胶陀螺(Bulgaria inquinans)的生药学研究

对胶陀螺药材性状、显微特点、理化特性和分子鉴定等方面研究结果表明,子实体初期呈黄褐色球形,并带有黄棕色麻点,顶端逐渐开裂,产生一至多个不等的裂口,裂口不断扩大,最后整个子实体表面呈黑色皱缩。子囊棒形。外囊盘被由圆形细胞组成,圆形细胞外侧生绒毛,细胞内含类似载色体的物质;中囊盘被由埋在胶质中的交错菌丝组成。采用子囊孢子弹射分离法所得菌丝有橘黄色菌丝和长有棒状等分生孢子的有隔菌丝无色;从子实体组织分离培养的菌丝状,无色,其中生有黑褐色或黄棕色的圆形细胞,呈念珠状。胶陀螺子实体DNA序列与菌丝DNA序列的同源性为99.65%,胶陀螺子实体的DNA序列与GenBank数据库中AY789345比对,其同源性为99.80%。     

细菌鉴定方法

细菌的分类鉴定与细菌的研究和应用有着同等重要的地位。准确地鉴定细菌类别,根据其菌种种类不同,分别针对肠杆菌、阳性球菌、非发酵菌等菌种设计不同药敏板条的抗生素组合,可以指导临床应用用药。目前,细菌分类鉴定方法主要包括表型鉴定法和分子遗传学鉴定法两大类,针对这两大类鉴定方法,汇总其生理生化分类特征,简述各方法采用的关键技术,针对各技术讨论其优缺点。同时详细研究了表型鉴定法下数值分类法中自动化鉴定涉及的算法,结合目前细菌鉴定方法,对细菌分类鉴定的发展趋势进行了总结和展望。     

高山大黄的显微及分子鉴定研究

目的：对蓼科药用植物高山大黄进行显微及分子鉴定研究。方法：采用石蜡切片、粉末制片对高山大黄根及根茎的横切面组织结构和粉末特征进行显微研究,并采用matK基因序列分析技术对高山大黄进行了分子鉴定研究。结果：高山大黄根横切面中皮层宽,薄壁细胞中可见草酸钙簇晶,木质部宽广,导管径向排列;根茎髓部宽广,无异形维管束存在;粉末中草酸钙簇晶多,棱角大多短钝,导管木质化,多网纹导管,淀粉粒小而多。高山大黄matK序列全长1524 bp,在基因上游106、218、222、365、522、615、711、759、801、852处存在十处碱基替换,且在950－955处存在CAAGAA6个碱基插入。结论：本研究获得了高山大黄比较全面的鉴定信息,上述显微特征可作为高山大黄显微鉴定依据,其matK基因序列分析为高山大黄DNA条形码研究奠定基础。     

Individual and sexual identification for the wild black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons) based on fecal DNA

The black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons), endemic to China, was categorized as a Grade I National Key Protected Animal by the Ministry of Agriculture of China and classified as Vulnerable (VU) by IUCN. Recent years, studies had been conducted on this species mainly focusing on habitat selection, food habit, gene flow etc., only with a few reports on the population dynamics. Individual identification of wild animals is one of the most important subjects in the population dynamic research. Of various molecular markers, microsatellite DNA fingerprinting has been used most frequently and successfully on many kinds of animals. Here, we constructed identification system for the black muntjac using 8 microsatellite loci. 31 black muntjacs were identified from 141 fecal samples, whereas 43 samples could be used for PCR after repeated trials. Further, the sequencing for Cytb gene was also conducted for convincing us the identity of fecal samples. The results, highly consistent between sequencing consequence and sequence data from Genebank, implied that those experienced local people are of the convincing knowledge about wild animals, especially at the respects of identification to black muntjac’ feces pellets. Moreover, we detected the specificity of identification system to black muntjac. BM1225 was the only one locus that unsuccessful PCR for the muscle samples of Muntiacus reevesi was observed, which suggested that our identification system could be used for excluding the non-researched objects in some cases. Analyses using softwares CERVUS 3.0 and POPGENE 1.21 showed that the present identification system had strong discrimination power: 0.938 per loci (DP) or 0.999 in total (CDP). The mean observed number of alleles (Na), mean effective number of alleles (Ne), and mean excepted heterogosity (He) were 8.875, 6.375, and 0.829 respectively. Considering that the change of sex ratio in population could exert significant impact on population growth, density to some extent, we also analyzed the sex ratio of those individuals that had been identified based on fecal samples from filed using SRY (Sex-determining region Y) gene amplification, which identified 19 males and 12 females.     

滨海前胡生药组织学研究

采用性状鉴定及显微鉴定法对滨海前胡Peucedanum japonicum的生药组织学特征进行系统研究。结果表明,根木栓层中夹杂近方形或长圆形石细胞,油管呈环状散在;茎圆柱形有纵棱脊25～40条,棱脊内有厚角组织及油管,维管束于各棱脊处较发达;叶为等面叶,维管束上下方及韧皮部均有油管,薄壁细胞含有放射状或针簇状的橙皮苷结晶。以上生药组织学特征稳定、可靠,可作为滨海前胡的鉴别依据之一。     

Reassessment of species distribution and occurrence of mud crab (Scylla spp., Portunidae) in Malaysia through morphological and molecular identification

This study utilized genetic and morphometric approaches to assess the molecular and morphometric differentiation among commercially important species of mud crab. Molecular investigations were derived from 542 bp mitochondrial DNA COI on 249 individuals within genus Scylla from nine states in Malaysia represents four marine regions; South China Sea, Sulu Sea, Straits of Singapore and Straits of Malacca. Four specimens were obtained from Indonesia to give a robust analysis in this study. For species delimitation, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) method on a web interface was employed. Analysis on phylogenetics was implemented utilizing Neighbour joining (NJ) and Maximum Parsimony (MP) methods. The inter- and intraspecies genetic distances (D_s) was computed using Kimura 2-parameter distance and executed in MEGA version 5.05. All samples were genetically and morphologically identified and clustered into four distinct species. Among the species, S. olivacea was the most abundant (n = 111), on the other hand the occurrence of S. paramamosain in Malaysia was very low (n = 29). No single individual of S. serrata from Malaysia was recorded in this study. Both genetic distance and phylogenetic approaches exhibited a correlative monophyletic association among all specimens analysed. This present study is crucial as it reports the reassessment of all species within genus Scylla in Malaysia, eventually could be employed as a reference source for subsequent research mainly on mariculture and other conservation efforts for the species.     

Immunoelectrophorecal differences between phytopathogenic Fusarium species

Immunoelectrograms of certain tested Fusarium spp revealed that each has a characteristic pattern and showed the relatedness between F. oxysporum on the one hand and F. culmorum and F. semitectum on the other. The B₄ protein fraction is common to the former pair, while α_1a protein fraction links the second.     

Mnemonics are an Effective Tool for Adult Beginners Learning Plant Identification

Most beginners are introduced to plant diversity through identification keys, which develop differentiation skills but not species memorisation. We propose that mnemonics, memorable ‘name clues’ linking a species name with morphological characters, are a complementary learning tool for promoting species memorisation. In the first of two experiments, 64 adults in a group-learning environment were taught species identification using mnemonics, an educational card game and a text-based dichotomous key. In the second experiment, 43 adults in a self-directed learning environment were taught species identification using mnemonics and a pictorial dichotomous key. In both experiments, mnemonics produced the highest retention rates of species identification based on vegetative characters. The educational value of these findings is discussed for vegetative plant identification and broader applications.     

Species identification of polygonati rhizoma in China by both morphological and molecular marker methods

Morphological markers as well as two types of molecular markers, inter-sample sequence repeat (ISSR) and start codon targeted (SCoT) are suitable for species identification of the polygonati rhizoma germplasms. In this paper, we adopted these methods for the identification of rhizomes collected from 47 areas in China. Based on their morphological characters, the collected germplasms were classified into two populations, one with alternate leaf arrangement and the other with verticillate leaf arrangement, and they were comprised of five species and fourteen subgroups. Of the five species identified: Polygonatum kingianum, P. cirrhifolium, P. alternicirrhosum, and P. sibiricum belonged to one cluster, and P. cyrtonema belonged to a different cluster. According to the analysis of both ISSR and SCoT markers, all germplasms with greater genetic similarity were classified into one group. Especially, P. sibiricum and P. cirrhifolium, which shared ～80% similarity, were clustered together, whereas the germplasms identified as P. kingianum with ～86% similarity formed a separate clade. P. kingianum showed a much greater genetic similarity with P. cyrtonema than with P. sibiricum. The multidimensional scaling analysis further verified the accuracy and reliability of the molecular marker-based results. Thus, both morphological and molecular methods should be combined for the differentiation of germplasms such as those of polygonati rhizoma.     

A single multiplex of twelve microsatellite markers for the simultaneous study of the brown hare (Lepus europaeus) and the mountain hare (Lepus timidus)

The management of hunted species is challenging, as it must conciliate the conservation of species and their sustainable exploitation. Nongenetic tools are widely used in this context but they may present limitations notably when species can hybridize or when large‐scale spatial monitoring is required to establish optimal management actions. This is why genetic tools have been more and more integrated in wildlife management practices. However, the markers proposed are often amplified in small multiplexes when larger ones could allow to better cope with the small quantities of DNA obtained with noninvasive sampling methods. Here, we propose a unique multiplex of 12 autosomal microsatellite markers for the study of two hare species that exist in sympatry in some areas in Europe and are hunted notably in France: the brown hare Lepus europaeus and the mountain hare L. timidus. We tested 17 markers previously used in these two species or other lagomorph species, from which 12 were included in this single multiplex. Diversity was between 4 and 30 alleles per locus totaling 126 alleles, and we showed that these markers possess appropriate genetic resolution for individual and species identification for the populations under study. This multiplex panel represents the largest number of microsatellites amplified in one reaction proposed for these two hare species and provides a cost‐effective and valuable tool for further hybridization studies and the management of hares.     

威灵仙药材的数码显微鉴定

威灵仙为常用中药材,对来自全国8个地区的10件威灵仙商品药材进行了性状和数码显微鉴定,结果表明10件商品药材中有5份为毛茛科植物威灵仙Clematis chinensis Osbeck.的根和根茎,4份为毛茛科植物棉团铁线莲C.hexapetala Pall.的根和根茎,1件为混淆品,经鉴定为百合科植物黑叶菝葜Smilax nigrescens Wang et Tang的根。应用数码成像技术,真实、准确地反映了威灵仙药材的显微结构,为该药材的鉴定提供了可靠的依据。     

生物医药科技前沿领域的识别研究

目的:采用定量分析与定性分析相结合的方法识别生物医药科技前沿领域。方法:本研究从典型国家医学科技战略规划的重点领域分析,生物医药科技前沿动态与专家评述,文献和专利计量学分析三个维度进行识别,综合三个维度的识别结果,将至少满足两个维度的定为生物医药科技前沿领域。结果:共识别出34个生物医药科技前沿领域,包括精准医学、肿瘤免疫、靶向治疗、医学人工智能、医疗机器人等。结论:采用多维度综合识别方法对生物医药科技前沿领域进行分析,可为我国医学科技前沿领域的发展布局提供决策支持,也可为生物医药领域的创新提供方向引导。     

Odor naming methodology: correct identification with multiple-choice versus repeatable identification in a free task

Since there is rarely a social labeling consensus in the identification of odors, it would be better to assess whether participants identify an odor by the same name upon repeated presentation rather than by the name designated as 'correct' by the experimenter (veridical label) in identification tasks. To examine the relevance of this proposition, participants were asked to identify familiar odors both in a free and a multiple-choice task. The free task was replicated in order to determine the percentage of repeatable identification. Results showed that the difference between the percentage of correct identification in the multiple-choice task and the percentage of repeatable identification in the free task was small, and that participants often used a repeatable name which differed from the veridical label. Thus, it was suggested that allowing participants to give their own name to an odor when it is not present on a pre-developed list, and measuring whether participants repeat the same name in independent measurements, might improve the relevance of multiple-choice tasks.     

Multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of Olpidium bornovanus, O. brassicae, and O. virulentus

A multiplex PCR method has been developed to detect, differentiate, and confirm the morphological identification of three root infecting Olpidium spp.: O. bornovanus, O. brassicae, and O. virulentus. Of the 132 root samples examined, 101 samples were infected by Olpidium spp.. Based on the morphology of resting spores, the presence of O. bornovanus was confirmed in 20.5 % of the samples, whereas species identity could not be determined for the remaining samples because they failed to reproduce sexually. With multiplex PCR, it was possible to determine the Olpidium identity of all the infected samples, even when resting spores were not formed. This method was also effective for detecting Olpidium spp. in water samples. In addition, the specificity and sensitivity of multiplex PCR were evaluated. The multiplex PCR method was validated with samples of 9 different crops from 11 countries of America, Europe, and Africa.     

Population structure of a whale shark Rhincodon typus aggregation in the Red Sea

The presence of whale sharks Rhincodon typus were recorded around Shib Habil, a small, coastal reef off the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia, from 2010 to 2015. A total of 267 suitable photographs resulting in the identification of 136 individuals, were documented from 305 encounters. Sharks were divided evenly between the sexes with no evidence of temporal or spatial segregation. All individuals were immature based on size estimates and, for males, juvenile clasper morphology. Scars were reported for 57% of R. typus with 15% showing evidence of propeller trauma. Estimates of population size and patterns of residency were calculated by modelling the lagged identification rate. Multiple models were run simultaneously and compared using the Akaike information criterion. An open population model was found to best represent the data and estimates a daily abundance between 15 and 34 R. typus during the aggregation season, with local residence times ranging from 4 to 44 days. Residence times away from Shib Habil range from 15 to 156 days with a permanent emigration–death rate between 0·07 and 0·58 individuals year^?1. These results are broadly similar to those from other aggregations of R. typus, although the observed sexual parity and integration found at this site is unique for the species and needs further study.     

DNA barcoding and phylogeny in neotropical species of the genus Spondias

The genus Spondias belongs to the Anacardiaceae family, with about 18 species, having significant economic and social importance and with some species used in the agricultural industry, however, problems are encountered when trying to identify phylogenetic relationships among the species. The use of DNA barcoding is of importance to this group, allowing species identification at the molecular level and in determining the phylogenetic relationships within the group. The objective of this study is to obtain DNA barcoding and to determine the phylogenetic relationships among the species. For this, DNA from six species of the genus was extracted and amplified by PCR using sequences from the rbcL and matK genes and the trnH-psbA spacer gene, followed by sequencing using the Sanger method. The results show that the matK and rbcL genes cannot be used for DNA barcoding, because their discriminatory level between species is low. On the other hand, trnH-psbA shows a high level of discrimination, allowing most of the species to be identified. However it is not possible to separate Spondias venulosa and Spondias tuberosa. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Spondias mombim and S. tuberosa are distinct “umbucajá” clades, suggesting a non-hybrid origin for “umbucajá”.     

Carotenoids found in Littorina littorea and their relationship to parasitic infection by larva trematodes

Littorina littorea from Long Island Sound feed primarily on algae: Chlorophyceae (three species) and Rhodophyceae (two species). Carotenoids from the algae accumulate in tissues of the snail in either an unchanged or a metabolized state. β-Carotene, the major pigment of green and red algae, was isolated from the foot, hepatopancreas, and nephridium of these snails. Six oxygenated carotenoids, not completely identified, were isolated from the same tissues. The snails show a variation in foot color from white to brown to red. L. littorea is parasitized by trematode larvae of Cryptocotyle lingua and Cercaria parvicaudata from which β-carotene and one oxygenated carotenoid were isolated. Contrary to previous work, there is no relation between foot color of the snail and parasitic infection. Neither age nor sex appears to have any relation to foot color. Although carotenoid pigments are known to cause the variation in foot color, the reasons or factors for their accumulation in the snail tissue have not been established. Some hypothetical explanations are discussed.     

WU多瘤病毒在中国浙江地区的发现与鉴定

呼吸道病毒种类很多,大部分的病毒感染机体后可以导致大面积人群不同程度的发病,严重的可导致死亡[1].