 ,在分析了各典型调查地区的土地利用、作物接续、作物搭配、系统类型单元等多样性特征的基础上 ,计算出各农田生态系统多样性指标 .结果表明 ,我国主要类型农业地区的最大丰富度相差不大且普遍偏低 ;各地区间平均丰富度 ( Ta)差异明显 ,且总体上丘陵地区高于平原 ,平原地区自南向北递减 ;各地区间的均匀度 ( E)和优势度( D)无明显差异 ,丘陵地区的 E相对高于平原地区 ,而 D与 E相反 .据此提出了建设多样化的农田生态系统结构、改进当前农田生态系统多样性的建议 .     

塔吉克斯坦的生态系统和植物多样性

本文在查阅资料的基础上,结合野外考察对塔吉克斯坦生态系统和植物多样性进行研究。塔吉克斯坦生态系统有12种——积雪冰川生态系统、高山荒漠生态系统、高山草甸草原生态系统、中部山地针叶林生态系统、中部山地的肉叶森林生态系统、中部山地疏叶旱生森林生态系统、中低部山区的亚热带稀树草原生态系统、山麓的半荒漠和荒漠生态系统、湿地生态系统、农业生态系统、城市生态系统和杂草生态系统;多样的生态系统分布植物9 771种,其中藻类2 145种,菌类2 233种,地衣524种,苔藓植物358种,蕨类植物22种,裸子植物35种,被子植物4 454种。     

酸雨对植物—害虫—天敌系统的作用

综述了酸雨对植物—害虫—天敌系统的影响和酸雨对害虫的作用机制 ,探讨了模拟酸雨与自然酸雨对生态系统的不同作用 ,并展望了进一步研究和发展的方向。     

农田非作物生境调控与害虫综合治理

就害虫综合治理的研究而言,农田生态系统可以区分出作物生境和邻近作物的非作物生境。昆虫从作物生境迁移到非作物生境,与作物生境缺乏食物或受人类栽培活动干扰而引起的自然迁移、转换寄主和寻求庇护场所有关。许多研究表明,与特定作物田块相联系的植被类型和结构可影响害虫及其天敌迁居的种类、数量和时间。因此,我们可以通过改变大田周围非作物生境的植被组成及特征来调控农业生态系统中害虫与天敌的相互关系,提高天敌对害虫的控制效能。由于景观的空间格局对节肢动物的生物学特性有直接或间接的影响,所以,以景观为单元要比以同类作物的田块为单元更加适于害虫综合治理的研究和实施。在现代农业景观区域内重新引入和相嵌一些非栽培植物或廊道,可为众多有益节肢动物的繁殖、取食和避害提供多种类型的非作物栖境。     

蚜虱净对苜蓿主要害虫及天敌种群数量的影响

在甘肃省定西市九华沟系统研究了喷施蚜虱净对苜蓿主要害虫及天敌种群数量动态的影响。结果表明,施药田蚜虫和蓟马的季节平均数量极显著高于对照田,而盲蝽和瓢虫、小花蝽、蜘蛛等大多数天敌的季节平均数量则极显著低于对照田,寄生蜂与对照田没有湿著差异。喷施蚜虱净对种群数量时序动态的影响在不同害虫和天敌种类中表现不同,5月底施药后7d对照田蚜虫和蓟马的种群数量分别为施药田的4．13倍和5．2倍,此后施药田害虫的种群数量开始迅速增加,到6月底2种害虫的种群数量均与对照田无显著差异,到7月中旬以后反而显著高于对照田。施药对盲蝽种群数量时序动态的影响与蚜虫和蓟马不同,5月底施药后盲蝽的种群数量一直显著低于对照田,直到7月下旬以后,种群数量才恢复到对照田的水平。喷施蚜虱净对天敌种群数量的时序动态有极显著的影响,大多数天敌的种群数量在5月底施药后到7月底都一直显著低于对照田,直到8月上旬才恢复到对照田的水平。施用杀虫剂在防治害虫的同时杀伤大量天敌,使害虫的种群数量迅速增加,甚至造成更严重的为害。因此在菖蓿上使用对天敌杀伤力小的杀虫剂对保持天敌的自然控制能力有重要作用。     

多样化的棉田生态系统控害保益功能特征研究

应用数量分析与能量测定相结合的方法 ,定量地分析和比较了华北棉区多样化的套间作棉田生态系统与单作棉田生态系统中主要害虫、天敌的种群动态及其天敌对害虫的控制作用 .结果表明 ,多样化的套间作系统中苗蚜与 2代棉铃虫发生轻 ,而伏蚜与 3代棉铃虫发生重 ;套间作系统有利于天敌群落能量的生产 ,尤其是利于捕食性蜘蛛类群的能量生产 ;从棉田生态系统棉株 害虫 天敌相互作用关系来看 ,尽管间套作系统内天敌群落生产力增加 ,保护益虫 (天敌 )作用好 ,同时也增加了害虫群落生产力 ,其控害功能较差 .     

On the prospects of using balanced sex-linked lethals for insect pest control

Summary A new method is suggested for controlling species of insect pests in which the female is heterogametic. This method, involving the use of balanced lethals on the Z chromosome, causes the death of females in the embryonic stage. The method has already been tested in practical sericulture for the production of entirely male progeny of the silkworm. The method requires the construction of two strains of the pest, one carrying two balanced nonallelic but closely located lethals on the Z chromosome, and another with two other pairs of lethals of the same type. In the hybrid progeny from the crosses between the two strains, 100% of the female embryos would die, thus making it possible to release only males without any laborious procedure for sex discrimination. In the progeny from the crosses between the released males and females from the natural population, again 100% of females would die, but the males would survive and when they mated — 62.5% of the female progeny would die. This rate would decline to 34.4 and 16.6% in the sons and grandsons respectively. The repeated release of hybrid males would lead to a progressive increase, with each successive generation, in the percentage of female mortality in the natural population until its total extinction.     

生长的冗余—作物对于虫害超越补偿作用的一种解释

本文阐述了作物在株高、叶面积、分枝或分蘖数、繁殖器官数量、生育期长度及生物产量对经济产量的比例等方面常存在大量冗余。这种冗余随着辅助能量输入的增加而增大。生长冗余本是生物适应波动环境的一种生态对策,以便增大稳定性,减小绝种的风险。但当环境条件改善或经人类支持与保护后,作物的这种固有的冗余特性变成了一种浪费和负担,对高产不利。通过栽培或育种手段减少冗余便可高产。在一些情形下,昆虫取食能减少作物的冗余。这便是作物对虫害的超越补偿的基本原因。     

First record of Closterocerus chamaeleon,parasitoid of the Eucalyptus Gall Wasp Ophelimus maskelli (Hymenoptera,Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae), in the New World

The uniparental parasitoid Closteroceruschamaeleon (Girault) is discovered to be fortuitously present on a population of the invasive Eucalyptus Gall Wasp Ophelimusmaskelli (Ashmead) in Riverside, California. This is the first report from the New World of Closteroceruschamaeleon, which has proven to be a highly effective natural enemy of Ophelimusmaskelli in the Mediterranean Basin. The taxonomy and identification of Closteroceruschamaeleon is discussed.     

Conservation of plant diversity in Korea

Korea is a land of contrasts. The mountainous Korean peninsula arches north and northwest towards the Russian and Chinese borders, where the last areas of old growth coniferous forest and the land formed five forest types. Plant and habitat diversity in Korea has been largely damaged by various kinds of human activities. The plant diversity of Korea is severely threatened due to the high population density and rapid industrialization since the 1960s, as well as the illegal collection of wild plants for ornamental, medicinal, and food purposes. Natural areas have been greatly fragmented and survive only as ecological islands surrounded by modified cultivated and industrial lands. For instance, more than 60 industrial parks are located along the coast, and these have contributed to the rapid destruction of plant diversity in the coastal areas of the peninsula. The modern concept of plant conservation in Korea is still in an infant stage. The cooperation of plant conservation bodies with disciplinary approaches based on conservation biology are essential strategies to pursue plant conservation. The capacity building for plant conservation in Korea has different management regimes by the relevant ministries. Since the late 1990s, the plant conservation body Korean Plant Specialist Group of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC) has been closely linked with international conservation bodies for in situ and ex situ conservation management. Under the umbrella of the national plant conservation strategies, the different strategies and working agencies can be fully integrated. Furthermore, the systematic approaches for the recovery of threatened species, as well as habitat monitoring over the long-term basis, will need to be supported by a stable budget policy. Also, protocol for the conservation of rare and endangered plant species, including recovery works in Korea, is strongly needed.     

Role of latency period in viral infection: a pest control model

The interrelationship of latency period in viral infection and overall infection process in host community are of critical importance in context of pest control programme. Both of them regulate the overall system stability as they are dynamically linked to predation by natural enemies in the system. The present paper deals with the role of latency period in viral infection through mathematical modeling and analysis. We propose a four dimensional mathematical model with delayed infection in pest community. It is shown that there exists a certain value of delay, say T( *) such that for T>T( *) the system exhibits global stability towards disease-free equilibrium. But for T相似文献   

Comparison of the predation capacities of two soil-dwelling predatory mites,Gaeolaelaps aculeifer and Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari: Laelapidae), on three thrips species

Soil-dwelling predatory mites are natural enemies of various soil pest insects and mites. Both Gaeolaelaps aculeifer (Canestrini) and Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Womersley) are commercialized natural enemies of thrips, but there is little information on the predation rate of these predatory mites on different thrips species. We compared their predation capacities on three thrips species, Frankliniella occidentalis, F. intonsa, and Thrips palmi, which are major pests of various horticultural plants. The predatory rate of G. aculeifer was higher than that of S. scimitus. Both predator species fed on more T. palmi thrips than F. occidentalis or F. intonsa thrips, which may be attributable to the smaller body size of T. palmi than the other thrips. Predation rates of female adults were 2.6–2.8 times higher than those of deutonymphs in both species. Predation rates were not separated according to the various developmental stages (i.e., second instar larva, pupa, or adult) of thrips; however, deutonymphs fed on fewer adults than larvae or pupae of F. occidentalis. Our results suggest that both G. aculeifer and S. scimitus are active predators that can prey during any of their developmental stages and on any species of thrips tested.     

Modelling the effects of population aggregation on the efficiency of insect pest control

A methodology is developed to assess the effects of spatial distribution on the efficiency of insect pest control. This methodology is especially applicable to pest control methods whose efficiency of action depends either positively or negatively on pest density It is applied here to the sterile insect technique and pheromone trapping for male annihilation, which both depend negatively on density. This methodology relies on quantifying clumps of various size and then relating this to efficiency of control and predicting the total pest production given the information on clump sizes and efficiency of control for each clump size. It is found that control is about four times as difficult for a population that is highly clumped (k of the negative binomial distribution=0.25) as for a regularly dispersed population.     

外来种刺槐叶瘿蚊的重要寄生性天敌——刺槐叶瘿蚊广腹细蜂在中国的地理分布

刺槐叶瘿蚊广腹细蜂Platygaster robiniae Buhl and Duso(膜翅目:细蜂科)是我国外来有害生物刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis robiniae(Haldeman)(双翅目:瘿蚊科)十分重要的寄生性天敌,为卵-幼虫跨期寄生蜂,专化性强,在自然抑制害虫虫口密度中起着非常重要的作用。为摸清刺槐叶瘿蚊广腹细蜂在我国的地理分布,探讨其与刺槐叶瘿蚊的相互关系,本文根据寄主刺槐叶瘿蚊在我国的分布范围,采用踏查的方法,对全国17个省、市、自治区的29个地区进行了调查。结果显示,刺槐叶瘿蚊广腹细蜂在其寄主分布区都有分布,分布范围在26°35.451′-43°53.482′N,103°51.816′-125°15.969′E,海拔4-1 097 m。     

Parasitoid diversity reduces the variability in pest control services across time on farms

Recent declines in biodiversity have increased interest in the link between biodiversity and the provision and sustainability of ecosystem services across space and time. We mapped the complex network of interactions between herbivores and parasitoids to examine the relationship between parasitoid species richness, functional group diversity and the provision of natural pest control services. Quantitative food webs were constructed for 10 organic and 10 conventional farms. Parasitoid species richness varied from 26 to 58 species and we found a significant positive relationship between parasitoid species richness and temporal stability in parasitism rates. Higher species richness was associated with lower variation in parasitism rate. A functional group analysis showed significantly greater parasitoid species complementarity on organic farms, with on average more species in each functional group. We simulated parasitoid removal to predict whether organic farms experienced greater robustness of parasitism in the face of local extinctions. This analysis showed no consistent differences between the organic and conventional farm pairs in terms of loss of pest control service. Finally, it was found that the different habitats that make up each farm do not contribute equally to parasitoid species diversity, and that hedgerows produced more parasitoid species, significantly more so on organic farms.