刺五加在大鼠实验性肝癌诱发过程中作用的探讨

目的探讨大鼠实验性肝癌发病中刺五加对肌体免疫功能和抗氧化酶活性的影响。方法４６只ＳＤ雄性大鼠被随机分成对照组（喂普通饲料）、３－甲基４－双甲氨基偶氮苯（３－Ｍｅ－ＤＡＢ）组（喂含０．０６％３Ｍｅ－ＤＡＢ饲料 １０周）和刺五加组（饲喂同 ３－Ｍｅ－ＤＡＢ外、另加入刺五加 ４．５ｇ／ｋｇ饲料,用常规方法检测全血谷光甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ）、血清超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性和丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量,用微量化学发光造检测吞噬细胞活性（ＰＭＮ－ＣＬ）。结果１．ＰＭＮ－ＣＬ检测峰值、积分值和吞噬细胞指数,３－ＭｅＤＡＢ组较正常组和刺五加组均有显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５和Ｐ＜０．０１）２．全血ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ活性、ＳＯＤ活性,刺五加组较３－ＭｅＤＡＢ组均有显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＭＤＡ含量刺五加组和３－ＭｅＤＡＢ组均较正常组升高（均Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论刺五加在大鼠实验性肝癌诱发过程中有提高抗氧化酶活性和对抗致癌剂引起的机体中性粒细胞吞噬功能代偿性增高的作用。     

云南阿昌族的红细胞血型分布

调查了１０２名云南阿昌族的ＡＢＯ,ＮＮＳｓ,Ｒｈ和Ｐ系统的红细胞血型,结果表明,阿昌族的基因频率ｐ（０．３８７４）是迄今国内调查过人群中的最高值,Ｅ（０．２４５９）和ＣＤｅ（０．６９３６）基因或染色体频率较高,而Ｓ（０．０６８６）和Ｐ１（０．１０８９）频率较低;Ｍｓ（０．５９５０）连锁率高于Ｎｓ（０．３３５３）;未发现ＳＳ和Ｒｈ（－Ｄ）阴性表现型。     

肾上腺素受体拮抗剂对大鼠急性肝损害影响的研究

雄性ＳＤ大鼠３３只,体重１８０—２５０ｇ,随机分成四组。正常对照组６只;哌唑嗪组８只,于实验第１、２、３日上午用哌唑嗪灌胃（１ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重）共３次,第２日下午腹腔注射半乳糖胺（６００ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重）１次,第４日上午处死动物,取肝脏及血清作有关检查;普萘洛尔组及Ｎ．Ｓ对照组分别用普萘洛尔（２ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重）及Ｎ．Ｓ（１０ｍｌ／ｋｇ体重）代替哌唑嗪灌胃,处理程序同哌唑嗪组。结果表明：一、哌唑嗪能显著减轻肝脏病变及血清ＡＬＴ的升高。二、哌唑嗪对肝损害后肝组织ＳＤＨ、Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴ－Ｐａｓｅ、ＣｈＥ、ＡＣＰ、ＣＣｏ等酶活性的恢复有显著效果。三、哌唑嗪组ＬＰＯ明显低于Ｎ．Ｓ对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）而ＳＯＤ活性明显高于Ｎ．Ｓ对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。普萘洛尔组各项指标同对照组比较均无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示：哌唑嗪对大鼠实验性肝损害有一定的保护作用。     

内毒素诱导兔肺动脉平滑肌iNOS生成中NF—κB作用的探讨

目的和方法：实验采用内毒素的主要成分脂多糖（ＬＰＳ）离体孵育去内皮兔肺动脉环方法,观察血管收缩性的改变,并加入诱生型ＮＯ生成抑制剂氨基胍（ＡＧ）以及核转录因子（ＮＦκＢ）的拮抗剂吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸盐（ＰＤＴＣ）后观察了血管收缩性的变化。结果：ＬＰＳ孵育１６ｈ后血管环对新福林（ＰＥ）的反应性明显减低（Ｐ＜０．０１）,与ＬＰＳ孵育组比较,ＬＰＳ与ＡＧ共同孵育后血管环反应性增加,ＰＤＴＣ预孵育血管环后再用ＬＰＳ孵育,血管环反应性也较ＬＰＳ孵育的血管环反应明显增加。经ＬＰＳ孵育的血管环用ＮＯ生成抑制剂Ｌ硝基精氨酸（ＬＮＮＡ）处理后,对血管收缩剂ＰＥ的反应性有明显增加,而ＰＤＴＣ预孵育组的血管环用ＬＮＮＡ处理后收缩反应性无明显增加。结论：ＬＰＳ离体孵育去内皮肺动脉后,血管平滑肌ｉＮＯＳ诱生,致使血管反应性降低,而ＮＦκＢ在肺动脉平滑肌ｉＮＯＳ诱生中起信息传递作用。     

肾小球疾病儿童体内游离氨基酸含量的研究

为了研究小儿肾小球病变时体内游离氨基酸的代谢变化,采用丹酰氯聚酰胺薄层分析法研究了原发性肾病综合症（ＩＮＳ）８例、急性肾小球肾炎（ＡＧＮ）１２例、过敏性紫癜肾炎（ＡＰＮ）７例与正常对照组２９例的血清及红细胞内游离氨基酸含量的变化。结果表明：（１）此三种肾小球疾病,血清中苯丙氨酸（Ｐｈｅ）、脯氨酸（Ｐｒｏ）、色氨酸（Ｔａｐ）、赖氨酸（Ｌｙｓ）、甘氨酸（Ｇｌｙ）明显高于正常,导致酪／苯丙（Ｔｙｒ／Ｐｈｅ）、缬／甘（Ｖａｌ／Ｇｌｙ）等分子比降低,提示肾功能受损。（２）血清支链氨基酸（ＢＣＡＡ）的含量在ＩＮＳ中低于正常组（ｔ＝３．４８;Ｐ＜０．０１）,而在ＡＧＮ、ＡＰＮ中却高于正常组（ｔ分别为２．３３,２．３９,Ｐ＜０．０５）。（３）红细胞中丝氨酸（Ｓｒｅ）、苯丙氨酸（Ｐｈｅ）、色氨酸（Ｔｒｐ）、胱氨酸＋半胱氨酸（Ｃｙｓ）、天冬氨酸（Ａｓｐ）、谷氨酸（Ｇｌｕ）的含量ＡＰＮ组高于ＩＮＳ及ＡＧＮ,提示ＡＰＮ患儿中肾功能损害没有ＩＮＳ及ＡＧＮ严重。     

用原位末端标记方法观察细胞凋亡在正常喉粘膜、炎症、癌前和癌变中的作用

为了观察凋亡与喉粘膜癌变的关系,本实验应用原位末端标记（ＩＳＥＬ）方法检测喉粘膜正常（ｎｏｒｍａｌｌａｒｙｎｇｅａｌｍｕｃｏｓａ,Ｎ）、炎症（ｉｎｆｌａｍｍａｔｉｏｎ,ＩＦ）、不典型增生（ｄｙｓｐｌａｓｉａ,ＤＹＳ）及鳞癌（ｓｑｕａｍｏｕｓｃｅｌｃａｒｃｉｎｏｍａ,ＳＣＣ）中细胞凋亡情况。标记后的凋亡细胞通过计数以凋亡指数（ＡＩ）表示。结果表明：ＤＹＳ组的凋亡指数（ＡＩ）在所有病变中最高;ＤＹＳ及ＳＣＣ组的ＡＩ值较正常Ｎ及ＩＦ组明显增多,且有显著性差异（Ｐ＜００５）;对ＳＣＣ的计数显示,ＡＩ值随着ＳＣＣ的分化程度下降有逐渐减少的趋势。ＳＣＣ转移组与非转移组的ＡＩ值间无显著性差异（Ｐ＞００５）。结论：细胞凋亡在喉粘膜癌前病变和癌变中发挥着重要作用,与喉癌的发生发展密切相关     

束缚应激对大鼠下丘脑室旁核、视上核一氧化氮合酶活性的影响

目前已知下丘脑是应激反应的关键性调节中枢,下丘脑内一氧化氮是否参与应激反应尚未见报道。本文运用ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ酶组化技术和计算机图象分析方法,对束缚应激大鼠下丘脑室旁核（ＰＶＮ）和视上核（ＳＯＮ）一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）阳性神经元的相对切面面积和平均灰度进行了分析。结果显示,大鼠在急性束缚应激４小时后,其下丘脑ＰＶＮ和ＳＯＮ内的ＮＯＳ阳性神经元的平均灰度值与正常大鼠比较均明显降低（Ｐ＜０．００１）;ＳＯＮ的ＮＯＳ阳性神经元的相对切面面积明显大于正常大鼠（Ｐ＜０．００１）,但ＰＶＮ的ＮＯＳ阳性神经元的相对切面面积未见明显改变（Ｐ＞０．０５）。以上结果说明束缚应激使大鼠下丘脑ＰＶＮ和ＳＯＮ的ＮＯＳ活性增强     

延髓腹外侧区微量注射L－NNA和SNP对大鼠血压、心率和肾交感神经活动的影响

在麻醉大鼠观察了向延髓腹外侧区微量注射ＮＯ合成酶抑制剂Ｎ－硝基左旋精氨酸（ＬＮＮＡ）和硝普钢（ＳＮＰ）对血压、心率和肾交感神经活动的影响,旨在探讨中枢左旋精氨酸－ＮＯ通路在动脉血压调节中的作用及其机制。实验结果如下：（１）向延髓腹外侧头端区（ＲＶＬＭ）注射Ｌ－ＮＮＡ后,平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）升高,肾交感神经活动（ＲＳＮＡ）增强;心率（ＨＲ）减慢,但无统计学意义。ＭＡＰ和ＲＳＮＡ的变化持续３０ｍｉｎ以上;此效应可被预先静注左旋精氨酸所逆转。（２）向ＲＶＬＭ微量注射ＳＮＰ,ＭＡＰ降低,ＲＳＮＡ减弱;但ＨＲ的变化无统计学意义。（３）向延髓腹外侧尾端区（ＣＶＬＭ）注射Ｌ－ＮＮＡ,ＭＡＰ降低,ＨＲ减慢,ＲＳＮＡ减弱。（４）向ＣＶＬＭ微量注射ＳＮＰ,ＭＡＰ升高,ＲＳＮＡ增强,而心率无明显变化。以上结果表明,中枢左旋精氨酸－ＮＯ通路对延髓腹外侧部的神经元活动有调变作用。     

QS激光治疗面部雀斑临床疗效观察

用ＱＳＮＤ ＹＡＧ倍频５３２ｎｍ及ＱＳ翠绿宝石７５５ｎｍ波长激光一次治疗面部雀斑。研究：观察哪些波长组合及用何方法在临床应用既能达到美容效果、又能缩短疗程、节约费用。在将近选患者面部色素密度均匀部位分左、中、右区域进行治疗观察后,发现：（１）ＱＳ５３２ｎｍ治疗组６个月疗效达４０．５％（Ｐ〈０．０５）,（２）ＱＳ７５５ｎｍ治疗组６个月疗效达１２％（Ｐ〈０．０５）,（３）ＱＳ５３２ｎｍ＋ＱＳ７５ｎｍ治疗组疗效达７２％（Ｐ〈０．０１）。说明采用两种波长激光同时复合治疗疗效好,而且起到了美容效果,临床值得推广。     

有氧运动对高胆固醇血症大鼠肝脏低密度脂蛋白受体活性调节…

本文研究了实验性在醇血症大鼠肝脏低密度脂蛋白受体（ＬＤＬ－Ｒ）活性变化及有氧运动时ＬＤＬ－Ｒ活性调节的影响,发现,高脂（ＨＣ）组肝组织匀浆ＬＤＬ－ＲＩ自古以来生较正常对照（ＮＣ）组降低３７％（Ｐ〈０．０５）,同时血清大醇（ＴＣ）、低密度脂收白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）及血清栽脂蛋白Ｂ（ＡｐｏＢ）均显著高于ＮＣ组（Ｐ〈０．０１）;高脂＋运动（ＨＥ）组ＴＣ、ＬＤＬ－Ｃ及ＡｐｏＢ均明显低于ＨＣ组,而ＬＤＬ－Ｒ     

Cerebrovascular reactivity and hypercapnic respiratory drive in diabetic autonomic neuropathy.

Because abnormalities in cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in subjects with long-term diabetes could partly be ascribed to autonomic neuropathy and related to central chemosensitivity, CVR and the respiratory drive output during progressive hypercapnia were studied in 15 diabetic patients without (DAN-) and 30 with autonomic neuropathy (DAN+), of whom 15 had postural hypotension (PH) (DAN+PH+) and 15 did not (DAN+PH-), and in 15 control (C) subjects. During CO(2) rebreathing, changes in occlusion pressure and minute ventilation were assessed, and seven subjects in each group had simultaneous measurements of the middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity (MCAV) by transcranial Doppler. The respiratory output to CO(2) was greater in DAN+PH+ than in DAN+PH- and DAN- (P < 0.01), whereas a reduced chemosensitivity was found in DAN+PH- (P < 0.05 vs. C). MCAV increased linearly with the end-tidal PCO(2) (PET(CO(2))) in DAN+PH- but less than in C and DAN- (P < 0.01). In contrast, DAN+PH+ showed an exponential increment in MCAV with PET(CO(2)) mainly >55 Torr. Thus CVR was lower in DAN+ than in C at PET(CO(2)) <55 Torr (P < 0.01), whereas it was greater in DAN+PH+ than in DAN+PH- (P < 0.01) and DAN- (P < 0.05) at PET(CO(2)) >55 Torr. CVR and occlusion pressure during hypercapnia were correlated only in DAN+ (r = 0.91, P < 0.001). We conclude that, in diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy, CVR to CO(2) is reduced or increased according to the severity of dysautonomy and intensity of stimulus and appears to modulate the hypercapnic respiratory drive.     

Regulation of ANP secretion in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and the influence of autonomic neuropathy.

In order to determine the effect of diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) on the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) response to dynamic stimuli, we studied the ANP response to 60 degrees head-up and 60 degrees leg-up tilt in diabetic subjects with (DAN + ve, n = 8) and without (DAN - ve, n = 8) evidence of autonomic neuropathy and seven matched non-diabetic controls. Mean baseline plasma ANP concentrations were similar in all three groups. Head-up tilt was associated with a fall in plasma ANP in all seven healthy controls (21.8 (16.8-30.7) to 16.8 (7.1-29.1), P = 0.06, mean (range)), seven of the eight DAN - ve (16.9 (6.5-33.7) to 8.5 (3.0-21.1), P = 0.015) and all eight DAN + ve subjects (27.3 (8.5-101.5) to 15.4 (1.0-67.6), P = 0.044). Leg-up tilt caused a rise in plasma ANP in six of the seven healthy controls (17.6 (7.5-27.9) to 22.4 (15.2-48.1), P = 0.041), six of the eight DAN - ve (12.5 (7.8-27.8) to 15.5 (7.3-31.3), P = 0.054) and seven of the eight DAN + ve subjects (18.2 (2.8-55.1) to 25.1 (4.5-92.8), P = 0.013). There was no significant difference in the fall in plasma ANP during head-up tilt or in the rise in plasma ANP during leg-up tilt between the three groups. We conclude that the regulation of ANP secretion is normal in diabetes mellitus, and is unaffected by the presence of autonomic neuropathy.     

Heart rate analysis in normal subjects of various age groups

Background  

Analysis of heart rate variation (HRV) has become a popular noninvasive tool for assessing the activities of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). HRV analysis is based on the concept that fast fluctuations may specifically reflect changes of sympathetic and vagal activity. It shows that the structure generating the signal is not simply linear, but also involves nonlinear contributions. Linear parameters, Power spectral indice (LF/HF) is calculated with nonlinear indices Poincare plot geometry(SD1,SD2), Approximate Entropy (ApEn), Largest Lyapunov Exponent (LLE) and Detrended Fluctuation Analysis(DFA). The results show that, with aging the heart rate variability decreases. In this work, the ranges of all linear and nonlinear parameters for four age group normal subjects are presented with an accuracy of more than 89%.     

sRAGE and esRAGE are not associated with peripheral or autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes.

The receptor for glycation end-products RAGE was previously shown to play a central role in the development of diabetic neuropathy. The present study was aimed to investigate, whether plasma levels of the soluble forms of RAGE are associated with neuropathy in type 2 diabetes. One-hundred and eight patients were screened for peripheral and autonomic diabetic neuropathy using standardized screening tests. No differences in the levels of soluble RAGE or the more defined endogenous secretory RAGE were observed in patients categorized into having no, mild, moderate, or severe deficits in the neuropathy disability or symptom score. In bivariate analysis, neither soluble RAGE nor endogenous secretory RAGE correlated with the expiration to inspiration ratio of heart rate variability. In multivariate models, the neuropathy disability score was independently associated with age (beta=0.38, p<0.01), glomerular filtration rate (beta=0.28, p<0.01) and the presence of retinopathy (beta=0.27, p<0.01), while the neuropathy symptom score was associated with age (beta=0.31, p<0.01) and fasting glucose (beta=0.24, p<0.05). The expiration to inspiration ratio of heart rate variability was associated with age (beta=-0.42, p<0.01), the body-mass-index (beta=-0.28, p<0.01) and presence of retinopathy (beta=-0.19, p<0.05). In contrast to classical risk factors, plasma soluble RAGE and endogenous secretory RAGE are not associated with measures of diabetic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes patients.     

Diabetic autonomic neuropathy and iritis: an association suggesting an immunological cause.

Of 47 insulin requiring diabetics aged 21-40 years with autonomic neuropathy (heart rate variability less than 10), 14 had previously developed iritis. In all except two cases the iritis preceded the autonomic symptoms. The autonomic neuropathy was very severe, 10 patients having two or more characteristic symptoms. Ten of the patients with iritis were women. The association of iritis (itself an immune disorder) with severe symptomatic autonomic neuropathy raises the possibility of an underlying immunological basis for autonomic neuropathy.     

Twenty-four hour monitoring of heart rate and activity in patients with diabetes mellitus: a comparison with clinic investigations.

Heart rate and activity were recorded continuously in 11 selected diabetics during a normal day, and the observations were compared with results obtained in the same patients in the diabetic outpatient clinic 10 months earlier. Both sets of findings agreed well in heart rate variability and postural tachycardia. In patients with well-controlled diabetes simple tests of reflex cardiovascular control produce results that may be useful in following the course of diabetic autonomic neuropathy.     

Involvement of P2Y<Subscript>12</Subscript> receptor of stellate ganglion in diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy

Diabetes as a chronic epidemic disease with obvious symptom of hyperglycemia is seriously affecting human health globally due to the diverse diabetic complications. Diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (DCAN) is a common complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes and incurs high morbidity and mortality. However, the underlying mechanism for DCAN is unclear. It is well known that purinergic signaling is involved in the regulation of cardiovascular function. In this study, we examined whether the P2Y₁₂ receptor could mediate DCAN-induced sympathetic reflexes. Our results revealed that the abnormal changes of blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability, and sympathetic nerve discharge were improved in diabetic rats treated with P2Y₁₂ short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Meanwhile, the expression of P2Y₁₂ receptor, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and connexin 43 (Cx43) in stellate ganglia (SG) was decreased in P2Y₁₂ shRNA-treated diabetic rats. In addition, knocking down the P2Y₁₂ receptor also inhibited the activation of p38 MARK in the SG of diabetic rats. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that P2Y₁₂ receptor in the SG may participate in developing diabetic autonomic neuropathy, suggesting that the P2Y₁₂ receptor could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of DCAN.     

Cardiac Denervation in Diabetes

Evidence for vagal denervation of the heart as a feature of diabetic autonomic neuropathy has been obtained by monitoring beat-to-beat variation in heart rate. Nine diabetics with autonomic neuropathy were assessed; each showed a marked reduction or absence of beat-to-beat variation in comparison with controls. Beat-to-beat variation in normal subjects is abolished by parasympathetic blockade but unaffected by sympathetic blockade. These findings suggest that spontaneous vagal denervation of the heart was present in the cases studied. Measurement of beat-to-beat variation provides a simple test whereby cases of autonomic neuropathy can be screened for cardiac involvement.     

Improvement of cardiovascular autonomic reflexes after amelioration of metabolic control in insulin-dependent diabetic subjects with severe autonomic neuropathy

To evaluate the influence of good metabolic equilibrium on Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy (DAN), cardiovascular autonomic reflexes were monitored in 9 male insulin-dependent diabetic patients with DAN, treated with Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII) by pump: 9 for 10 days, 4 for 1 year and 2 for 20 months. Autonomic neuropathy was assessed evaluating 5 cardiovascular autonomic tests: Valsalva Manoeuvre (VR), Deep Breathing (DB), Lying-to-Standing (L-S), Sustained Handgrip (SHG), and Postural Hypotension (PH). Metabolic control was assessed evaluating the mean daily plasma glucose, glucosuria and glycosylated hemoglobin. Ten days of CSII treatment induced a normalization of glucose balance and a slight but significant improvement in some parasympathetic cardiovascular tests (VR: from 1.09 +/- 0.01 to 1.13 +/- 0.02; P less than 0.05). After 4-8 months of CSII treatment a significant improvement in VR (P less than 0.05); DB (P less than 0.01) and L-S (P less than 0.05) was recorded. The long-term treatment with CSII did not seem to induce a further amelioration in cardiovascular autonomic reflexes. These results show that the slight improvement induced by good metabolic balance in the cardiovascular autonomic response could be related to functional-metabolic rather than structural changes in the nerves.     

Linear and non-linear analysis of cardiac health in diabetic subjects

Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycaemia, which leads to specific long-term complications: retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy and cardiomyopathy. Analysis of cardiac health using heart rate variation (HRV) has become a popular method to assess the activities of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It is beneficial in the assessment of cardiac abnormalities, because of its ability to capture fast fluctuations that may be an indication of sympathetic and vagal activity.This paper documents work on the analysis of both normal and diabetic heart rate signals using time domain, frequency domain and nonlinear techniques. The study is based on data from 15 patients with diabetes and 15 healthy volunteers. Our results show that non-linear analysis of HRV is superior compared to time and frequency methods. Non-linear parameters namely,correlation dimension (CD), approximate entropy (ApEn), sample entropy (SampEn) and recurrence plot properties (REC and DET), are clinically significant.