Construction of a Vibrio splendidus mutant lacking the metalloprotease gene vsm by use of a novel counterselectable suicide vector

Vibrio splendidus is a dominant culturable Vibrio in seawater, and strains related to this species are also associated with mortality in a variety of marine animals. The determinants encoding the pathogenic properties of these strains are still poorly understood; however, the recent sequencing of the genome of V. splendidus LGP32, an oyster pathogen, provides an opportunity to decipher the basis of the virulence properties by disruption of candidate genes. We developed a novel suicide vector based on the pir-dependent R6K replicative origin, which potentially can be transferred by RP4-based conjugation to any Vibrio strain and which also carries the plasmid F toxin ccdB gene under control of the PBAD promoter. We demonstrated that this genetic system allows efficient counterselection of integrated plasmids in the presence of arabinose in both V. splendidus and Vibrio cholerae and thus permits efficient markerless allelic replacement in these species. We used this technique to construct several mutants of V. splendidus LGP32, including a derivative with a secreted metalloprotease gene, vsm, deleted. We found that this gene is essential for LGP32 extracellular product toxicity when the extracellular products are injected into oysters but is not necessary for virulence of bacteria in the oyster infection model when bacteria are injected.     

Metalloprotease Vsm Is the Major Determinant of Toxicity for Extracellular Products of Vibrio splendidus

Genomic data combined with reverse genetic approaches have contributed to the characterization of major virulence factors of Vibrio species; however, these studies have targeted primarily human pathogens. Here, we investigate virulence factors in the oyster pathogen Vibrio splendidus LGP32 and show that toxicity is correlated to the presence of a metalloprotease and its corresponding vsm gene. Comparative genomics showed that an avirulent strain closely related to LGP32 lacked the metalloprotease. The toxicity of LGP32 metalloprotease was confirmed by exposing mollusk and mouse fibroblastic cell lines to extracellular products (ECPs) of the wild type (wt) and a vsm deletion mutant (Δvsm mutant). The ECPs of the wt induced a strong cytopathic effect whose severity was cell type dependent, while those of the Δvsm mutant were much less toxic, and exposure to purified protein demonstrated the direct toxicity of the Vsm metalloprotease. Finally, to investigate Vsm molecular targets, a proteomic analysis of the ECPs of both LGP32 and the Δvsm mutant was performed, revealing a number of differentially expressed and/or processed proteins. One of these, the VSA1062 metalloprotease, was found to have significant identity to the immune inhibitor A precursor, a virulence factor of Bacillus thuringiensis. Deletion mutants corresponding to several of the major proteins were constructed by allelic exchange, and the ECPs of these mutants proved to be toxic to both cell cultures and animals. Taken together, these data demonstrate that Vsm is the major toxicity factor in the ECPs of V. splendidus.     

血管内皮细胞生长因子启动子突变体萤光素酶报告基因载体的构建

目的：构建含有不同片段血管内皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）基因的启动子的萤光素酶报告基因载体,并定位缺氧诱导因子1a（HIF-1d）结合VEGF启动子的区域。方法：以VEGF全长启动子为模板,PCR扩增VEGF启动子的不同片段,插入萤光素酶报告基因载体pGL4-basic,确定所扩增的DNA序列后,将其与HIF-1a表达载体共转染293T细胞,定位HIF-1a结合VEGF启动子的区域。结果：测序结果表明扩增的不同片段的VEGF启动子序列正确;萤光素酶活性实验表明,-1128～-728bp片段是HIF-1a与VEGF相互作用激活VEGF启动子转录活性的区域。结论：克隆了VEGF启动子5’端缺失突变体报告基因表达载体,为调控VEGF表达的转录因子的筛选及功能研究打下了良好基础。     

Co-Occlusion and Persistence of a Baculovirus Mutant Lacking the Polyhedrin Gene

A co-occlusion process was evaluated as a commercially and ecologically acceptable strategy for the development of genetically improved baculovirus insecticides. Coinfection of Spodoptera frugiperda (IPLB-SF-21) tissue culture cells with Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) and an AcMNPV mutant (Ac-E10) lacking the polyhedrin gene resulted in occlusion of both virus types within polyhedra. The amount of occluded Ac-E10 virions in progeny polyhedra populations during serial passage in Trichoplusia ni larvae was evaluated. Maintenance of the mutant in progeny polyhedra required polyhedra inocula containing equal numbers of the two virus types at a high dose. A significant reduction in occluded mutant nucleocapsids occurs with inoculum levels below a 100% lethal dose. At inoculum levels below a 30% lethal dose, the majority of fourth-instar larvae were infected with only one type of virus. The commercial application and ecological advantages of the co-occlusion process are discussed.     

以克隆载体为自杀载体快速构建布鲁氏菌的无痕缺失突变株

构建突变株是病原微生物致病机理研究的重要手段。以往研究中布鲁氏菌的无痕缺失突变株都采用传统的自杀载体来构建,效率低下。首先对布鲁氏菌的电击转化条件进行了优化,然后选择含有反向筛选基因sacB的pEX18Gm质粒作为自杀载体,构建了缺失Ⅳ型启动子区的布鲁氏菌无痕缺失突变株。这不仅为构建布鲁氏菌的突变株提供了一个快速有效的技术平台,也为深入研究Ⅳ型分泌系统的功能奠定了基础。     

腺病毒载体介导CEA基因元件调控自杀基因治疗

构建以CEA启动子控制HSV-TK基因表达的复制缺陷型腺病毒载体(AdCEATK).纯化的重组腺病毒滴度达1×10¹²pfu/ml.CEA阴性的HeLa细胞感染AdCMVTK后对丙氧鸟苷(GCV)很敏感,而感染了AdCEATK后不被GCV杀伤.与此相反CEA阳性的LoVo细胞中AdCMVTK和AdCEATK都有很好的表达活性,说明CEA启动子有良好的细胞专一性.AdCEATK/GCV系统还有明显的旁杀伤效应.此载体将有助于实现对CEA阳性肿瘤的专一性自杀基因治疗.     

小鼠MPI基因的打靶载体的构建和筛选

目的　构建小鼠MPI基因的基因打靶载体转染ES细胞 ,构建用于同源重组筛选的对照载体。方法根据计算机分析小鼠MPI基因的基因组序列 ,构建用于同源重组载体的长臂和短臂并且转染小鼠ES细胞 ,经抗性筛选后得到阳性克隆 ,抽提基因组DNA后用PCR的方法进行重组子的初步筛选。结果　成功构建了MPI基因的基因打靶载体并且摸索了用PCR的方法进行重组细胞初步筛选的方法。结论　这个载体的构建为MPI基因功能的研究打下了基础 ,同时用PCR方法进行初步筛选大大减少了Southern杂交的工作量 ;利用实验小鼠来研究印迹基因是非常有效的方法 ,它不仅能了解印迹基因在小鼠生长发育过程中的功能 ,而且进而有助于研究人的相应印迹区。     

表达血管内皮生长因子-siRNA及双自杀基因yCDglyTK的联合基因载体构建及其应用研究

构建了新型联合基因载体pcDNA3.1(-)VEGF-siRNA/yCDglyTK,研究其在人胃癌细胞系SGC7901细胞中的表达和杀伤作用.构建靶向血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的干扰质粒pGenesil-VEGF-siRNA,采用PCR法从中扩增siRNA表达框(含U6启动子),亚克隆至双自杀基因载体pcDNA3.1(-)CV-yCDglyTK,构建联合基因质粒pcDNA3.1(-)VEGF-siRNA/yCDglyTK;通过酶切、测序等鉴定重组质粒;以磷酸钙纳米颗粒为载体,将干扰质粒、双自杀基因质粒及联合基因质粒转染SGC7901细胞,RT-PCR、Western-blot验证目的基因表达;MTT法检测转染细胞对5-氟胞嘧啶(5-FC)的敏感性.结果表明:酶切及测序证实联合基因载体pcDNA3.1(-)VEGF-siRNA/yCDglyTK构建成功;SGC7901细胞转染联合基因质粒后,RT-PCR、Western-blot证实融合自杀基因表达,而VEGF基因表达下调;在前体药物5-FC作用下,转染联合基因组细胞存活率最低,与其他组比较有统计学差异.成功构建联合基因载体pcDNA3.1(-)VEGF-si...     

以新霉素抗性基因突变体为筛选标志的真核表达载体的构建

新霉素抗性基因(neo)是真核表达载体的常用筛选标志neo基因编码新霉素磷酸转移酶Ⅱ（NPT Ⅱ）,能催化G418、卡那霉素等多种氨基糖苷抗生素分子磷酸化而使之失去抗菌活性。通过对真核表达载体的筛选标志基因neo进行定点突变,以降低NPTⅡ的活性,然后用含neo突变体的真核表达载体pmDNA构建荧光素酶表达质粒,稳定转染CHO-K1细胞,发现表达荧光素酶的阳性细胞比例达到95%,其中高表达细胞集落的筛选率明显高于对照组。     

人端粒酶催化亚单位启动子调控自杀基因HSV-TK肿瘤细胞特异性表达载体的构建

将自杀基因形插入质粒pGL3-hTp和pGL3-Control中,取代其上的荧光素酶基因,分别构建hTERT启动子和SV40启动子调控的TK基因表达质粒pGL3-hWp-TK和pGL3-SV40-TK,酶切和PCR鉴定结果显示重组质粒pGL3-hTp-TK和pGL3-SV40-TK构建成功;用脂质体法将pGL3-hTp-TK和pGL3-SV40-TK瞬时转染端粒酶阳性的人肺腺癌细胞株A549及端粒酶阴性的人胚肺成纤维细胞株MRC-5,RT-PCR显示转染pGL3-SV40-TK的细胞A549和MRC-5均有TK mRNA表达,转染pGL3-hTp-TK的A549细胞中也有形mRNA表达,但转染pGL3-hTp-TK的MRC-5细胞无TK mRNA表达,提示hTERT启动子可以调控自杀基因HSV-TK在肺癌细胞中靶向表达,可能是肿瘤靶向性基因治疗中比较理想的转录调控元件．     

利用T载体克隆快速构建布鲁氏菌缺失突变株

目的：建立一种基于T载体快速克隆构建布鲁氏菌突变株的方法,提高布鲁氏菌突变株构建的效率;方法：采用融合PCR的方法,将待缺失基因上下游的同源臂与卡那霉素抗性基因融合起来,构建突变盒,然后将突变盒直接与T载体连接,构建突变载体,将载体转入布鲁氏菌感受态细胞并筛选抗性克隆,进而获得布鲁氏菌的缺失突变株。结果：结合融合PCR和T载体快速克隆,能够在48h之内构建好突变载体,与传统的酶切连接相比,效率高、周期短。结论：基于T载体快速克隆是一种非常高效的构建突变株的方法,为布鲁氏菌突变株的构建提供了一种新方法。     

溃烂症眼斑拟石首鱼分离的灿烂弧菌的鉴定

摘要：【目的】从患溃烂症的眼斑拟石首鱼分离到优势菌株M-1,并进一步对该菌的系统发育学进行了分析。【方法】采用形态学、生理生化鉴定,结合16S rRNA和HSP60基因序列分析。【结果】16S rRNA基因同源性分析,菌株M-1与灿烂弧菌(AJ874361、AY046955)聚为一群;HSP60基因(groES)序列分析表明M-1与弧菌(EU653883、AY837440)聚为一个分支。【结论】菌株M-1属于灿烂弧菌(Vibrio splendidus)。     

新型用于艾滋病基因治疗的结合白喉毒素突变体的慢病毒载体

慢病毒载体作为基因治疗的工具之一备受关注,尤其是基于HIV-1构建的慢病毒载体.结合笔者的研究工作,对特异性识别HIV阳性细胞的非整合性依赖Rev并结合白喉毒素突变体的新型慢病毒载体构建以及抗白喉毒素细胞系的建立作了介绍.     

携带靶向性可调控自杀基因的重组相关腺病毒载体的构建及其活性检测

目的:构建携带受Tet-On以及VEGF启动子双调控自杀基因HSVtk的重组腺相关病毒载体,研究其在乳腺癌细胞MCF-7中的可调控表达.方法:用PCR方法扩增VEGF启动予,将其插入pAAV/TRE/HSVtk/Tet-On中形成重组载体pAAV/VEGF/TRE/HSVtk/Tet-On质粒.进行病毒包装后得到了rAAV/VEGF/TRE/HSVtk/Tet-On重组腺相关病毒.用重组腺相关病毒感染乳腺癌细胞株MCF-7和正常乳腺HBL-100细胞,用MTT法及RT-PCR检测在Dox诱导下,GCV对rAAV感染的MCF-7细胞和HBL-100细胞的杀伤作用以及HSVtk基因在MCF-7细胞内的表达情况.结果:在rAAV+Dox+GCV组,GCV对rAAV感染的MCF-7细胞的杀伤作用明显高于rAAV+Dox组,rAAV+Dox组以及HBL-100组,并且RT-PCR结果显示经Dox诱导HSVtk表达较明显.结论:成功构建了携带双调控自杀基因的重组腺相关病毒载体,该病毒载体能有效的感染乳腺癌细胞MCF-7,并能联合GCV治疗,抑制肿瘤细胞生长,而且具有靶向性.     

肠出血性大肠杆菌毒力相关基因突变株的构建

目的:利用Red重组系统敲除肠出血性大肠杆菌O157∶H7的毒力基因espA、espB、espD,构建3株突变株。方法:以肠出血性大肠杆菌O157∶H7为模板,PCR扩增基因两翼的同源序列;将PCR产物插入pEASY-T1载体并测序,将测序正确的上、下游同源序列分步酶切,构建于pUC19-kan质粒上,经PCR获得两端同源序列中间嵌合卡那霉素抗性基因标记的线性片段,利用质粒pKD46介导的重组技术,敲除espA、espB、espD基因,之后转入pCP20质粒以去除抗性标记,最后测定突变株及野生菌株的生长曲线。结果:敲除了肠出血性大肠杆菌O157∶H7的毒力基因espA、es pB、espD,获得3株突变株,突变株与野生株的生长曲线相近。结论:为进一步研究espA、espB、espD基因在肠出血性大肠杆菌O157∶H7致病过程中的作用奠定了基础。     

无载体主干序列的bar和cecropin B 基因表达框共转化水稻

基因枪等直接转化法可将去除质粒载体主干序列的外源基因表达框导入植物基因组,消除质粒主干序列对植物基因组的影响,同时由于转基因分子较小,比较容易实现多个基因的共转化,在植物基因工程育种上有重要的应用价值,研究了基因枪介导外源基因表达框（包括启动子、基因开放阅读框和终止子）转化水稻的影响因素和转基因的整合模式,结果表明：（1）基因枪介导外源基因表达框转化水稻的频率约在0.1%～0.5%之间,非选择标准基因与选择标记基因的共转化频率约为50%～60%,增加基因表达框DNA浓度可提高转化率。相同基因构建物对不同品质水稻的转化率不同,基因构建物的侧边序列对基因枪转化的品种差异可能具有重要影响。（2）非选择标记基因cecropin B表达框在水稻基因组内整合模式简单,仅有1～3个拷贝;筛选标记基因bar表达框却比完整质粒转化后的整合模式复杂得多,插入拷贝数在4～14个之间,线形基因表达框的游离DNA末端和CaMV 35S启动中子重组热点介导的转基因重组可能是导致bar基因表达框复杂整合的重要原因。     

一种高效感染血液细胞的新型靶向性腺病毒载体的构建

人C组5型腺病毒(Ad5)载体能够有效感染上皮来源的细胞,但对造血细胞的感染效率很低,限制了其在造血调控基础研究以及血液病基因治疗中的应用。为了建立高效感染血液细胞的新型靶向性腺病毒载体系统,对5型腺病毒载体的纤维顶球进行了改造,以AdEasy系统为基础,应用递归PCR的方法人工合成人B组11p型腺病毒的部分纤维(fiber)基因,采用一系列分子生物学方法将其替换AdEasy骨架质粒中的人5型腺病毒的fiber基因,得到新的腺病毒骨架质粒命名为pAdEasy-1/F11p,应用带有GFP报告基因的穿梭质粒pShuttle-GFP与AdEasy-1/F11p腺病毒DNA在BJ5183细菌内重组得到重组腺病毒质粒,将其转染293细胞获得重组腺病毒,命名为Ad5F11p-GFP。以Ad5-GFP作对照,同时感染K562、U937等白血病细胞系,流式细胞仪检测GFP的表达。初步检测结果显示:在10MOI时,Ad5F11p-GFP能够有效感染K562、U937等白血病细胞系,感染细胞效率>90%,对照Ad5-GFP感染细胞效率<30%,这表明改建后的腺病毒AdEasy-1/F11p可以高效介导基因转移到血液细胞,是一种很好的血液细胞靶向性腺病毒载体。     

一种高效感染血液细胞的新型靶向性腺病毒载体的构建

人C组5型腺病毒(Ad5)载体能够有效感染上皮来源的细胞,但对造血细胞的感染效率很低,限制了其在造血调控基础研究以及血液病基因治疗中的应用.为了建立高效感染血液细胞的新型靶向性腺病毒载体系统,对5型腺病毒载体的纤维顶球进行了改造,以AdEasy系统为基础,应用递归PCR的方法人工合成人B组11p型腺病毒的部分纤维(fiber)基因,采用一系列分子生物学方法将其替换AdEasy骨架质粒中的人5型腺病毒的fiber基因,得到新的腺病毒骨架质粒命名为pAdEasy-1/F11p,应用带有GFP报告基因的穿梭质粒pShuttle-GFP与AdEasy-1/F11p腺病毒DNA在BJ5183细菌内重组得到重组腺病毒质粒,将其转染293细胞获得重组腺病毒,命名为Ad5F11p-GFP.以Ad5-GFP作对照,同时感染K562、U937等白血病细胞系,流式细胞仪检测GFP的表达.初步检测结果显示在10MOI时,Ad5F11p-GFP能够有效感染K562、U937等白血病细胞系,感染细胞效率＞90%,对照Ad5-GFP感染细胞效率＜30%,这表明改建后的腺病毒AdEasy-1/F11p可以高效介导基因转移到血液细胞,是一种很好的血液细胞靶向性腺病毒载体.     

Biochemical Analysis of a Mutant Tetrahymena Lacking Outer Dynein Arms

ABSTRACT. Tetrahymena thermophila mutants homozygous for the oad mutation become nonmotile when grown at the restrictive temperature, and axonemes isolated from nonmotile mutants lack approximately 90% of their outer dynein arms. Electrophoretic analyses of axonemes isolated from nonmotile mutants ( oad axonemes) indicate they contain significantly fewer of the 22 S dynein heavy chains that axonemes isolated from wild-type cells (wild-type axonemes) contain. The 22 S dynein heavy chains that remain in axonemes isolated from nonmotile, oad mutants are assembled into 22 S dynein particles that exhibit wild-type levels of ATPase activity. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of oad axonemes show that they are deficient in no proteins other than those proteins thought to be components of 22 S dynein. This report is the first formal proof that outer dynein arms in Tetrahymena cilia are composed of 22 S dynein.     

Construction of an Alpha Toxin Gene Knockout Mutant of Clostridium perfringens Type A by Use of a Mobile Group II Intron

In developing Clostridium perfringens as a safe vaccine vector, the alpha toxin gene (plc) in the bacterial chromosome must be permanently inactivated. Disrupting genes in C. perfringens by traditional mutagenesis methods is very difficult. Therefore, we developed a new strategy using group II intron-based Target-Tron technology to inactivate the plc gene in C. perfringens ATCC 3624. Western blot analysis showed no production of alpha toxin protein in the culture supernatant of the plc mutant. Advantages of this technology, such as site specificity, relatively high frequency of insertion, and introduction of no antibiotic resistance genes into the chromosome, could facilitate construction of other C. perfringens mutants.