Extravasation injuries and emergency suction as treatment

To evaluate the efficiency of emergency suction in extravasation injuries of contrast medium, records of 11 patients treated for extravasation injuries with a combination of suction and saline washout were reviewed. All of the patients were treated in the first 2 hours after injury. The mean extravasated volume was 55 cc. There were no surgery-related complications, and all the patients experienced a relief of their preoperative pain. Except for two patients with blisters at admission, none of them suffered skin or soft-tissue necrosis. Mean time to complete healing was 9 days. Emergency suction therapy is safe and effective in preventing the skin and soft-tissue necrosis associated with extravasation injuries of hyperosmolar contrast medium.     

Vitamin E and telmisartan attenuates doxorubicin induced cardiac injury in rat through down regulation of inflammatory response

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The importance of doxorubicin (Dox), as a potent antitumor antibiotic, is limited by the development of life-threatening cardiomyopathy. It has been shown that free radicals are involved in acute doxorubicin-induced toxicity. The aim of this study was to determine the protective effect of vitamin E and telmisartan in acute doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity. METHODS: Thirty two male Sprague - Dawly rats were involved in this study and were randomly separated into 4 groups, eight rats in each group, one group received normal saline I.P as control and second group received doxorubicin 20 mg/kg I.P, the other two groups also received doxorubicin 20 mg/kg I.P as single dose after seven cumulative doses (for seven days) of vitamin E (100 mg/kg) and telmisartan (1 mg/kg) respectively. Immunofluorescent staining for monocytes infiltration and analyses of plasma by (ELISAs) for MCP-1and troponin I. Western immunoblotting assay for ICAM-1, while left ventricular function was analyzed by microcatheter, also estimated the level of oxidative stress parameters (MDA and Catalase) and cardiac enzymes activities (CK-MB and LDH) before starting drugs treatment and after treatment period by 48 hours. RESULTS: The immunofluorescent staining showed that administration of vitamin E and telmisartan are attenuated of mononuclear cell infiltration; (p < 0.05 vs. Dox group), also reduced the level of chemokines MCP-1 and ICAM-1 expression compared with Dox group only, and there is marked reduction of myocardial troponin-I levels with improved LV function in vitamin E and telmisartan treated group. Doxorubicin treatment increased MDA, LDH, CK-MB levels significantly (P < 0.01), and were counteracted by administration of vitamin E and telmisartan, but did not significantly affect serum catalase activity. CONCLUSIONS: Antioxidant effect (Vitamin E and telmisartan) have been shown to decrease doxorubicininduced cardiotoxicity.     

Dapsone for the treatment of doxorubicin extravasation injury in the rat

Doxorubicin is the most common antitumor drug implicated in serious extravasation injuries. Progressive tissue necrosis may lead to intense pain, chronic ulceration, and disfiguring tissue loss. This progressive necrosis is analogous to that seen with brown recluse spider bites, where dapsone is an established mode of therapy, minimizing the area of tissue loss by a proposed antiinflammatory mechanism. The backs of 50 Lewis rats were injected intradermally with 1 mg of doxorubicin in 1 cc of saline to simulate an extravasation injury. The rats were divided into five groups for treatment with oral dapsone 50 mg/kg/day: 10 were controls (no treatment), 10 were started the day before injury, 10 were started the day of injury, 10 were started the day after injury, and 10 were started 1 week after injury. The area of ulceration was calculated by planimetry. The data suggest that dapsone has little positive effect on healing extravasation ulcers.     

跑台干预对多柔比星抗肿瘤效果和心毒性的影响

本研究旨在探讨利用多柔比星进行抗肿瘤治疗前先行跑台干预,对多柔比星抗肿瘤效果及其诱发的心毒性可能造成的影响。本研究采用50只12周龄的C57BL/6小鼠为实验对象,随机分为C组(对照组,n=10)、SNTD组(不运动+无肿瘤+多柔比星组, n=10)、STS组(不运动+肿瘤+安慰剂, n=10)、STD组(不运动+肿瘤+多柔比星组, n=10)、ETD组(运动+肿瘤+多柔比星组, n=10),进行2周的不同方案干预后,在STS组、STD组、ETD组大鼠注射黑色素肿瘤细胞,C组、ETD组注射等量的生理盐水。注射后3周,在SNTD组、STD组、ETD组小鼠的腹腔注射12 mg/kg的多柔比星,C组和STS组注射等量生理盐水。注射结束10 d后,进行心脏形态功能和肿瘤体积检查,利用SPSS进行统计分析。本研究认为多柔比星能够抑制肿瘤流体生长速度,但跑台运动不会对多柔比星抗肿瘤的效果产生影响。注射多柔比星会导致心壁变薄、心输出量、射血量等心脏功能衰退,但跑台运动能够缓解多柔比星的心毒性。     

丁酸钠器官毒性研究

目的:研究组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(histone deacetylase inhibition HDACi):丁酸钠(Sodium Butyrate Na B)腹腔连续给药对BALB/C小鼠体重增长及器官发育的影响。方法:20只健康,3周BALB/C小鼠随机分成2组(丁酸钠组和对照组);丁酸钠组腹腔注射丁酸钠(Na B)1.2 g/Kg·d,连续21天;对照组同时间腹腔注射等量生理盐水。21天后,测量体重;行4%多聚甲醛灌注、固定,取心脏,肝脏,脾脏,肺脏,肾脏,脑组织以及小肠组织器官,做石蜡切片,HE染色两组比较有无器官损害。结果:1.丁酸钠组与对照组比较,两组动物体重增长良好,平均增长11 g,两组间无统计学差异(P0.05)。2.HE染色见丁酸钠组:心肌细胞无变性,坏死,无炎性细胞浸润,无肉芽组织形成;脾脏红、白髓结构清晰,脾窦无扩张,未见炎性细胞浸润;肺间质无扩张,充血,未见纤维化,肺泡无水肿;肾小管上皮细胞无变性坏死,肾间质未见水肿;脑细胞周围间隙和小血管间隙无增宽;肠道纤毛上皮排列整齐,肠壁无出血,坏死,无渗出;肝细胞围绕中央静脉呈放射状排列,细胞无水肿,无胆汁淤积。未发现上述器官的病理变化。结论:丁酸钠长期腹腔给药安全,无明显毒副作用。     

大黄蛰虫胶囊联合维生素C钠治疗黄褐斑的疗效及对血清和血液流变学的影响

目的:研究大黄蛰虫胶囊联合维生素C钠治疗黄褐斑的临床疗效及对血清和血液流变学的影响。方法:选取2012年8月到2013年8月我院收治的黄褐斑患者140例,按照随机数字表法平均分成研究组和对照组,每组70例,研究组给予大黄蛰虫胶囊联合维生素C钠治疗,对照组给予大黄蛰虫胶囊治疗,两组均治疗1个月。3个月后比较两组临床疗效,并检测两组患者的血清睾酮(T)、雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P)、过氧化脂质分解产物丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)以及血液流变学水平的变化。结果:研究组总有效率85.7%(60/70)显著高于对照组的57.1%(40/70),两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);与治疗前和对照组相比,治疗后研究组SOD、E2显著升高,MDA、T显著降低,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组P水平均无明显变化;治疗后研究组血液流变学各指标较治疗前和对照组显著下降,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:大黄蛰虫胶囊联合维生素C钠治疗黄褐斑具有较好的临床疗效,可以调节患者的性激素水平,改善患者的血流变学。     

Age-related effect of aerobic exercise training on antioxidant and oxidative markers in the liver challenged by doxorubicin in rats

The aims of the current study were to investigate the oxidant and antioxidant status of liver tissue challenged by doxorubicin and to examine the possible protective effects of aerobic exercise on doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress. Seventy-two rats were divided into three age groups (Young, Adult, and Elderly) with three treatment subgroups consisting of eight rats per age group: doxorubicin, aerobic exercise?+?doxorubicin, and aerobic exercise?+?saline. The experimental groups performed regular treadmill running for 3 weeks. Doxorubicin was administered by i.p. injection at a dosage of 20?mg kg^?1 while the aerobic exercise?+?saline group received saline of a comparable volume. Heat shock protein 70, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, and protein carbonyl were determined from the liver homogenates following the intervention period. Treatment with doxorubicin induced hepatotoxicity in all groups with lower values of oxidative stress in young compared with the older groups. The inclusion of aerobic exercise training significantly increased heat shock protein 70 and antioxidant enzyme levels (glutathione peroxidase) whereas it decreased oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl) for all age groups. These results suggest that aerobic exercise training may be a potential, non-drug strategy to modulate doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity through its positive impact on antioxidant levels and oxidative stress biomarkers.     

Chemotherapeutic treatment of xenograft Spirocerca lupi-associated sarcoma in a murine model

To date, data are not available concerning the effectiveness of chemotherapy in the treatment of Spirocerca lupi-associated esophageal sarcomas. In the present study, we compared the effectiveness of 4 chemotherapeutic agents against S. lupi-associated osteosarcoma, using a xenograft murine model created in our lab. Samples of xenografted osteosarcoma were inoculated subcutaneously into 5 groups (n = 10 each) of 6-wk-old male and female NOD/SCID mice. Tumor-bearing mice were divided into treatment and control groups. The treatment groups were injected with either pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (6 mg/kg, intravenously, n = 9), doxorubicin (6 mg/kg, intravenously, n = 8), carboplatin (60 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, repeated twice at 1-wk intervals for a total of 2 doses, n = 9), or cisplatin (6 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, n = 8). The control group was injected with buffered saline (n = 9). Tumor size was determined by caliper measurements. Compared with the control group, the pegylated liposomal doxorubicin- and doxorubicin-treated groups, but not the carboplatin or cisplatin groups, showed significant inhibition of tumor growth. Our results indicate that doxorubicin-based drugs are effective against S. lupi-associated sarcomas in a mouse xenograft model. Because it is less toxic than doxorubicin, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin is likely the drug of choice for treatment of S. lupi-associated sarcomas. We suggest that combination of doxorubicin or its pegylated form with surgical excision will improve the prognosis of dogs with this disease.     

具核梭杆菌对结直肠癌小鼠化疗敏感性的影响

目的研究具核梭杆菌对结直肠癌小鼠化疗敏感性的影响。方法建立结直肠癌荷瘤小鼠,分为空白对照组、5-氟尿嘧啶对照组和实验组、奥沙利铂实验组和对照组、伊立替康实验组和对照组、阿霉素实验组和对照组、丝裂霉素实验组和对照组,每组5只;各实验组荷瘤鼠灌胃给予具核梭杆菌菌液(10~9CFU),0.2 mL/d,1次/周。连续灌胃4周后,5-氟尿嘧啶实验组、阿霉素实验组、丝裂霉素实验组荷瘤鼠分别腹腔注射给予30.00 mg/(kg·d)、1.75 mg/(kg·d)、2.00 mg/(kg·d)对应药物,1次/d,连用7 d;奥沙利铂实验组、伊立替康实验组荷瘤鼠分别第1天腹腔注射给予29 mg/kg、66 mg/kg对应药物,其余6 d用生理盐水0.1 mL代替。各对照组荷瘤鼠除不灌胃具核梭杆菌菌液外,其余操作均与实验组相同。对比各实验组和对照组的瘤重和抑瘤率(IR%)。结果各组成瘤裸鼠一般情况均正常,肿瘤呈膨胀性生长,未见明显浸润或转移发生。各实验组荷瘤鼠的瘤重(g)均显著大于对照组荷瘤鼠[(1.42±0.15)vs(0.97±0.12),(1.76±0.16)vs(1.45±0.13),(1.50±0.09)vs(1.03±0.08),(1.38±0.07)vs(0.87±0.05),(1.26±0.08)vs(0.79±0.05);均P<0.05],IR%显著小于对照组荷瘤鼠[(27.55±2.83)vs(50.51±5.02),(10.20±1.78)vs(26.02±2.36),(23.47±2.76)vs(47.45±4.86),(29.59±3.02)vs(55.61±5.35),(35.71±3.47)vs(59.69±5.45);均P<0.05]。结论具核梭杆菌降低抗结直肠癌药物的敏感性。     

Palliative effect of curcumin on doxorubicin‐induced testicular damage in male rats

This study aimed to investigate the effect of curcumin (CUR) on doxorubicin (DOX)‐induced testicular damage in male rats. Thirty‐five adult male Wistar rats were used. Control group was received saline for 7 days. CUR group received CUR for 7 days. DOX group received single dose DOX on the 5th day. DOX+ CUR‐100 group received 100 mg/kg/day CUR for 7 days and DOX injection on the 5th day. DOX + CUR‐200 group received 200 mg/kg/day CUR for 7 days and DOX injection on the 5th day. DOX treatment decreased in sperm motility rate, live sperm percentages, cellular antioxidants, and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, necrosis, degenerations, and slimming in seminiferous tubules, and DNA damages in testes by inducing oxidative stress. CUR treatment mitigated significantly these side effects when compared with DOX group in a dose‐dependent manner. In conclusion, CUR treatment can be used in the mitigation of DOX‐induced testicular toxicity.     

Injury due to extravasation of thiopental and propofol: Risks/effects of local cooling/warming in rats

Inadvertent leakage of medications with vesicant properties can cause severe necrosis in tissue, which can have devastating long-term consequences. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of extravasation injury induced by thiopental and propofol, and the effects of cooling or warming of local tissue on extravasation injury at macroscopic and histopathologic levels. Rats were administered intradermally thiopental (2.5 mg/100 µL) or propofol (1.0 mg/100 µL). Rats were assigned randomly to three groups: control (no treatment), cooling and warming. Local cooling (18–20 °C) or warming (40–42 °C) was applied for 3 h immediately after agent injection. Lesion sizes (erythema, induration, ulceration, necrosis) were monitored after agent injection. Histopathology was evaluated in skin biopsies taken 24 h after agent injection. Thiopental injection induced severe skin injury with necrosis. Peak lesions developed within 24 h and healed gradually 18–27 days after extravasation. Propofol induced inflammation but no ulceration, and lesions healed within 1–2 days. Local cooling reduced thiopental- and propofol-induced extravasation injuries but warming strongly exacerbated the skin lesions (e.g., degeneration, necrosis) induced by extravasation of thiopental and propofol. Thiopental can be classified as a “vesicant” that causes tissue necrosis and propofol can be classified as an “irritant”. Local cooling protects (at least in part) against skin disorders induced by thiopental and propofol, whereas warming is harmful.     

TRAM flap breast reconstruction: tumescent technique reduces blood loss and transfusion requirement

The tumescent technique has been shown to be efficacious in reducing both operative and postoperative bleeding without significant deleterious side effects in suction lipectomy. In this study, the effects of the tumescent technique on postoperative complications in transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap breast reconstruction are investigated. All women who underwent a TRAM flap breast reconstruction by the senior author (J.B.) at the Emory Clinic during the years 1990 to 1996 were pooled (n = 386). Any woman who had a preincision infiltration of 0.25% epinephrine-containing saline solution (>200 cc) around the donor site was included in the tumescent group (n = 59). Medical records were reviewed, and rates of partial flap loss, fat necrosis (> or =10 percent flap volume), flap full-thickness skin loss, donor-site complication (skin loss, hernia, or infection), and blood transfusion were determined. Group rates were compared. The infiltrated group had a significantly lower transfusion rate as compared with the control group (0.34 units versus 1.32 units, p < 0.001). The rates of partial flap loss and fat necrosis were less in the tumescent group, but not significantly (0 percent versus 4 percent, p = 0.232; and 1.7 percent versus 10.4 percent, p = 0.058). There were no significant differences in the incidence of full-thickness skin loss or donor-site complications. Donor-site infiltration before incision with a 0.25% epinephrine-containing saline solution significantly reduced the transfusion requirement in TRAM flap breast reconstruction patients without adversely affecting either breast mound or abdominal donor-site complication rates.     

激光联合氨甲环酸、谷胱甘肽及维生素C 治疗黄褐斑的临床观察

目的：探讨黄褐斑应用激光联合氨甲环酸、谷胱甘肽及维生素C 治疗的临床效果。方法：选择2012 年6 月~2014 年6 月期 间我院皮肤科门诊收治的黄褐斑女性患者117 例,根据随机数字表将其平均分为三组,即激光组、药物组、联合治疗组各39 例。 激光组单纯应用激光治疗,药物组应用氨甲环酸、谷胱甘肽及维生素C治疗,联合治疗组应用激光联合氨甲环酸、谷胱甘肽及维 生素C 治疗。对比三组治疗前后黄褐斑面积及黄褐斑颜色评分、临床疗效及治疗后不良反应。结果：联合组治疗后黄褐斑面积及 黄褐斑颜色评分显著低于激光组、药物组及治疗前（P<0.05）。联合组治疗的总有效率显著高于激光组及药物组（P<0.05）。药物组 不良反应发生率为2.56%,其他两组未见明显不良反应。结论：激光联合氨甲环酸、谷胱甘肽及维生素C 治疗黄褐斑的疗效确切, 可以有效改善黄褐斑面积及颜色,安全性佳,适于临床应用。     

阿霉素注射剂量对肾病综合征大鼠脂蛋白脂酶和卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶水平的影响

摘要 目的：探讨阿霉素注射剂量对肾病综合征（nehpmtic syndrome,NS）大鼠脂蛋白脂酶和卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶（Leci-thin cholesterol acyltransferase,LCAT）水平的影响。方法：64只SD大鼠随机平分为四组-对照组、小剂量阿霉素组、中剂量阿霉素组与高剂量阿霉素组,四组大鼠经尾静脉一次性注射阿霉素0 mg/kg、2 mg/kg、4 mg/kg、8 mg/kg,检测造模后不同时间点大鼠肾脏脂蛋白脂酶和卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶水平变化情况。结果：小剂量阿霉素组、中剂量阿霉素组与高剂量阿霉素组造模后7 d、14 d、21 d的体重与每日采食量、血肌酐与尿素氮都低于对照组（P<0.05）,24 h尿蛋白高于对照组（P<0.05）,且存在剂量依赖性,三组间对比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。小剂量阿霉素组、中剂量阿霉素组与高剂量阿霉素组造模后21 d、28 d的肾脏脂蛋白脂酶和卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶相对表达水平低于对照组（P<0.05）,且存在剂量依赖性,三组间对比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：小剂量阿霉素可抑制大鼠肾脏脂蛋白脂酶和卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶的表达,能快速有效建立肾病综合征大鼠模型,具有很好的模拟造模效果。     

Increase in tumor size following intratumoral injection of immunostimulatory CpG-containing oligonucleotides in a rat glioma model

The immunosuppressive environment of malignant gliomas is likely to suppress the anti-tumor activity of infiltrating microglial cells and lymphocytes. Macrophages and microglial cells may be activated by oligonucleotides containing unmethylated CpG-motifs, although their value in cancer immunotherapy has remained controversial. Following injection of CpG-containing oligonucleotides (ODN) into normal rat brain, we observed a local inflammatory response with CD8+ T cell infiltration, upregulation of MHC 2, and ED1 expression proving the immunogenic capacity of the CpG-ODN used. This was not observed with a control ODN mutated in the immunostimulatory sequence (m-CpG). To study their effect in a syngeneic tumor model, we implanted rat 9L gliosarcoma cells into the striatum of Fisher 344 rats. After 3 days, immunostimulatory CpG-ODN, control m-CpG-ODN, or saline was injected stereotactically into the tumors (day 3 group). In another group of animals (day 0 group), CpG-ODN were mixed with 9L cells prior to implantation without further treatment on day 3. After 3 weeks, the animals were killed and the brains and spleens were removed. Rather unexpectedly, the tumors in several of the animals treated with CpG-ODN (both day 0 and day 3 group) were larger than in saline or m-CpG-ODN treated control animals. The tumor size in CpG-ODN-treated animals was more variable than in both control groups. This was associated with inflammatory responses and necrosis which was observed in most tumors following CpG treatment. This, however, did not prevent excessive growth of solid tumor masses in the CpG-treated animals similar to the control-treated animals. Dense infiltration with microglial cells resembling ramified microglia was observed within the solid tumor masses of control- and CpG-treated animals. In necrotic areas (phagocytic), activation of microglial cells was suggested by ED1 expression and a more macrophage-like morphology. Dense lymphocytic infiltrates consisting predominantly of CD8+ T cells and fewer NK cells were detected in all tumors including the control-treated animals. Expression of perforin serving as a marker for T cell or NK cell activation was detected only on isolated cells in all treatment groups. Tumors of all treatment groups revealed CD25 expression indicating T cells presumed to maintain peripheral tolerance to self-antigens. Cytotoxic T cell assays with in vitro restimulated lymphocytes (⁵¹chromium release assay) as well as interferon-gamma production by fresh splenocytes (Elispot assay) revealed specific responses to 9L cells but not another syngeneic cell line (MADB 106 adenocarcinoma). Surprisingly, the lysis rates with lymphocytes from CpG-ODN-treated animals were lower compared to control-treated animals. The tumor size of individual animals did not correlate with the response in both immune assays. Taken together, our data support the immunostimulatory capacity of CpG-ODN in normal brain. However, intratumoral application proved ineffective in a rat glioma model. CpG-ODN treatment may not yield beneficial effects in glioma patients.     

Antioxidant effect of conjugated linoleic acid and vitamin A during non enzymatic lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes and mitochondria

In the study reported here the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and vitamin A on the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition, chemiluminescence and peroxidizability index of microsomes and mitochondria isolated from rat liver was analyzed. The effect of CLA on the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of native microsomes was evidenced by an statistically significant p < 0.007 decrease of linoleic acid C18:2 n6, whereas in mitochondria it was observed a decrease p < 0.0001 of arachidonic acid C20:4 n6 when compared with vitamin A and control groups. Docosahexaenoic acid C22:6 n3 in mitochondria was reduced p < 0.04 in CLA and vitamin A groups when compared with control. After incubation of microsomes or mitochondria in an ascorbate (0.4 mM)-Fe⁺⁺ (2.15 M) system (120 min at 37°C) it was observed that the total cpm/mg protein originated from light emission: chemiluminescence was lower in liver microsomes or mitochondria obtained from CLA group (received orally: 12.5 mg/daily during 10 days) than in the vitamin A group (received intraperitoneal injection: daily 0.195 g/kg during 10 days). CLA reduced significantly maximal induced chemiluminescence in microsomes relative to vitamin A and control groups, whereas in mitochondria the effect was observed relative to control group The polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of liver microsomes or mitochondria changed by CLA and vitamin A treatment. The polyunsaturated fatty acids mainly affected when microsomes native and peroxidized from control group were compared were linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids, while in vitamin A group linoleic and arachidonic acid were mainly peroxidized, whereas in CLA group only arachidonic acid was altered. In mitochondria obtained from the three groups arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid showed a significant decrease when native and peroxidized groups were compared. As a consequence the peroxidizability index, a parameter based on the maximal rate of oxidation of fatty acids, show significant changes in the CLA group compare vitamin A and control groups. The simultaneous analysis of peroxidizability index, chemiluminescence and fatty acid composition demonstrated that CLA is more effective than vitamin A protecting microsomes or mitochondria from peroxidative damage.     

地佐辛抑制依托咪酯所致肌阵挛时对心率和平均动脉压影响的临床研究

目的:观察地佐辛抑制依托咪酯所致肌阵挛时对患者的心率和平均动脉压的影响。方法:选择120例择期全麻手术患者,将其随机分为对照组和实验组(地佐辛0.1 mg/kg),每组60例。在依托咪酯麻醉诱导前,实验组患者静脉注射地佐辛,对照组静脉注射等容积生理盐水。5分钟后,两组均静脉注射依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg麻醉诱导,记录和比较两组患者在给予地佐辛和生理盐水前(T0期)、给予地佐辛和生理盐水后5分钟(T1期)、给予依托咪酯后2分钟(T2期)的平均动脉压和心率的变化情况,并观察其有无肌阵挛及肌阵挛的程度。结果:对照组患者肌震颤的发生率为60%,实验组无患者发生肌震颤,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。两组患者T2期平均动脉压均较同T0、T1期显著下降,但对照组和实验组患者T2期平均动脉压比较无显著差异(P0.05)。对照组T0、T1和T2三期心率无明显变化(P0.05),实验组T2期心率较T0和T1期明显下降,亦明显低于对照组T2期心率,且差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:应用地佐辛预处理抑制依托咪酯麻醉诱导所致肌阵挛时,其对患者的平均动脉压无明显影响,可使心率减慢,但心率处于正常范围内。     

Anticonvulsant effects of magnesium sulfate in hippocampal-kindled rats

The objective of the present study was to determine whether magnesium sulfate has anticonvulsant actions in the hippocampal-kindled rat model of epilepsy. Fully kindled rats received acute intraperitoneal injections of magnesium sulfate (270 mg/kg), phenytoin (20 mg/kg) or saline in random order. Electrical seizure duration, behavioral seizure stage and duration of postictal EEG depression were examined 15, 30 and 60 min after injection. In an additional group of rats, kindled seizures were measured before and after chronic (2 h) intraperitoneal injections of magnesium sulfate versus saline. There was a significant decrease in electrical seizure duration (p<0.01) and behavioral seizure stage (p<0.01) with acute magnesium sulfate injections compared to saline injections. Phenytoin had no statistically significant effects on hippocampal-kindled seizures. Chronic magnesium sulfate treatment significantly reduced behavioral seizure stage at 2, 24, and 48 h postinjection (p<0.05), but did not affect seizure duration. There was a significant time by treatment effect for magnesium sulfate on postictal EEG depression (p<0.01). We conclude that in this model of hippocampal epilepsy-induced (kindled) rats, magnesium sulfate has significant anticonvulsant effects.     

Frequency of micronuclei in 4–8 cell mouse embryos generated after maternal gamma-irradiation in the presence and in the absence of vitamin C

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the frequency of chromosomal aberrations expressed as micronuclei (MN) in 4–8 cell embryos generated by gamma-irradiation of female mice in the absence and in the presence of vitamin C. Female NMRI mice were whole body exposed to 4 Gy gamma-irradiation after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of pregnant mare’s serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) followed by injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and mating with non-irradiated NMRI male mice. Pregnant animals were sacrificed and embryos flushed from the oviducts and fixed on slides. Cells were treated for MN observation using standard method. To investigate the protective effect of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) on the frequency of MN, 100 mg/kg vitamin C was i.p. injected 1 h before irradiation. Results show that the frequency of MN generated in the embryos of irradiated mother compared to those of control in the non-irradiated group increased dramatically (P < 0.001). Frequency of MN in embryos generated in irradiated female mice treated with vitamin C dramatically and statistically decreased relative to the frequency observed in the irradiation only group (P < 0.001). This decrease returned the combined treatment group to a level that was not statistically different from the controls (P > 0.05). Thus, irradiation of preovulatory stage oocytes leads to stable chromosome abnormalities expressed as micronuclei in successive preimplantation embryos. Vitamin C reduces these clastogenic effects of radiation in preovulatory oocytes and thus the reduced frequency of MN in embryos is probably due to its antioxidation and radical scavenging properties.     

Chronic bronchial allergic inflammation increases alveolar liquid clearance by TNF-alpha -dependent mechanism

Bronchial inflammation in allergic asthma is associated with active exudation from the bronchial tree into the interstitial space of both mucosa and submucosa. The aim of this study was to evaluate epithelial and endothelial permeability as well as alveolar fluid movement in a model of chronic allergic inflammation in Brown-Norway rats sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OA). Control groups were challenged with saline solution (C), and rats were immunized by OA but not challenged (Se). Lung sections showed a marked inflammatory infiltrate associated with perivascular and peribronchiolar edema in OA. To measure alveolar liquid clearance, a 5% bovine albumin solution with 1 microCi of (125)I-labeled human albumin was instilled into the air spaces. Alveolar-capillary barrier permeability was evaluated by intravascular injection of 1 microCi of (131)I-labeled albumin. Endothelial permeability was significantly increased in OA, from 0.08 +/- 0.01 in the C group to 0.19 +/- 0.03 in OA group (P < 0.05). Final-to-initial protein ratio was also statistically higher in OA (1.6 +/- 0.05) compared with C (1.38 +/- 0.03, P = 0.01) and Se groups (1.42 +/- 0.03, P = 0.04). Administration of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibodies within the instillate significantly decreased this ratio (1.32 +/- 0.08, P = 0.003 vs. OA). To conclude, we demonstrated a tumor necrosis factor-alpha-dependent increase in alveolar fluid movement in a model of severe bronchial allergic inflammation associated with endothelial and epithelial leakage.