一种适于PCR反应的快速提取食用菌基因组DNA的方法

目的:建立一种以食用菌菌丝体和子实体为原材料的快速提取其基因组DNA的方法,从而提高基因组DNA的提取效率,为食用菌分子生物学提供便利.方法:分别以平菇黑平王的菌丝体和子实体为材料,快速提取其基因组DNA,并以此为模板进行ITS序列扩增.结果:采用方法提取的基因组DNA结构完整,无明显拖尾现象,浓度大约为10ng/μl,以此为模板能够获得预期的ITS条带.结论:该方法具有简便、快速、经济、无污染等优点,提取的基因组DNA适用于PCR反应等分子生物学研究,提高了提取效率,可作为高通量的提取方法.     

伞菌DNA简易序列分析引出的思考

目的:伞菌物种以子实体形态特征为分类依据,研究以菌丝体代替子实体进行种质资源鉴定的遗传证据。方法:以常见的食用伞菌香菇、平菇子实体的不同部位组织及其分离菌丝体为供试材料,制备了12个随机引物介导的RAPD-PCR指纹,把DNA指纹图谱转化为简易的序列数据,经生物信息处理软件比较分析。结果:香菇不同菌株子实体DNA相似性系数在0.886～0.986之间,平菇不同菌株子实体DNA相似系数在0.779～0.976之间。对于供试的单个子实体而言,香菇和平菇子实体的菌盖、菌褶、菌柄及其组织分离菌丝体,与以此为菌种栽培得到的子实体相比较,所获得的有限DNA指纹图谱全部相同。结论:揭示了香菇和平菇不同菌株的遗传多样性,初步反映了伞菌不同发育阶段在分子水平上的遗传变异和亲缘关系,争论了以菌丝体代替子实体使用RAPD手段进行种质资源鉴定与系统发育分析引出的真菌遗传问题。     

4种黑曲霉基因组DNA提取方法的比较

目的:筛选适合提取曲霉DNA的方法.方法:比较2个菌落培养时间段(3d内和10d左右)提取DNA质量的差异;运用氯化苄法、石英砂+CTAB法、Biospin法和微波法分别提取黑曲霉基因组DNA,然后用直接电泳、浓度测定、PCR扩增等方法比较所提DNA的浓度和质量.结果:培养3d内的菌落提取的DNA纯度较高,无需纯化即可用于后续实验;4种方法制备的DNA均可用于PCR等后续实验,其中以石英砂+CTAB法提取的DNA纯度好,产率最高.结论石英砂+CTAB法是一种适用于曲霉DNA提取的简便方法.     

两种外周血 DNA 提取方法的比较

目的:外周血DNA的提取是研究乙型肝炎病毒相关临床疾病的基础,所提取DNA的质与量直接关乎下游研究的成败,经济、高效、便捷的外周血DNA提取方法对于疾病分子水平的研究尤为重要,本实验旨在比较两种外周血DNA提取方法,从而为临床研究提供有力的参考。方法:以外周抗凝血为试验样本,分别采用改良盐析法和DNA提取试剂盒法(硅胶柱纯化)进行基因组DNA的提取,通过分光光度仪测量DNA浓度和纯度,并进行PCR扩增及电泳实验。比较改良盐析法与试剂盒提取法(硅胶柱纯化)的效果。结果:试剂盒提取法(硅胶柱纯化)标本用量甚微,省时,提取DNA纯度高,步骤繁琐,PCR条带单一、亮度差;改良盐析法操作步骤少,提取DNA浓度高,PCR条带亮度佳、杂带多,耗时长。结论:两组方法各有优缺点,试剂盒提取法(硅胶柱纯化)可靠、快速,但所获DNA量少、极易降解,改良盐析法耗时,但所获DNA浓度高、量多,可根据实验时间与经费,实验所需的DNA纯度与浓度,提供的样本体积等不同的临床研究需求及条件来综合选择适宜的提取方法。     

骨皮质核DNA分析在法医学中的应用研究

目的:为探讨在白骨化案件的骨皮质中提取到一定质和量的可供核DNA分析的DNA模板,本文从受环境因素和生物因素影响较小的骨皮质中有效地提取到了核DNA,并成功地进行DNA分析,进行个人识别和亲子鉴定.方法:采集10根无关个体胫骨骨皮质,分别用有机法、Chelex-100法、有机法结合Chelex-100法、有机法结合磁珠纯化柱法4种方法提取骨皮质核DNA,用常规荧光标记复合STR基因分型法成功分析骨皮质核DNA,获得满意STR基因座分型.结果:有机法能提取到骨皮质核DNA,进行STR分型时部分样本图谱峰值不均衡;仅用Chelex-100法提取的核DNA得不到STR分型结果或出现较多的等位基因缺失;有机法结合Chelex-100法、有机法结合磁珠纯化柱法提取的核DNA均能成功进行STR分型,没有等位基因的缺失,其中有机法结合磁珠纯化柱法提取的核DNA检测成功率最高.结论:骨皮质中能提取到核DNA,可以成功地进行DNA分析.     

风沙土微生物总DNA不同提取和纯化方法比较

为筛选和建立风沙土中总DNA的提取和纯化方法,选取了5种直接提取法、1种间接提取法和2种纯化法分别对风沙土中总DNA进行了提取和纯化,并对其质量和产量进行了比较.结果表明：6种方法均可从风沙土中提取到大小为23 kb左右的总DNA,其中改进后的高盐提取法（用40%聚乙二醇8000和4 mol·L^-1 NaCl沉淀DNA）效果最好,纯化后总DNA的纯度最高,可进行16S rDNA的PCR扩增,且产量仅稍低于试剂盒提取法;电泳加柱回收纯化法的纯化效果较好,经该方法纯化后的总DNA大部分可进行PCR扩增,可满足后续分子操作对DNA纯度的要求.     

狭叶坡垒基因组总DNA的提取和纯化方法研究

以狭叶坡垒叶片为材料,对基因组总DNA的提取和纯化方法进行了研究,并对改良CTAB法、高盐低pH法和改良SDS法进行比较.结果表明,改良的CTAB法更适合狭叶坡垒基因组总DNA的提取,且硅胶干燥30 d的叶样和新鲜叶样所得的DNA几乎没有区别.再对改良CTAB法的水浴时间进行探索,发现150 min是较为合适的水浴时间.对比酚纯化法和试剂盒纯化法,发现试剂盒纯化损失的DNA少,得率高,是一种简便、快速、安全的纯化方法.     

东北设施黑土土壤微生物总DNA提取方法探讨

目的:找到一种适合东北设施高腐殖含量黑土土壤微生物总DNA简单易行的提取方法。方法:采用5种不同的DNA提取方法进行土壤总DNA提取。结果:5种提取方法的DNA产量在6.88～29.71μg/g,OD260/OD280值为1.03～1.27,OD260/OD230值为0.65～0.88,经纯化后均可进行PCR扩增。但经改进的方法 E提取DNA产量最高,纯度最好。结论:方法 E—加入TENP和PBS缓冲液预处理的提取方法是一种适宜东北设施黑土土壤微生物总DNA批量提取简单易行的方法。     

回收琼脂糖凝胶中DNA的简便方法

多年来国内分子生物学实验室所采用的几种从琼脂糖凝胶中回收DNA的方法不同程度地存在着各种问题。现介绍一种新的从琼脂糖凝胶上分离和提取DNA的简易方法,采用实验室常用的吸附柱中的吸附膜对DNA进行拦截、纯化和回收。实验证明这种方法回收DNA具有简便快捷、成本低和效率高等优点,是一种切实可行的方法。     

泰泽病原体基因组DNA提取方法的建立

目的　提取泰泽病原体基因组DNA ,为建立该菌基因组文库奠定基础。方法　使用密度梯度离心结合酶解消化方法、酶解消化方法、本研究建立方法即过滤盐析离心法 ,从感染肝脏组织纯化泰泽病原体 ,并比较三种方法纯化泰泽病原体效果 ;采用氯化苄法、试剂盒、酚法提取泰泽病原体基因组DNA ,并比较三种方法提取基因组DNA质量 ;鉴定酚法提取泰泽病原体基因组DNA特异性。结果　使用过滤盐析离心法从感染肝脏组织纯化泰泽病原体 ,采用酚法提取其基因组DNA ,所获得的基因组DNA特异性好、纯度高、DNA片段长度大于 5 0kb ,且均一性好 ,无降解。结论　本研究首次成功提取泰泽病原体基因组DNA ,可用于多种分子生物学实验     

Capping DNA with DNA

Twelve classes of deoxyribozymes that promote an ATP-dependent "self-capping" reaction were isolated by in vitro selection from a random-sequence pool of DNA. Each deoxyribozyme catalyzes the transfer of the AMP moiety of ATP to its 5'-terminal phosphate group, thereby forming a 5',5'-pyrophosphate linkage. An identical DNA adenylate structure is generated by the T4 DNA ligase during enzymatic DNA ligation. A 41-nucleotide class 1 deoxyribozyme requires Cu(2+) as a cofactor and adopts a structure that recognizes both the adenine and triphosphate moieties of ATP or dATP. The catalytic efficiency for this DNA, measured at 10(4) M(-1) x min(-1) using either ATP or dATP as substrate, is similar to other catalytic nucleic acids that use small substrates. Chemical probing and site-directed mutagenesis implicate the formation of guanine quartets as critical components of the active structure. The observation of ATP-dependent "self-charging" by DNA suggests that DNA could be made to perform the reactions typically associated with DNA cloning, but without the assistance of protein enzymes.     

Eukaryotic DNA polymerases in DNA replication and DNA repair

DNA polymerases carry out a large variety of synthetic transactions during DNA replication, DNA recombination and DNA repair. Substrates for DNA polymerases vary from single nucleotide gaps to kilobase size gaps and from relatively simple gapped structures to complex replication forks in which two strands need to be replicated simultaneously. Consequently, one would expect the cell to have developed a well-defined set of DNA polymerases with each one uniquely adapted for a specific pathway. And to some degree this turns out to be the case. However, in addition we seem to find a large degree of cross-functionality of DNA polymerases in these different pathways. DNA polymerase α is almost exclusively required for the initiation of DNA replication and the priming of Okazaki fragments during elongation. In most organisms no specific repair role beyond that of checkpoint control has been assigned to this enzyme. DNA polymerase δ functions as a dimer and, therefore, may be responsible for both leading and lagging strand DNA replication. In addition, this enzyme is required for mismatch repair and, together with DNA polymerase ζ, for mutagenesis. The function of DNA polymerase ɛ in DNA replication may be restricted to that of Okazaki fragment maturation. In contrast, either polymerase δ or ɛ suffices for the repair of UV-induced damage. The role of DNA polymerase β in base-excision repair is well established for mammalian systems, but in yeast, DNA polymerase δ appears to fullfill that function. Received: 20 April 1998 / Accepted: 8 May 1998     

DNA topoisomerases and DNA repair

DNA topoisomerases are enzymes that can modify, and may regulate, the topological state of DNA through concerted breaking and rejoining of the DNA strands. They have been believed to be directly involved in DNA excision repair, and perhaps to be required for the control of repair as well. The vicissitudes of this hypothesis provide a noteworthy example of the dangers of interpreting cellular phenomena without genetic information and vice versa.     

DNA supercoiling inhibits DNA knotting

Despite the fact that in living cells DNA molecules are long and highly crowded, they are rarely knotted. DNA knotting interferes with the normal functioning of the DNA and, therefore, molecular mechanisms evolved that maintain the knotting and catenation level below that which would be achieved if the DNA segments could pass randomly through each other. Biochemical experiments with torsionally relaxed DNA demonstrated earlier that type II DNA topoisomerases that permit inter- and intramolecular passages between segments of DNA molecules use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to select passages that lead to unknotting rather than to the formation of knots. Using numerical simulations, we identify here another mechanism by which topoisomerases can keep the knotting level low. We observe that DNA supercoiling, such as found in bacterial cells, creates a situation where intramolecular passages leading to knotting are opposed by the free-energy change connected to transitions from unknotted to knotted circular DNA molecules.     

DNA杂交与DNA指纹技术

Southern印迹杂交和DNA指纹技术在分子生物学研究以及疾病的诊断、亲缘关系鉴定、犯罪分子确认等过程中发挥了重要作用。回顾了2种技术的发明、发展历程和在生命科学研究中的作用,并探讨了可能的发展方向,从中可以从一个侧面了解分子生物学的发展历程和体会科学家的智慧在科学技术发展中所起的重要作用。     

DNA knots and DNA supercoiling

Comment on: Witz G, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108:3608-11.     

DNA supercoiling by DNA gyrase

Using purified DNA gyrase to supercoil circular plasmid pBR322 DNA, we examined how the linking number attained at the steady state (‘static head’) varies with the concentrations of ATP and ADP, both in the absence and presence of spermidine. In the absence of spermidine at total adenine nucleotide concentrations between 0.35 and 1.4 mM, the static-head linking number was independent of the sum concentration of ATP and ADP, but depended strongly on the ratio of their concentrations. We established that the same linking number was attained independent of the direction from which the steady state was approached. The decrease in linking number at static head is more extensive when spermidine is present in the incubation, but remains a function of the [ATP]-to-[ADP] ratio. These results are discussed in terms of various kinetic schemes for DNA gyrase. We present one kinetic scheme that accounts for the experimental observations. According to this scheme our experimental results imply that there is significant slip in DNA gyrase when spermidine is absent. It is possible that spermidine acts through adjustment of the degree of coupling of DNA gyrase.     

Characterisation of rye B chromosome DNA by DNA/DNA hybridisation

The DNAs of wheat and rye plants with rye B chromosomes have been compared with wheat, rye and oats DNAs by DNA/DNA hybridisation. The presence of DNA from B chromosomes made no significant difference to the proportion of repeated sequence DNA. The repeated sequence fractions of these cereal DNAs were quantitatively divided into eight different groups on the basis of the amount of DNA/DNA hybridisation occurring between the different DNAs. Rye A and B chromosomes contained similar proportions of three of the groups. These results, together with estimates of the thermal stabilities of all the renatured DNA duplexes suggest that rye B chromosome DNA is very similar to rye A chromosome DNA in the proportion and heterogeneity of its repeated sequences.