漓江枯水期流量变化对鱼类栖息地的影响模拟

根据漓江枯水期流量变化的特点, 在基于栖息地模拟法的基础上利用河流二维模型, 建立了历史实测最枯流量3.8 m³·s^-1、枯水期标准流量45 m³·s^-1 和生态补水量60 m³·s^-1 三种不同流量下成年鲤有效栖息地的二维模型, 评价其栖息地面积百分比与漓江枯水期不同流量的关系。结果表明枯水期漓江成年鲤的栖息地面积随着流量增加而增大并由河道中间逐渐向河两边移动, 当流量增加到45 m³·s^-1 以后成年鲤栖息地面积的增长速度开始明显降低甚至是基本保持不变。分析了由于漓江流域河床坡度陡、流域面积小、雨量分配不圴、枯水期地表水向地下水排泄以及人为活动等引起枯水期栖息地面积发生变化的原因, 为漓江枯水期补水和河流生物栖息地保护提供参考意义。     

羌塘高原藏羚羊栖息地分布及影响因素

藏羚羊作为羌塘高原草食性野生动物的典型代表,明确其栖息地的准确分布将有利于识别藏羚羊种群保护关键区域,协调羌塘高原人与野生动物冲突。采用野外调查与物种分布模型相结合的办法,以藏羚羊栖息地选择偏好和迁徙规律为基础,利用Maxent模型模拟其在繁殖季节和非繁殖季节的栖息地分布,并通过栖息地质量模型辅以GIS空间分析方法,识别受人类干扰的栖息地范围。结果表明：藏羚羊在非繁殖季节主要分布在羌塘高原东南部,围绕在色林错等水系周围,其越冬区面积约为26万km²。倾向选择海拔4800m以上、气候温暖、靠近水源且食物资源丰富的区域。藏羚羊在繁殖季节栖息地明显呈现由南向北扩散的趋势,多在水系周围呈小片状分布于羌塘东北、中北、昆仑山南麓部分区域,产羔区面积约为30万km²。选择产羔地时则注重坡度、水源、海拔、气温日较差等,对植被资源的选择倾向较非繁殖季弱,重视迁徙通道连贯性和产羔区域安全性。羌塘高原人类活动整体较弱,北部羌塘国家级自然保护区是藏羚羊理想栖息地,但南部地区社会经济较发达,尤其是那曲地区南部和阿里西南部,居民地、道路和牧业等人类活动对栖息地干扰较大,受干扰面积分别占藏羚羊越冬区的39.7%,产羔区的34.9%。     

小浪底水库运行对黄河鲤鱼栖息地的影响

通过历史文献和实地生态调查,了解黄河鲤鱼生态习性及与径流组分响应关系,在此基础上,通过分析水库对径流组分影响,建立栖息地模拟模型,研究小浪底水库运行对黄河鲤鱼生存繁衍的影响。研究表明:(1)径流的流量组分与黄河鲤鱼的生态习性有密切的相关关系,小浪底水库的运行显著改变了流量脉冲、小洪水及大洪水,流量脉冲消失或减少使得黄河鲤鱼产卵缺乏足够的产卵栖息地;小洪水减少使黄河鲤鱼的食物来源和栖息地减少;漫滩洪水减少和消失使黄河鲤鱼失去从河滩地获得食物和栖息地机会。(2)通过建立River2D模型,得到了不同流量下黄河鲤鱼在不同生命阶段栖息地面积的变化情况,研究表明,建库后大于1400m3/s流量的显著减少,影响了黄河鲤鱼的产卵;建库后花园口低限流量变化不明显,建库对成鱼和幼鱼生存的影响不大。     

景观变化对海南坡鹿栖息地分布的影响

利用20世纪50和80年代海南坡鹿(Cervus eldi hainanus)的分布数据,构建栖息地分布模型和栖息地变化模型,分析了主要景观及其分布变化对上述2个时期坡鹿适宜栖息地的影响,并对景观因素变化对栖息地分布变化产生的影响进行了评价。结果表明:50年代海南坡鹿的适宜栖息地分布与林地面积比率、斑块丰富度显著正相关,而与林地边缘密度呈显著负相关;80年代其适宜栖息地分布则与斑块丰富度呈显著负相关,与林地边缘密度呈显著正相关;道路密度也影响本时期坡鹿适宜栖息地的分布。草地转化为林地的比率、道路密度变化率、草地转化为农田的比率、林地和草地转换为居民地的比率均对海南坡鹿的栖息地分布变化具有重要影响。研究表明,坡鹿栖息地的分布受到景观变化的重要影响,而人类活动干扰则是适宜栖息地丧失的重要因素。     

大溪水库和沙河水库主要鱼类营养结构的时空变化

为了解大溪水库和沙河水库主要鱼类食物网营养结构的时空变化特征,依据2017年夏、秋季和2018年春季在大溪水库和沙河水库的调查结果,利用稳定同位素方法对这两个水域内鱼类的营养关系进行研究,得到以下主要结论：大溪水库共出现鱼类28种,沙河水库29种,鱼类群落结构组成结构相似,呈现出以湖泊定居性鱼类和鲤科鱼类为主的特征。配对双样本时空差异分析显示,相同季度内两个水库鱼类的δ¹³C值差异显著,说明两个水库的初级食物源存在明显不同;相同区域内,大溪水库季度差异不明显,而沙河水库差异显著,说明大溪水库的初级食物源组成变动较沙河水库的更小。δ¹⁵N值时空变化规律不明显,这可能与水库周围农业活动和人类活动的不确定性有关。鱼类群落指标值分析结果显示,沙河水库的CR、NR、TA、SEAc、CD、MNND和SDNND指标值均高于大溪水库,且春季高于其他季度,这表明沙河水库春季食物网较其他季节、较大溪水库更为复杂,食物源更加丰富,食物链更长,营养层次更多,核心生态位宽幅更低,营养级多样性的总程度更高,营养生态位均匀度较低,大溪水库食物网的冗余程度较高,说明相较于沙河水库,大溪水库生态系统稳定性更高,抗干扰能力更强,这可能与沙河水库周边广泛的茶园、旅游区和和居民区密集分布有关。基于各种量化群落指标对大溪水库和沙河水库的食物网结构进行时空差异分析,能够为大溪水库和沙河水库水生生态系统的管理与修复提供理论支撑。     

栖息地选择的理论与模型

栖息地选择理论和模型的发展经历了两个主要阶段:理想自由分布模型和空间直观的栖息地选择模型。随着对理论模型假设的放宽,近年来产生了越来越多的新模型。通过对栖息地选择过程的分析,提出了栖息地选择的几个关键环节:栖息地偏好、信息获取、行为决策及选择行为。在建立栖息地选择模型的各个关键环节上均存在大量有待解决的问题。目前对栖息地偏好的研究主要为相关分析,栖息地信息获取的过程仍然是一黑箱;对动物在栖息地选择过程中的行为决策以及对其生理状态的影响尚不了解,而解决这些问题需要生态学、生态学及认知学等多个领域的研究结果支持,也有待新的理论及方法加以充实,甚至还需要其他学科的介入。     

不同栖息地状态下物种竞争模式及模拟研究与应用

物种竞争是影响生态系统演化的重要生态过程之一.而物种在受人类影响出现不同程度毁坏的栖息地上的演化又是非常复杂的,因此研究物种演化对栖息地毁坏的响应是非常必要的.在Tilman研究工作的基础上,将竞争系数引入集合种群动力模式,建立了多物种集合种群竞争共存的数学模型,并对5-物种集合种群在不同栖息地状态下的竞争动态进行了计算机模拟研究.结果表明：（1）不同结构的群落（q值不同）,物种之间的竞争排斥作用强度不同,优势物种明显的群落,物种之间的排斥强度大;（2）随着栖息地毁坏程度的增加,对优势物种的负面影响逐渐减小,而对弱势物种的负面影响逐渐增加;（3）随着栖息地恢复幅度的增加,优势物种和弱势物种之间的竞争越强烈,优势物种受到的竞争排斥加大,而弱势物种逐渐变强,出现了强者变弱、弱者变强的格局;（4）物种竞争排斥与共存受迁移扩散能力和竞争能力影响很大,竞争共存的条件是其竞争能力与扩散能力呈非线性负相关关系;（5）竞争共存的物种的强弱序列发生了变化.     

土地利用变化对鸟类栖息地连通性的影响——以鄂州市为例

土地利用变化是造成栖息地破碎、缺失与退化的重要原因。生态网络能保护重要栖息地,促进栖息地之间的物质与能量流动,对区域土地利用规划和生物多样性保护具有重要意义。以鄂州市为研究区,基于CLUE-S模型预测现状延续、生态保护和城市扩张3种土地利用情景,将生境质量作为遴选生境斑块的依据之一,以鸟类最大迁徙距离为阈值构建生态网络,从连通概率指数PC和斑块重要性指数dPC两方面,探讨土地利用变化对鸟类栖息地连通性的影响。结果表明：(1)不同情景的地类数量和空间结构均有差异,与生态保护相比,城市扩张情景的建设用地增加11603.52 hm~2,林地、耕地和水体减少5041.8 hm~2、2540.16 hm~2、3385.8 hm~2,新城区、山地风景区与水体周边是主要变化区域;(2)现状延续和城市扩张情景的生境斑块降至235块和216块,网络出现破碎化,生态保护情景增至367块,网络结构完整但空间位置改变;(3)2004—2024年PC表现为先上升后下降再上升的趋势,生态保护的PC高于现状延续和城市扩张,且利于保护短距离迁徙鸟类;(4)生态保护情景边缘型和关键小型斑块得到保护,第一等级斑块增加,城...     

气候变化对黄腹角雉潜在栖息地的影响

气候变化直接影响物种赖以生存的栖息地环境条件,进而影响物种的分布、数量和存活率。基于优化后最大熵(MaxEnt)模型预测气候变化下黄腹角雉(Tragopan caboti)过去、当前、未来时期的潜在栖息地格局。结果表明,降水量、温度、海拔是栖息地的主要影响因子。当前时期适宜栖息地面积较过去时期下降24.69%;未来2041—2060年间,共享社会经济路径(SSP)3-7.0与SSP5-8.5情景下黄腹角雉适宜栖息地面积较当前时期分别下降55.19%、58.10%。浙江、江西和福建是当前以及未来黄腹角雉核心适宜栖息地,适宜栖息地面积呈现下降的趋势,并往高纬度区域移动。     

Simple predictions of instream habitat model outputs for fish habitat guilds in large streams

1. In the context of a generalised modification of hydraulic conditions in medium to large streams, modelling the impacts of stream regulation on fish communities in multiple streams is an important challenge for basic and applied freshwater ecology. Conventional instream habitat models such as PHABSIM link a hydraulic model with preference curves for various species to estimate habitat value changes with discharge in stream reaches. Despite world‐wide applications, they have been scarcely used in multiple sites with multiple species. 2. We assigned 21 size classes of European fish species to four habitat guilds (cluster analysis grouping size classes with comparable microhabitat preference curves). Then, we ran a conventional instream habitat model on 28 French stream reaches belonging to the `barbel zone', to estimate habitat values versus discharge curves for the 21 size classes. We summarised the outputs as mean habitat values for guilds, and tested if they were predictable from average characteristics of reaches (discharge, depth, width, particle size). 3. As was obtained elsewhere for populations, habitat values for guilds were strongly related to average, dimensionless characteristics of reaches. The Reynolds number of reaches, equivalent to a discharge per width unit, reflected most of the discharge‐dependent changes in habitat values (within reaches). In particular, habitat values of species preferring bank (respectively midstream) microhabitats decreased (respectively increased) with increasing Reynolds number. The Froude number at median discharge was the major predictor of reach‐dependent but discharge‐independent variations in habitat values. Habitat values of species preferring riffle versus pool or bank microhabitats were higher in reaches with high Froude numbers. These relationships were consistent with existing knowledge on the different species. 4. Such results suggest that the input variables required to estimate habitat values for fish communities can be greatly simplified, as illustrated by a general estimation of the sensitivity of species preferring midstream habitats to discharge changes in any reach. Cost‐efficient alternatives to conventional instream habitat models should facilitate their validation in multiple sites, a point that remains critical in instream habitat modelling of fish communities.     

Inclusion of water temperature in a fuzzy logic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr habitat model

As water temperature is projected to increase in the next decades and its rise is clearly identified as a threat for cold water fish species, it is necessary to adapt and optimize the tools allowing to assess the quantity and quality of habitats with the inclusion of temperature. In this paper, a fuzzy logic habitat model was improved by adding water temperature as a key determinant of juvenile Atlantic salmon parr habitat quality. First, salmon experts were consulted to gather their knowledge of salmon parr habitat, then the model was validated with juvenile salmon electrofishing data collected on the Sainte-Marguerite, Matapedia and Petite-Cascapedia rivers (Québec, Canada). The model indicates that when thermal contrasts exist at a site, cooler temperature offered better quality of habitat. Our field data show that when offered the choice, salmon parr significantly preferred to avoid both cold areas (<15 °C) and warm areas (>20.5 °C). Because such thermal contrasts were not consistently present among the sites sampled, the model was only validated for less than 60% of the sites. The results nevertheless indicate a significant correlation between median Habitat Quality Index and parr density for the Sainte-Marguerite River (R² = 0.38). A less important, albeit significant (F-test; p = 0.036) relationship was observed for the Petite-Cascapedia river (R² = 0.14). In all instances, the four-variable (depth, velocity, substrate size and temperature) model provided a better explanation of parr density than a similar model excluding water temperature.     

澜沧江梯级开发下鱼类支流生境替代效果

作为干流高坝水电开发导致鱼类生境丧失的一种补偿措施,支流替代生境近年来被广泛应用于受工程影响河段的土著鱼类保护,但替代支流发挥怎样的保护效果及干流对其的影响仍不清楚。以实施了澜沧江梯级生境替代的支流基独河与罗梭江为研究对象,并选择了邻近的对照支流,通过对鱼类调查数据的分析对比,揭示了各支流鱼类种类组成与群落结构的差异特征,初步阐明了梯级开发下鱼类支流生境替代效果以及干流工程建设对其的影响。结果表明：澜沧江支流替代生境对干流鱼类具有明显的保护作用,支流生境修复后鱼类物种丰富度明显提高,罗梭江土著鱼类、特有鱼类物种数分别增加了12种、7种,基独河则是7种、2种,替代生境能为澜沧江土著鱼类、部分濒危特有鱼类和洄游鱼类提供完成生活史的关键栖息地。干流对支流生境替代保护有着重要影响,罗梭江、基独河与邻近干流鱼类群落的Bray-Curtis相似性分别为21.76%、10.73%,支流河口段保持“河相”是支流生境替代保护效果可持续的关键。综合考虑生境替代保护的效益与投入,建议今后开展此类保护措施时优先选择库尾河相区的支流。     

生态位因子分析在大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)生境评价中的应用

生态位因子分析是研究物种地理分布的一种多变量分析方法,其最大优点是模型计算只需物种"出现点"的数据,而不需要"非出现点"数据,在生境评价与生境预测中得到广泛应用.将该方法应用于大熊猫生境适宜性评价中,利用大熊猫活动痕迹点和遥感数据分析了平武县大熊猫生境分布现状,综合评价了该县自然保护区的分布状况和存在的保护空缺.研究结果表明,大熊猫偏好在中高海拔(＞2128 m)的针叶林和针阔混交林中活动,而避免在落叶阔叶林和灌丛林中活动,避免在有人为干扰的地区活动,农田是对大熊猫活动影响强度最大的人为干扰因子.平武县大熊猫生境主要分布在该县西部和北部地区,总面积为234033 hm2,其中适宜生境为106345 hm2,次适宜生境为127688 hm2.目前该县已建的3个大熊猫自然保护区使47.2%的大熊猫生境得到保护(包括49.2%的适宜生境和45.6%的次适宜生境),尽管如此,保护区之间连接性差,存在严重的保护空缺.该县北部的白马乡、木座乡是大熊猫的主要分布区,却没有得到保护区的有效保护,建议在该地区新建自然保护区.     

基于生境适宜性指数模型的俚岛海黍子生境层级分布

为了深入了解海黍子生境,利用模型对山东俚岛海黍子生境进行适宜性分析,分别选取温度、盐度、水深、浊度、底质、无机氮浓度、磷酸盐浓度和距海藻床距离8种环境因子,通过层次分析法赋值因子权重,结合空间分析方法建立了海黍子HSI模型.利用该模型对山东俚岛近岸海域2018年春、秋两季的环境因子调查结果进行了海黍子生境分析.结果 表...     

Species distribution models for predicting the habitat suitability of Chinese fire‐bellied newt Cynops orientalis under climate change

Climate change influences species geographical distribution and diversity pattern. The Chinese fire‐bellied newt (Cynops orientalis) is an endemic species distributed in East‐central China, which has been classified as near‐threatened species recently due to habitat destruction and degradation and illegal trade in the domestic and international pet markets. So far, little is known about the spatial distribution of the species. Based on bioclimatic data of the current and future climate projections, we modeled the change in suitable habitat for C. orientalis by ten algorithms, evaluated the importance of environmental factors in shaping their distribution, and identified distribution shifts under climate change scenarios. In this study, 46 records of C. orientalis from East China and 8 bioclimatic variables were used. Among the ten modeling algorithms, four (GAM, GBM, Maxent, and RF) were selected according to their predictive abilities. The current habitat suitability showed that C. orientalis had a relatively wide but fragmented distribution, and it encompassed 41,862 km². The models suggested that precipitation of warmest quarter (bio18) and mean temperature of wettest quarter (bio6) had the highest contribution to the model. This study revealed that C. orientalis is sensitive to climate change, which will lead to a large range shift. The projected spatial and temporal pattern of range shifts for C. orientalis should provide a useful reference for implementing long‐term conservation and management strategies for amphibians in East China.     

三峡库区支流生境因子对库区蓄水的响应

三峡水库的运行调度,使库区支流形成了截然不同的3种河段类型:完全受水库蓄水影响的145m回水段(完全河段),既受蓄水影响又受自然洪汛影响的145—175m回水段(双重河段)以及不受蓄水影响的大于175m的自然河流段(自然河段)。为明确库区蓄水对河流不同河段生境因子的影响程度及差异,对三峡库区36条重要支流的254个河段进行河流生境调查,进行不同河段下生境指标的因子分析,并进一步分析水文情势自然性与不同河段各生境因子的相关关系。结果表明,植被状况对3种不同河段来说均为重要生境因子,但受三峡水库蓄水影响,完全河段植被结构不完整;受库区蓄水影响,完全河段与双重河段及自然河段相比,流速流态状况、表层覆盖物状况、河岸带宽度、湿润率等生境因子有明显改变;水文情势自然性对不同河段生境因子的影响不同。     

Application of ecological-niche factor analysis in habitat assessment of giant pandas

Ecological-niche factor analysis (ENFA) is a multivariate approach to study geographic distribution of species on a large scale with only “presence” data. It has been widely applied in many fields including wildlife management, habitat assessment and habitat prediction. In this paper, this approach was applied in habitat suitability assessment for giant pandas in Pingwu County, Sichuan Province, China. With “presence” data of giant pandas and remote sensing data, habitat suitability of pandas in this county was evaluated based on ENFA model, and spatial distribution pattern of nature reserves and conservation gaps were then evaluated. The results show that giant pandas in this county prefer high-elevation zones (> 2128 m) dominated by coniferous forest, and mixed coniferous and deciduous broadleaf forest, and avoid deciduous broadleaf forest and shrubs. Pandas avoid staying at habitats with human disturbances. Farmland is a major factor threatening panda habitat. Panda habitat is mainly distributed in north and west of Pingwu with a total area of 234033 hm², 106345hm² for suitable habitat and 127688 hm² for marginally suitable habitat). 3 nature reserves were located in Pingwu, covering over 49.2% of total suitable habitat and 45.6% of total marginally suitable habitat. Although 47.2% of panda habitat was in reserves under protection, connectivity between reserves was weak and a conservation gap existed in the north part of Pingwu. Thus, a new nature reserve in Baima and Mupi should be established to link the isolated habitats.     

Simple predictions of instream habitat model outputs for target fish populations

1. Bottom-up approaches based on individual behaviour can help to identify key variables influencing populations at larger scales. Instream habitat models have been developed to predict the consequences, for populations in stream reaches, of fish preferences for particular hydraulic conditions observed at the scale of individuals. Conventional instream habitat models (e.g. PHABSIM) predict habitat values for species or life stages in reaches, and their changes with discharge. Despite their worldwide use, they have been subject to continuing criticism and have been mainly limited to site-specific case studies.
2. We ran conventional instream habitat models in 58 French stream reaches dominated by brown trout. Using non-linear mixed effect models, we demonstrated that the outputs of instream habitat models (habitat values for three trout life stages and five other species) are predictable from average characteristics of reaches (discharge, depth, width and bed particle size).
3. Our models closely reflect variations in habitat values within-reaches (with discharge) and between-reaches. Within-reach changes are linked to the Reynolds number of reaches, while between-reach changes depend mainly on the Froude number at median daily discharge. These two dimensionless variables combine discharge, mean depth and mean width of reaches. Independent model validations showed robust model predictions that are consistent with studies of habitat values for brown trout made in larger streams from western North America.
4. Our results contribute to identifying the main hydraulic variables governing estimates of fish habitat values. They should facilitate habitat studies in multiple streams, at the basin or larger scales, while reducing their cost. They should enhance the biological validation of habitat model predictions, which remains critical.     

重大工程影响下新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类野生动物自然保护区鹅喉羚的生境格局变化

生境评价对物种保护具有重要意义。鹅喉羚(Gazella subgutturosa)是新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类野生动物自然保护区的代表性物种, 开展其生境适宜性评价可以为该物种的保护和管理提供科学依据。作者基于2005-2019年采用样线法在保护区开展野外调查所获鹅喉羚的分布点数据, 利用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型筛选环境变量, 评估鹅喉羚在矿业开发前(2005年)、矿业开发顶峰时(2011年)和矿区生态修复后(2019年) 3个时期的生境质量; 采用质心转移和景观格局指数分析近15年鹅喉羚的生境空间格局变化特征。结果表明模型预测结果准确性较高, 3个时期鹅喉羚的潜在适宜生境面积波动较大, Jackknife检验结果表明在任一时期水源点对鹅喉羚生境选择的影响均最大。矿业开发前鹅喉羚适宜生境分布于保护区中部, 主要特征为面积大、生境斑块集中、破碎化程度低; 矿业开发顶峰时鹅喉羚的适宜生境面积较矿业开发前减少2.39%, 尤其是保护区南部大面积适宜生境丧失, 质心转移和景观格局指数分析结果显示适宜生境向保护区北部转移, 生境斑块离散破碎程度高; 实施矿区生态修复后鹅喉羚的适宜生境面积较矿业开发顶峰时增加了3.50%, 因矿业开发丧失的生境重新成为鹅喉羚的适宜生境。与2005年以前相比, 2019年鹅喉羚生境斑块仍离散化严重, 部分适宜生境因新修建的高速公路和铁路而重新丧失。基于以上研究结果, 我们从保护水源、控制交通建设、修复矿区和加强野生动物通道监测等4个方面对鹅喉羚种群保护管理提出了建议。