Rapid and tissue-specific accumulation of solutes in the growth zone of barley leaves in response to salinity

The aim of the present study was to test whether rapid accumulation of solutes in response to salinity in leaf tissues of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) contributes to recovery and maintenance of residual elongation growth. Addition of 100 mM NaCl to the root medium caused an immediate reduction close to zero in elongation velocity of the growing leaf 3. After 20–30 min, elongation velocity recovered suddenly, to 40–50% of the pre-stress level. Bulk osmolality increased first, after 60 min, significantly in the proximal half of the elongation zone. Over the following 3 days, osmolality increases became significant in the distal half of the elongation zone, the adjacent, enclosed non-elongation zone and finally in the emerged portion of the blade. The developmental gradient and time course in osmolality increase along the growing leaf was reflected in the pattern of solute (Cl, Na and K) accumulation in bulk tissue and epidermal cells. The partitioning of newly accumulated solutes between epidermis and bulk tissue changed with time. Even though solute accumulation does not contribute to the sudden and partial growth recovery 20–30 min after exposure to salt, it does facilitate residual growth from 1 h onwards. This is due to a high sink strength for solutes of the proximal part of the growth zone and its ability to accumulate solutes rapidly and at high rates.Abbreviations EDX analysis Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis - LEV Leaf elongation velocity - LVDT Linear variable differential transformer - REGR Relative elemental growth rate     

Epidermal solute concentrations and osmolality in barley leaves studied at the single-cell level

The solute relations of the upper epidermis of the third leaf of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Klaxon) were studied by analysing vacuolar saps extracted from individual cells. Their osmolality (nanolitre osmometry) and the concentrations of K, Na, Ca, Cl, P, S (energy dispersive X-ray analysis) and NO ₃ ^– (microfluorometry) were measured. All of the osmotically important solutes were accounted for. These were K⁺, NO ₃ ^– , Cl^–, and Ca²⁺. The concentration of each solute varied along the leaf blade and changed with leaf age. Calcium in particular increased during leaf ageing, exceeding concentrations of 50 mM. Plants starved of Ca²⁺ during this period accumulated epidermal K⁺ instead of Ca²⁺. Leaf ageing was accompanied by an increase in epidermal osmolalities by about 100 mosmol · kg^–1. When compared to the bulk leaf extract, epidermal cell extracts exhibited significantly higher concentrations of NO ₃ ^– , Cl^– and Ca²⁺, similar concentrations of K⁺ and Na⁺, and lower concentrations of P. In plants subjected to various levels of NaCl stress (up to 200 mM), epidermal concentrations of Cl^– always exceeded those of the bulk extract, while Na⁺ concentrations were similar. Epidermal cells osmotically adjusted to the increase in the external salt concentration.Abbreviations EDX analysis energy dispersive X-ray analysis We wish to thank Paul Richardson, Jeremy Pritchard, Peter Hinde, Eirion Owen and Andrew Davies (Banger) for their helpfull discussion and technical advice. This work was financed by a grant (UR5/ 521) from the Agricultural and Food Research Council.     

中国早熟禾属植物部分种叶下表皮微形态的研究

通过光学显微镜及扫描电子显微镜对中国早熟禾属20种、6亚种及2变种植物的叶下表皮微形态特征进行了观察, 以明确叶表皮微形态特征在早熟禾属植物中的分类学意义。结果显示：(1)早熟禾属植物的叶下表皮长细胞多为长筒状或纺锤形,少数短筒状,细胞壁波状弯曲或近平直;脉间具有短细胞或缺如;气孔器多数常见,副卫细胞平行形至低圆屋顶形;脉上具有刺细胞或缺如,脉间刺细胞多为缺如;脉上硅细胞单生或对生,椭圆形、肾形、新月形、近方形、长方形边缘波状弯曲或结节形;部分早熟禾属植物叶下表皮存在冠细胞。(2)早熟禾属植物叶下表皮微形态特征在长细胞的形状及其细胞壁的弯曲与否、短细胞的有无及其形状、气孔器的分布与副卫细胞的形状、刺细胞的分布、脉上硅细胞的形状、冠细胞的有无这些方面存在着一定的差异,可为该属植物种间分类提供参考依据。叶表皮微形态证据支持高原早熟禾、细叶早熟禾作为草地早熟禾亚种的处理意见。     

Guard cells of Commelina communis L. do not respond metabolically to osmotic stress in isolated epidermis: Implications for stomatal responses to drought and humidity

We investigated the hypothesis that stomatal aperture is regulated by epidermal water status. Detached epidermal peels of Commelina communis L. or leaf disks with epidermis attached were incubated in graded solutions of mannitol (0–1.2 M) containing KCl. In isolated epidermis, guard-cell solute content of open stomata did not decrease in response to desiccation. Guard cells of closed stomata accumulated solutes to the same extent in all levels of mannitol tested. There was no evidence of stress-induced hydroactive closure nor of inhibition of hydroactive opening, even when guard cells of closed stomata were initially plasmolyzed. Hydropassive, osmometer-like, changes in stomatal aperture in the isolated epidermis were induced by addition or removal of mannitol, but these did not involve changes in guard-cell solute content. In leaf disks, stomata exhibited clear hydroactive stomatal responses. Steady-state guard-cell solute content of initially open and initially closed stomata decreased substantially with increasing mannitol. Stomata were completely closed above approx. 0.4 M mannitol, near the turgor-loss point for the bulk leaf tissue. Stomata of Commelina did not exhibit direct hydroactive responses to environmental or epidermal water status. Stomatal responses to water deficit and low humidity may be indirect, mediated by abscisic acid or other signal metabolite(s) from the mesophyll.Abbreviations ABA abscisic acid - EGTA ethyleneglycol-bis-(-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid - Mes 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid     

Vacuolar solutes in the upper epidermis of barley leaves

The concentrations of vacuolar solutes in different cells of the upper epidermis of the third leaf of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were studied in leaves of different ages grown under different irradiances (120 or 400 mol photons·m^–2·s^–1). Vacuolar saps were extracted from individual cells located at various positions between adjacent veins and were analysed for their osmolality and the concentrations of K⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^–, NO ₃ ^– and malate. Each ion showed a cell-specific distribution within the epidermis that was both quantitatively and qualitatively dependent on the leaf developmental stage and on the light level. During leaf ageing, Ca²⁺ accumulated preferentially in interstomatal cells (i.e. those located between longitudinally adjacent stomata) at concentrations up to 180 mM. Under low light conditions, this was accompanied by a more or less equal decrease in K⁺ concentration. Epidermal malate was found only in plants grown continuously or transiently under the high irradiance and reached highest concentrations in trough and interstomatal cells (60 to 150mM). Chloride concentration was highest in cells overlying the veins (designated as ridge cells) and lowest in cells located between the veins (trough cells), while NO ₃ ^– exhibited the reverse distribution, although the precise patterns were age-dependent. Epidermal osmolality increased with age, but the intercellular differences in the osmolalities were small compared to differences in vacuolar solute composition. A cell-to-cell analysis of the region surrounding the stomata showed that the steepest changes in the vacuolar solute composition of epidermal cells occurred at the boundary between ridge or trough cells and the adjacent near-stomatal cells.Abbreviations EDX analysis energy dispersive X-ray analysis We wish to thank Andrew Davies and Alison Bell (Bangor) for their technical advice. This work was financed as an Agricultural and Food Research Council Linked Research Group project between Bangor and Rothamsted (grants LR5/187 and 521).     

Concentrations of inorganic and organic solutes in extracts from individual epidermal,mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells of barley leaves

The distribution of solutes between epidermal, mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Klaxon) leaves was studied by analysing extracts obtained from single cells with a modified pressure probe. Activity of the cytoplasmic marker enzyme, malate dehydrogenase, revealed that epidermal cell extracts were completely vacuolar in origin, but extracts from mesophyll cells also contained cytoplasmic constituents. The extracts were analysed for osmolality and the concentrations of K, Na, Ca, Cl, P, S, NO ₃ ^– , sugars and total amino acids. Epidermal and mesophyll cell extracts had similar osmolalities but these varied between 420 and 565 mosmol, kg ¹ depending on the leaf developmental stage; the osmolality of bundle-sheath extracts was approximately 100 mosmol, kg^–1 lower. Under the growth conditions used, K and NO ₃ ^– were found in all three cell types and their concentrations generally ranged between 180 and 230 mM. In contrast, Ca was almost restricted to epidermal cells, where it increased to 70 mM during leaf ageing. Phosphorus was only detectable ( 5 mM) in extracts from mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells, while Cl concentrations were highest in epidermal and lowest in mesophyll cell extracts. The concentrations of sugars and amino acids were close to the detection limit (approx. 2 mM) in epidermal cells but mesophyll cells contained total sugar (glucose, fructose and sucrose) of up to 78 mM and total amino-acid concentrations of up to 13.5 mM. Concentrations in bundle-sheath cells were intermediate between those in the epidermis and mesophyll.Abbreviations EDX analysis energy dispersive X-ray analysis - MDH malate dehydrogenase We wish to thank Paul Richardson, Jeremy Pritchard, Peter Hinde and Andrew Davies (Banger) for their helpfull discussion and technical advice. This work was financed by a grant (LR5/521) from the Agricultural and Food Research Council.     

中国看麦娘属植物叶表皮微形态研究

看麦娘属是禾本科早熟禾亚科的重要类群,中国分布有8种。该研究采用光学显微镜和电子扫描电镜,对中国看麦娘属7种植物的叶下表皮(含叶鞘下表皮)微形态特征进行观察并探讨其分类学意义。结果表明：(1)看麦娘属叶鞘下表皮长细胞的形状呈长筒状或短筒状,深波状弯曲的细胞壁,脉间短细胞密布,单生或对生,形状多为新月形或椭圆形,脉区硅细胞为椭圆形,平行形或低圆屋顶形的气孔器,看麦娘属叶鞘下表皮特征高度一致,分类价值不大。(2)看麦娘属植物叶下表皮和叶鞘下表皮的显微结构存在很大不同,看麦娘属植物叶下表皮长细胞多为长筒状或短筒状或长菱形,平周壁平直或不明显弯曲,脉间区短细胞分布或无,脉区刺毛密布,脉间区有或无刺细胞的分布,平行形的气孔器,脉区分布的硅细胞多为长方形边缘呈波状弯曲。看麦娘属植物叶下表皮的不同主要体现在脉间区长细胞的形状及平周壁的弯曲与否,脉间区短细胞出现或无,脉间区刺细胞的分布数量以及气孔器的列数。7种植物的叶表皮微形态的分类检索表据此列出。依据叶表皮微形态划分的组与根据外部特征划分的组并不完全一致。但是,由于该文仅研究了7种,叶表皮微形态对于看麦娘属的分类意义还需要更深入的研究。     

酸枣叶片结构可塑性对自然梯度干旱生境的适应特征

叶片是植物体暴露于环境中面积最大的器官,其最易感知环境变化而发生形态和结构上的改变。为探究植株叶片结构对不同生境的适应机理,研究以生长在烟台-石家庄-宁夏-新疆不同地域气候条件形成的自然梯度干旱环境中的酸枣为试验材料,应用植物显微技术研究酸枣叶片的结构的可塑性对不同自然梯度干旱环境的适应特征。结果表明:酸枣叶表皮着生有表皮毛,表皮细胞外覆有角质层与蜡质。叶肉为全栅型,栅栏组织发达,海绵组织退化,叶肉中有晶体及大量的分泌细胞。从烟台至新疆随生境梯度干旱加剧,酸枣叶片叶面积逐渐变小,叶片厚度依次增加,叶表皮角质层加厚,且上角质层厚度大于下角质层厚度;叶片上下表皮细胞长径及短径先增后降,栅栏组织总厚度和密度依次增大、层数减少,各层栅栏组织细胞的长径逐渐增加。叶脉薄壁细胞相对厚度逐渐减小,导管管径增大,晶体(草酸钙晶体)数增多。在梯度干旱环境中酸枣植株通过减小叶面积、提高栅栏组织密度、增加叶片及角质层厚度降低蒸腾作用,减少水分散失;通过增大导管管径提高水分利用率;通过增加晶体数量提高叶片机械性能,改变细胞的渗透势、提高吸水和保水能力。上述叶片结构的变化是酸枣植株长期对不同自然梯度干旱生境的适应特征。由此可知,叶片形态结构中叶面积、叶片厚度、角质层及叶肉组织(栅栏组织)随环境变化的可塑性较大。     

喜树各器官解剖学及其喜树碱含量测定的研究

运用植物解剖学方法研究了喜树各器官的结构,对喜树不同器官中喜树碱含量进行了HPLC法测定。结果表明:(1)喜树根尖纵切面的结构由根冠、分生区、伸长区和根毛区4个部分组成。根和茎的初生结构都由表皮、皮层和维管柱3部分组成;在根和茎初生结构的皮层和髓部具有被锇酸染成黑色的嗜锇细胞;在次生生长中,根的木栓形成层起源于中柱鞘,茎的木栓形成层起源于皮层细胞;随着次生维管组织的增加,茎的中央形成髓腔。(2)叶片由表皮、叶肉和叶脉组成,叶肉细胞中分布有嗜锇细胞;光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察显示,喜树叶的上表皮没有气孔器分布;下表皮气孔器的保卫细胞呈肾形,没有副卫细胞,被几个表皮细胞不规则的围绕,属于无规则型;在上下表皮均分布着单细胞非腺毛和2种类型的腺毛,其中下表皮的分布相对稠密;上表皮腺毛呈球形,下表皮腺毛大部分为长卵形,其中间杂着一些球形腺毛;观察发现,越幼嫩的叶中,分布的腺毛和非腺毛越多。(3)喜树不同器官中喜树碱含量以幼叶和种子中较高,木质部中较低,髓中含量最少;随着叶的发育成熟,叶中喜树碱的含量逐渐降低,且同一叶的不同部位,喜树碱含量也有差异;喜树幼苗发育过程中喜树碱含量也在不断变化。     

油茶叶肿病子房瘿体和叶片瘿体的形态结构特征观察

采用光学显微镜观察了油茶叶肿病子房瘿体和叶片瘿体的形态特征和组织结构特点。结果表明:(1)油茶叶肿病瘿体是油茶的幼嫩子房和幼叶被细丽外担菌感染后所导致的组织增生而成的,细丽外担菌分布于成熟子房瘿体的外表面和叶片瘿体的表面。(2)子房瘿体由受感染的雌蕊子房增殖而来,成熟后表皮层脱落。(3)子房壁分两层,外层子房壁肉质肥厚,主要由大型薄壁细胞构成,是食用的主要部分,内层子房壁为较薄的心皮层,内外两层子房壁之间具有较大的空隙;心皮内有胚珠,胚珠着生在中轴胎座上,胚珠内部中空而没有育性。(4)叶片瘿体为受感染的幼嫩叶片增殖所致,由大型薄壁细胞构成,瘿体表面具表皮层,成熟后表皮脱落。(5)在正常叶片与叶片瘿体的过渡区内有维管束相通,瘿体侧的厚度比正常叶片厚度增加3～4倍,细胞体积增大5～10倍,但瘿体细胞内无叶绿体。     

Stress relaxation of cell walls and the yield threshold for growth

Theory predicts that, for growing plant cells isolated from a supply of water, stress relaxation of the cell wall should decrease cell turgor pressure (P) until the yield threshold for cell expansion is reached. This prediction was tested by direct P measurements of pea (Pisum sativum L.) stem cortical cells before and after excision of the growing region and isolation of the growing tissue from an external water supply. Cell P was measured with the micro-pressure probe under conditions which eliminated transpiration. Psychrometric measurements of water potential confirmed the pressureprobe measurements. Following excision, P of the growing cells decreased in 1 h by an average of 1.8 bar to a mean plateau value of 2.8 bar, and remained constant thereafter. Treatment with 10^-5 M indole-3-acetic acid or 10^-5 M fusicoccin (known growth stimulants) accelerated the rate of P relaxation, whereas various treatments which inhibit growth slowed down or completely stopped P relaxation in apical segments. In contrast, P of basal (nongrowing) segments gradually increased because of absorption of solutes from the cell-wall free space of the tissue. Such solute absorption also occurred in apical segments, but wall relaxation held P at the yield threshold in those segments which were isolated from an external water supply. These results provide a new and rapid method for measuring the yield threshold and they show that P in intact growing pea stems exceeds the yield threshold by about 2 bar. Wall relaxation is shown here to affect the water potential and turgor pressure of excised growing segments. In addition, solute release and absorption upon excision may influence the water potential and turgor pressure of nongrowing excised plant tissues.Abbreviations and symbols IAA indole-3-acetic acid - P turgor pressure - SE standard error of the mean - water potential     

Nickel localization on tissues of hyperaccumulator species of Phyllanthus L. (euphorbiaceae) from Ultramafic Areas of Cuba

Two species of perennial Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) (Phyllanthus orbicularis and Phyllanthus discolor, both endemic to ultramafic areas of Cuba, and their natural hybrid, Phyllanthus xpallidus) were selected for metal localization microanalysis. Different plant tissues were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma—atomic emission spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray probe. All of the studied taxa are nickel (Ni) hyperaccumulators and significant concentrations of this element were found in different leaf and stem tissues. The highest Ni content was found in the laticifer tubes, whereas leaf epidermis Ni content resulted to be much more relevant in terms of total metal storage. Calcium and magnesium were found more evenly distributed in leaf and stem tissues.     

Leaf structure in relation to solute transport and phloem loading in Zea mays L.

Small and intermediate (longitudinal) vascular bundles of the Zea mays leaf are surrounded by chlorenchymatous bundle sheaths and consist of one or two vessels, variable numbers of vascular parenchyma cells, and two or more sieve tubes some of which are associated with companion cells. Sieve tubes not associated with companion cells have relatively thick walls and commonly are in direct contact with the vessels. The thick-walled sieve tubes have abundant cytoplasmic connections with contiguous vascular parenchyma cells; in contrast, connections between vascular parenchyma cells and thin-walled sieve tubes are rare. Connections are abundant, however, between the thin-walled sieve tubes and their companion cells; the latter have few connections with the vascular parenchyma cells. Plasmolytic studies on leaves of plants taken directly from lighted growth chambers gave osmotic potential values of about-18 bars for the companion cells and thin-walled sieve tubes (the companion cell-sieve tube complexes) and about-11 bars for the vascular parenchyma cells. Judging from the distribution of connections between various cell types of the vascular bundles and from the osmotic potential values of those cell types, it appears that sugar is actively accumulated from the apoplast by the companion cell-sieve tube complex, probably across the plasmalemma of the companion cell. The thick-walled sieve tubes, with their close spatial association with the vessels and possession of plasmalemma tubules, may play a role in retrieval of solutes entering the leaf apoplast in the transpiration stream. The transverse veins have chlorenchymatous bundle sheaths and commonly contain a single vessel and sieve tube. Parenchymatic elements may or may not be present. Like the thick-walled sieve tubes of the longitudinal bundles, the sieve tubes of the transverse veins have plasmalemma tubules, indicating that they too may play a role in retrieval of solutes entering the leaf apoplast in the transpiration stream.     

Effect of cell turgor on hydraulic conductivity and elastic modulus of Elodea leaf cells

Water relation parameters of leaf cells of the aquatic plant Elodea densa have been measured using the pressure probe. For cells in both the upper and lower epidermis it was found that the elastic modulus () and the hydraulic conductivity (Lp) were dependent on cell turgor (P). Lp was (7.8±5.5)·10^-7 cm s^-1 bar^-1 (mean±SD; n=22 cells) for P>4 bar in cells of the upper epidermis and was increasing by a factor of up to three for P0 bar. No polarity of water movement or concentration dependence of Lp was observed. For cells of the lower epidermis the Lp-values were similar and the hydraulic conductivity also showed a similar dependence on turgor. No wall ingrowth or wall labyrinths (as in transfer cells) could be found in the cells of the lower epidermis. The elastic modulus () of cells of the upper epidermis could be measured over the whole pressure range (P=0–7 bar) by changing the osmotic pressure of the medium. increased linearly with increasing turgor and ranged between 10 and 150 bar. For cells of the lower epidermis the dependence of on P was similar, although the pressure dependence could not be measured on single cells. The Lp-values are compared with literature data obtained for Elodea by a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-technique. The dependence of Lp on P is discussed in terms of pressure dependent structural changes of the cell membranes and interactions between solute and water transport.Abbreviations P cell turgor pressure - Lp hydraulic conductivity - volumetric elastic modulus - T _1/2 half-time of water exchange of individual cell     

中国伞形科矮泽芹属植物叶表皮形态特征的研究

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜对伞形科矮泽芹属8种植物叶表皮形态进行观察与研究。结果表明:(1)矮泽芹属8种植物上下表皮细胞均为不规则形或规则多边形,垂周壁为近平直状或波状,上表皮细胞长宽比在1.3~2.4之间,下表皮细胞长宽比在1.5~2.5之间;在近轴面,有细叶矮泽芹、聂拉木矮泽芹和绿花矮泽芹3种植物没有气孔器的存在,其余物种气孔密度在20~74个/mm2之间,气孔指数为6.0%~17.7%;在远轴面,所有物种都具有丰富的气孔器,气孔密度为100~183个/mm2,气孔指数为16.1%~23.6%。(2)聚类分析结果显示,矮泽芹、大苞矮泽芹、粗棱矮泽芹为类群Ⅰ,鹤庆矮泽芹为类群Ⅱ,聂拉木矮泽芹、细叶矮泽芹、绿花矮泽芹为类群Ⅲ,松潘矮泽芹则单独聚为类群Ⅳ;聚类分析结果大体上支持形态学分类的结果。(3)叶表皮形态特征对于区分矮泽芹属不同物种具有十分重要的分类学价值。     

Leakage of solutes from leaf discs of alfalfa plants susceptible and resistant to bacterial wilt caused byCorynebacterium michiganense pv.insidiosum

Seven day- and six week-old alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants, susceptible and resistant to bacterial wilt, were inoculated withCorynebacterium michiganense pv.insidiosum (McCulloch) Dye & Kemp. Leakage of solutes absorbing UV light from leaf discs into distilled water was investigated. The bacterial infection did not affect solute leakage rate from unifoliate and trifoliate leaves of either susceptible or resistant plants at an early stage of the disease. This may indicate that cell membrane integrity in alfalfa leaf tissues was not impaired.     

罗汉松雌雄株叶形态结构的比较研究

该研究以雌雄异株植物罗汉松(Podocarpus macrophyllus)成熟叶为研究材料,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察比较罗汉松雌、雄植株叶在形态、显微结构和超显微结构的差异,以明确罗汉松雌、雄株在进化过程中叶对环境功能的适应性。结果显示:(1)罗汉松雌株的叶片大于雄株,且两者的叶长、叶宽和叶柄长差异极显著,而叶柄厚、叶面积、叶体积、叶质量、比叶重(SLW)、面积与体积之比(A/V)等性状无显著差异。(2)雌株叶片的气孔相对较大,密度较高,且雌株气孔宽度极显著大于雄株;雌株叶片的上表皮长细胞宽度和下表皮短细胞宽度均显著大于雄株,但雌株叶片的上表皮长细胞和短细胞的长度则显著小于雄株。(3)罗汉松雌株叶片的栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、传输组织长度和宽度、上下角质层厚度、维管束厚度、叶片紧密度(CTR)及疏松度(SR)均极显著大于雄株,而雌株的下表皮厚度极显著小于雄株,但雌雄株叶片的上表皮细胞厚度和栅海比差异不显著;雌株叶片的栅栏组织细胞、叶绿体和线粒体均较雄株的长而细,且雌株的线粒体宽度极显著小于雄株。(4)罗汉松雌株叶片上表皮蜡质饰纹、下表皮角质层纹饰、气孔外拱盖纹饰及内缘类型等4个微形态特征与雄株差异明显。(5)叶表皮蜡质层能谱分析表明,罗汉松雌株叶片含有9种元素,而雄株叶片仅有8种(缺少K元素);且雌株的Si元素含量高于雄株,而雄株的C、O、Na、Mg、Al、Ca和Au元素含量均高于雌株。研究表明,罗汉松雌、雄植株之间存在明显的第二性征,雌株叶片结构有助于提高光合等性能以满足生殖需求;罗汉松雌、雄株叶形态结构的差异是其长期进化形成的有利于物种繁衍的适应策略。     

油茶叶肿病变态叶片的形态特征和超微结构观察

利用扫描电镜(SEM)对油茶叶肿病变态叶叶片表面和横切面进行观察,利用透射电镜(TEM)对其细胞超微结构进行观察,以期探明油茶叶肿病变态叶的形态特征和细胞学特征。结果表明:(1)变态叶是受感染油茶幼叶组织增生形成的,肿大的叶片厚度比正常叶片厚度增加3~5倍,细胞体积增大3~8倍,细胞数增加1~2倍,叶片细胞形态和结构发生了变化。(2)叶片受细丽外担菌侵染后,菌丝存在于下表皮向内的4~7层细胞间隙中,感染后期叶片下表面脱落露出子实层。(3)变态叶细胞出现叶绿体膜破裂、类囊体片层膜数目减少及细胞器成分被破坏等异常现象。     

Determination of intracellular volume and internal solute concentrations of the green alga Chlorococcum submarinum

A method is described for measuring the cell volume of the unicellular green alga Chlorococcum submarinum, which depends on measurements of bromide concentration before and after disruption of the cells by ammonium hydroxide. Simultaneous equations are derived, which along with direct determination of cell water weight, allow the calculation of the intracellular volume in three different ways. The volumes calculated are in agreement indicating the validity of the method. The cell volumes and internal concentrations of glycerol, proline, potassium and sodium were determined for algae adapted to three salinities, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 M NaCl. The results showed that glycerol was the major internal solute and that the total measured solutes balanced the external osmotic pressure at all three salinities.Abbreviations DMSO dimethyl sulphoxide - Hepes N-[2-hydroxyethyl]piperazine-N-2-ethane sulfonic acid - TCA trichloroacetic acid - Tris tris[hydroxymethyl]aminoethane     

The intercellular distribution of vacuolar solutes in the epidermis and mesophyll of barley leaves changes in response to NaCl

Concentrations of inorganic and organic solutes were measuredin sap extracted from individual mesophyll and epidermal cellsof the third leaf of barley. During the development of the thirdleaf plants were grown in various salt solutions (NaCl; 2, 50,100, and 150 mM, KCI; 100 mM or KNO₃; 100 mM). Leaves were analysed2–4 d after full expansion. Cell-sap was extracted usinga modified pressure probe and analysed for its osmolality, concentrationsof P, Na⁺ K⁺ Ca²⁺, and Cl^– and, in some cases, of nitrate,hexoses and total amino acids. Salt treatment caused differentialchanges in the concentrations of solutes in mesophyll and epidermalcells, but did not affect the basic pattern of solute compartmentationbetween these tissues. Calcium was found at osmotically significantconcentrations only in the epidermis, whereas P and organicsolutes were almost exclusively found in the mesophyll. Chlorideand Na⁺ accumulated preferentially in the epidermis, althoughmesophyll concentrations also increased considerably. At 150mM external NaCl, mesophyll cells contained 302 mM Na and 167mM Cl^–, compared to 29 mM Na⁺ and 16 mM Cl^– in thecontrol. Mesophyll Cl^– levels were even higher in the100 mM KCl treatment (216 mM) where mesophyll and epidermalK⁺ accumulated to 424 and 491 mM, respectively. These huge increasesin mesophyll Na⁺ Cl^– and K⁺ were not associated with abreakdown in leaf performance since net rates of photosynthesisdecreased only by less than 20%. Under control (2 mM NaCl) conditions,solutes followed patterned gradients between the various epidermalcell types. The extent of these gradients changed with leafage. During 50 mM NaCl treatment, gradients in Cl^–, nitrateand malate concentrations progressively disappeared, with malateconcentrations approaching zero. Potassium and Na⁺ exhibitedaltered distribution profiles, whereas Ca²⁺ distribution wasunaffected. NaCl-dependent increases in osmolalities differedbetween cells. Exposure of plants to 150 mM NaCl caused qualitativelysimilar changes in both epidermal solute and osmolality profiles,although absolute values differed from those at 50 mM NaCl.In particular, epidermal Cl^– and Na⁺ increased to about500 mM and K⁺ disappeared (<<5 mM) from the vacuole ofcertain epidermal cell types completely. Key words: Barley leaf epidermis, mesophyll, salt stress, single-cell analysis, vacuolar solutes