艾滋病合并卡氏肺孢菌性肺炎临床探讨

目的 探讨艾滋病患者中卡氏肺孢菌性肺炎的临床特征、诊断方法及治疗预防措施.方法 对36例艾滋病患者合并卡氏肺孢菌性肺炎病例资料进行回顾性描述和分析.结果 艾滋病患者CD4+T淋巴细胞低于200/μL时,易发生卡氏肺孢菌性肺炎机会感染.36例患者临床表现为发热、咳嗽、气促、低氧血症、呼吸衰竭,7例找到肺孢子菌包囊,确诊PCP,其余29例为临床诊断.通过复方磺胺甲恶唑联合卡泊芬净并辅以糖皮质激素治疗,取得较好疗效,9例痊愈,27例症状明显好转,无死亡病例.结论 艾滋病患者若出现快速进展的低氧血症伴CD4+T淋巴细胞低于200/μL及乳酸脱氢酶升高者应警惕卡氏肺孢菌性肺炎,早期诊断、早期应用以复方磺胺甲恶唑联合卡泊芬净为基础的综合治疗是提高生存率的关键.     

成人血液病合并肺孢子菌肺炎9例临床分析

目的研究成人血液病患者发生肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)的临床特点、高危因素、治疗方式、预后及预防措施。方法对2014年1月～2019年7月我院血液科收治的成人血液病患者中确诊为PCP者的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学特点、治疗及转归进行总结及讨论。结果 9例发生PCP患者中8例为血液系统恶性肿瘤,7例为接受异基因造血干细胞移植术后患者,移植术后合并PCP的中位时间为8个月;9例患者中8例均合并巨细胞病毒血症,其中4例为多重感染;所有病例发病期间均有发热,7例伴有咳嗽咳痰;9例患者血清1-3-β-D葡聚糖(104.3～1377.1)pg/mL,中位数为293.3 pg/mL,较参考值偏高;影像学表现以弥漫性斑片影和磨玻璃影为主,严重时可出现结节及胸腔积液;给予TMP/SMZ联合伏立康唑或卡泊芬净或单用卡泊芬净治疗后8例好转,1例死亡。结论成人血液病并发PCP进展较快,常合并多重感染;发热、咳嗽是成人血液病合并PCP主要的临床表现;影像学双侧斑片样肺炎改变,血清1-3-β-D葡聚糖浓度升高对PCP诊断具有指导意义,肺泡灌洗液中查见肺孢子菌是诊断的金标准;对于高危患者应予以抗PCP预防用药,合并PCP的血液病患者早期抗PCP治疗是降低死亡率和改善预后的关键。     

肺孢子菌肺炎诊治的研究进展

目的综述肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)病原诊断和治疗的研究进展。方法通过文献检索和分析,总结PCP诊治研究进展。结果 PCP的临床诊断主要依据患者存在免疫缺陷或免疫功能低下的基础状况以及典型临床和影像学表现来进行,确诊有赖于病原学检查。近年来研究表明PCR技术和血清1,3-β-D葡聚糖检测(G试验)有助于PCP早期诊断以及区分肺孢子菌定植和感染。复方磺胺甲噁唑(SMZco)是治疗PCP的首选用药,卡泊芬净近年来也联合应用于PCP的治疗,但其应用价值仍待进一步研究。结论 PCP的诊断仍以临床诊断为主,治疗上仍以SMZco为首选,探索PCP早期诊断技术和提高重症患者救治成功率是今后研究的重点。     

艾滋病合并肺孢子菌肺炎1例

本文报道1例通过肺组织活检明确诊断的艾滋病合并肺孢子菌肺炎(Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia,PCP)病例,结合文献复习,分析艾滋病合并PCP的病理学特点及临床诊治措施。本例患者经实验室检查确诊为艾滋病,通过气管镜肺活检取得肺组织标本,组织病理学诊断为PCP,给予复方磺胺甲唑治疗后病情好转。PCP多见于艾滋病等免疫缺陷患者,临床上表现为间质性肺炎,提高对该病的认识并尽早进行病原学检测是确诊的关键。尽早使用复方磺胺甲唑等有效药物是改善预后的主要措施。     

复方磺胺甲噁唑联合卡泊芬净治疗耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎疗效与安全性的Meta分析

目的 系统评估复方磺胺甲噁唑(TMP/SMZ)与卡泊芬净联合对耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎(Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, PJP)的治疗效果和安全性。方法 搜索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane library、CBM、知网、万方、维普中,TMP/SMZ联合卡泊芬净治疗PJP的临床随机对照试验,进行Meta分析,结局指标为总有效率、不良反应发生率,使用RevMan5.4软件统计分析。结果 共纳入20项研究,PJP患者共1 802例。Meta分析结果显示,相较TMP/SMZ单药治疗,TMP/SMZ联合卡泊芬净治疗PJP的有效率显著提高[RR=1.29,95%CI(1.22,1.37),P<0.00001],且不增加药物不良反应发生率[RR=0.91,95%CI(0.79,1.05),P=0.21>0.05]。结论 TMP/SMZ联合卡泊芬净治疗PJP的效果优于TMP/SMZ单药治疗,且不增加药物不良反应,推荐临床使用。     

大剂量氨溴索联合头孢哌酮钠对卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎(PcP)的临床疗效分析

目的:探讨大剂量氨溴索联合头孢哌酮钠对卡氐肺孢子菌肺炎的临床疗效。方法:选取我院收治的肺孢子菌肺炎患者68例,按照随机数字表法分组,对照组34例予以小剂量新诺明治疗;研究组34例在对照组基础上予以大剂量氨溴索联合头孢哌酮钠治疗,记录并比较两组临床症状、动脉血气分析、血清细胞因子水平、临床疗效及并发症的发生情况。结果:照组临床总有效率(70.59%)显著低于研究组(91.18%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);与对照组比,研究组临床症状缓解时间较短,治疗后PaO_2、PaO_2/FiO_2、SaO_2较高,血清IL-10、IFN-γ、IL-8、IL-23水平较低,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者均无恶性不良反应发生,存在轻微的恶心,呕吐等胃肠道反应,两组间不良反映的发生率对比无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:大剂量氨溴索联合头孢哌酮钠对卡氐肺孢子菌肺炎疗效好,安全性高。     

两性霉素B联合伊曲康唑或卡泊芬净治疗恶性血液病并发侵袭性真菌感染

目的观察两性霉素B联合伊曲康唑或卡泊芬净治疗恶性血液病患者并发侵袭性真菌感染(IFI)的临床疗效及安全性。方法收集我院联合治疗患者9例,对其疗效及毒副反应进行分析研究。结果9例患者7例有效,1例无效,1例停药。低钾是最常见的副反应,其他副反应包括畏寒、发热及肝、肾功能受损。结论两性霉素B联合伊曲康唑或卡泊芬净治疗IFI,经济、有效,患者依从性较好。     

米卡芬净单药或联合治疗肺孢菌肺炎7例疗效及安全性分析

<正>肺孢菌肺炎(PCP,Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia)是由耶氏(早前称为卡氏)肺孢子菌引起的一种机会性感染性真菌性肺病。复方磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧嘧啶(SMZ/TMP)由于价格低廉、疗效确切是PCP治疗的一线用药,但其胃肠道副作用大,肝肾功能损害和骨髓毒性等原因,有时导致治     

伊曲康唑联合卡泊芬净或特比萘芬对球形孢子丝菌体外抑菌作用的研究

目的探讨伊曲康唑联合卡泊芬净或特比萘芬时对球形孢子丝菌酵母相和菌丝相的体外抑菌作用。方法参照标准的微量液基稀释法及棋盘微量稀释法对33株球形孢子丝菌行药敏试验,结果使用抑菌浓度指数(FICI)判定"协同""不相关"和"拮抗"。结果伊曲康唑与卡泊芬净联合对球形孢子丝菌酵母相菌株的协同率为93.94%(31/33),与特比萘芬联合的协同率为60.61%(20/33);伊曲康唑与卡泊芬净或特比萘芬联合对菌丝相菌株协同率分别为96.97%(32/33)、84.5%(28/33)。对所有受试菌株均未观察到上述药物的拮抗作用。结论体外联合药敏试验结果显示伊曲康唑与卡泊芬净或特比萘芬联合有较好的协同作用。     

艾滋病合并卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎的诊断方法研究进展

卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎是由卡氏肺孢子菌引起的一种呼吸系统机会性感染,作为AIDS、器官移植、肿瘤、化疗等免疫功能低下患者的并发症越来越突出,对其做出正确、及时的诊断也越来越重要。该文就卡氏肺孢子菌的病原学及PCP的实验诊断、影像学诊断方法的研究概况和进展作一综述。     

Therapeutic Potential of Caspofungin Combined with Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole for Pneumocystis Pneumonia: A Pilot Study in Mice

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in immunocompromised patients. There are limited alternative therapeutic choices to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) which is the standard first line therapy/prophylaxis for PcP. The efficacy of low doses of caspofungin and caspofungin in association with TMP-SMX standard-prophylactic dose was evaluated in an experimental model of Pneumocystis. Susceptibility of Pneumocystis spp. to low doses of caspofungin and caspofungin/TMP-SMX was evaluated in Balb/c immunosuppressed mice, infected intranasally with P. murina. Caspofungin was administered once daily at 0.1 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg, and 0.001 mg/kg and TMP-SMX was administered by oral gavage (12.25 mg/62.5 mg/day), for 21 days. Efficacy was calculated based on the reduction in organism burden determined through quantitative fluorescent-based real-time PCR (qPCR). Serum β-1,3-D-glucan was measured as an additional marker of infection. The present data showed that caspofungin demonstrated anti-Pneumomocystis effect. However, the doses administrated were too low to achieve Pneumocystis eradication, which suggests that echinocandin treatment should not be administrated as mono-therapy. After 21 days of treatment, P. murina was not detected in the lungs of mice with either TMP-SMX or caspofungin/TMP-SMX. The results showed that, even at the lowest concentrations tested, the efficacy of caspofungin in association with TMP-SMX was higher than the efficacy of either drug used alone. The administration of caspofungin/TMP-SMX was at least 1.4 times more effective against P. murina infection than TMP-SMX used alone. The most promising result was achieved with the combination of caspofungin 0.05 mg/kg/day with TMP-SMX 12.5 mg–62.5 mg/day, which reduced the parasite burden to undetectable levels immediately at the 14^th day of treatment, showing a highly marked anti-Pneumomocystis effect. These data suggest that the administration of low doses of caspofungin in combination with low doses of TMP-SMX may provide an improved treatment protocol for Pneumocystis infection clearance.     

Open-label efficacy and safety trial of 42 days of 566C80 for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients.

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia continues to be a cause of morbidity and mortality in AIDS patients. Current therapies have a high rate of toxicity and failure. Compound 566C80 is a 1-4,hydroxynaphthoquinone with potent antiprotozoal activity which shows good efficacy and safety in 21-day treatment trials of P. carinii pneumonia (PCP) in AIDS patients. Because there is a generally high recurrence rate after treatment of PCP and there may be a possible advantage in decreasing the P. carinii burden in the lung with extended anti-Pneumocystis therapy, we performed an open label-trial of the safety and efficacy of 42-day therapy with 566C80 for PCP in AIDS patients. Ten patients were enrolled and one was lost to follow-up. Eight of the remaining nine patients successfully completed 42 days of therapy with minimal toxicity. This trial suggests that 566C80 for 42 days can be an effective, safe, and well-tolerated oral therapy for PCP in AIDS patients.     

A Case of Pneumonia Caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii Resistant to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

A 50-year-old male visited the outpatient clinic and complained of fever, poor oral intake, and weight loss. A chest X-ray demonstrated streaky and fibrotic lesions in both lungs, and chest CT revealed multifocal peribronchial patchy ground-glass opacities with septated cystic lesions in both lungs. Cell counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealed lymphocyte-dominant leukocytosis, and further analysis of lymphocyte subsets showed a predominance of cytotoxic T cells and few T helper cells. Video-assisted wedge resection of the left upper lobe was performed, and the histologic examination was indicative of a Pneumocystis jirovecii infection. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) was orally administered for 3 weeks; however, the patient complained of cough, and the pneumonia was aggravated in the follow-up chest X-ray and chest CT. Molecular studies demonstrated mutations at codons 55 and 57 of the dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) gene, which is associated with the resistance to TMP-SMX. Clindamycin-primaquine was subsequently administered for 3 weeks replacing the TMP-SMX. A follow-up chest X-ray showed that the pneumonia was resolving, and the cough was also alleviated. A positive result of HIV immunoassay and elevated titer of HCV RNA indicated HIV infection as an underlying condition. This case highlights the importance of careful monitoring of patients with P. jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) during the course of treatment, and the molecular study of DHPS mutations. Additionally, altering the anti-PCP drug utilized as treatment must be considered when infection with drug-resistant P. jirovecii is suspected. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of TMP-SMX-resistant PCP described in Korea.     

Immunopathogenesis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is a life-threatening infection that occurs in immunocompromised individuals, particularly those with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Interestingly, morbidity and mortality is related to the underlying cause of immunosuppression, with AIDS patients faring better than oncology patients for example. In addition, the prognosis of PCP has been correlated with markers of inflammation rather than with organism numbers. There is now increasing evidence that lung damage occurring during PCP is a result of the type and extent of the host inflammatory response to P. carinii rather than a result of direct damage by the organism. This review will discuss the experimental and clinical data demonstrating how the host-mediated inflammatory response to infection with P. carinii determines the ultimate outcome of PCP. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of PCP should lead to the development of improved therapies for the treatment of PCP.     

Cytokine profiles of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with pneumocystis pneumonia

The clinical features of PCP differ according to the factors responsible for the predisposing immunosuppression. Although the diagnosis of PCP often requires BAL, the profiles of the inflammatory mediators in the BAL fluid are not thoroughly documented. The aim of the current study was to characterize the profiles of inflammatory mediators in BAL fluid during PCP in patients with underlying autoimmune diseases, malignancies, or AIDS. The medical records of 14 patients with autoimmune diseases, 10 with malignancies, and 8 with AIDS, all of whom had been diagnosed with PCP by microscopic examination of BAL fluid, were reviewed. The concentrations of TNF‐α, MCP‐1, HMGB1, IL‐8, IL‐6, IL‐10, and IFN‐γ in the BAL fluid that had been obtained for the diagnosis of PCP were measured. The concentrations of MCP‐1, IL‐8, and IL‐6 differed according to the underlying disease, tending to be higher in patients with autoimmune diseases and lower in those with AIDS. The concentrations of HMGB1, IL‐8, and IL‐6 were positively correlated with the proportion of neutrophils in BAL fluid and inversely with the oxygenation index. Although the serum concentrations of CRP and LDH were positively correlated with those of IL‐8 and MCP‐1, none of the mediators in BAL fluid was correlated with the serum β‐D‐glucan concentration. The production of inflammatory mediators in the lung differed between the patient groups with different underlying disorders. The modest upregulation of IL‐8 and IL‐6 might be associated with the milder clinical manifestations of PCP in AIDS patients.     

艾滋病合并侵袭性肺真菌病的诊治

近年来,侵袭性真菌感染的发病率不断增加,其中肺真菌感染居首位,己成为免疫功能下降或缺陷宿主常见的死亡原因。艾滋病是经典免疫功能缺陷性疾病,合并真菌感染时需及时识别、治疗,以降低其病死率。国内、外各种有关侵袭性真菌感染诊治指南的不断问世,极大地提高了临床医生对侵袭性真菌病的认识和诊治水平。该文就艾滋病常见侵袭性肺真菌病:肺念珠菌病、肺孢子菌肺炎、肺马内菲青霉病、肺隐球菌病、肺曲霉病的诊断及治疗进展进行综述。     

Dynamics of Pneumocystis carinii-specific immune complexes in AIDS patients with P. carinii pneumonia

Pneumocystis carinii-specific immune complexes were detected by immunoblot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 53% of sera from Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients with P. carinii pneumonia (PCP). Resolution of glycoprotein antigenemia (50-55 kd = dominant species) appears to correlate with successful PCP drug therapy and recovery. An epitope map has been constructed from immunoblots of P. carinii hydrolysates and from human and murine serum containing P. carinii antigens.     

Dynamics of Pneumocystis carinii-Specific Immune Complexes in AIDS Patients with P. carinii Pneumonia

Pneumocystis carinii-specitic immune complexes were detected by immunoblot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 53% of sera from Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients with P. carinii pneumonia (PCP). Resolution of glycoprotein antigenemia (50–55 kd = dominant species) appears to correlate with successful PCP drug therapy and recovery. An epitope map has been constructed from im-munoblots of P. carinii hydrolysates and from human and murine scrum containing P. carinii antigens.     

Evaluation of Epstein-Barr Virus Salivary Shedding in HIV/AIDS Patients and HAART Use: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Little data is available on the evaluation of the occurrence rates of Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) in saliva and relationship with highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART) use in HIV/AIDS patients in China. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of EBV serological tests for HIV/AIDS patients who were treated in the hospitals for infectious diseases in Wuxi and Shanghai, China from May 2016 to April 2017. The EBV-seropositive samples were identified by ELISA. EBV-specific primers and probes were used for the quantitative detection of viral DNA from saliva via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. CD4 cell counts of the HIV/AIDS patients were detected by a flow cytometry. A total of 372 HIV/AIDS patients were ultimately selected and categorized for this retrospective cohort study. For EBV IgG and IgM, the HIV/AIDS HAART use(H) and non-HAART use(NH) groups had significantly higher seropositive rates than the HIV-negative control group. The HIV/AIDS(NH) group had the highest seropositive rate(IgG, 94.27%; IgM, 68.98%) and the highest incidence of EBV reactivation or infection. For salivary EBV DNA-positive rates and quantities, the HIV/AIDS(H)(73.69%) and the HIV/AIDS(NH)(100%) groups showed significantly higher values than the HIV-negative control group(35.79%,[ twofold). Further, the salivary EBV DNA-negative population had significantly higher CD4 cell counts than the EBV DNA-positive population in the HIV/AIDS(H) group and the HIV/AIDS(NH) groups. Thus, HAART use is beneficial in decreasing the EBV salivary shedding in HIV/AIDS patients and indirectly decreases EBV transmission risk.     

The Co-application of Willow and Earthworms/Horseradish for Removal of Pentachlorophenol from Contaminated Soils

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was once commonly used as a pesticide worldwide, and is now a toxic and recalcitrant environmental pollutant. To explore a practical approach in the remediation of PCP-contaminated soils in China, we evaluated the efficacy of a local willow (Salix × aureo-pendula CL “J1011”) on removing PCP and assessed the potential of a native earthworm (Metaphire guillelmi) and horseradish (Armoracia rusticana Gaerth), alone and in combination with willow, to enhance the efficiency of removing PCP from spiked field soils. Willow, horseradish, and earthworms alone significantly increased PCP removal from soil. After 45 days, only 47.2% of the PCP remained in the presence of willow alone; 68.4, 51.4, and 46.3% of the PCP remained with 50, 100, and 200 g horseradish m^?2, respectively; and 41.1% of the PCP remained in the presence of earthworms. The removal of PCP from soils significantly increased with co-application of willow and horseradish (23.1% remaining) and especially with the co-application of willow and earthworms (2.2% remaining). Our results indicate that in terms of remediation efficiency, economic value, ecological benefits, and ease of use, a system consisting of this autochthonous willow and indigenous earthworms has great potential for the remediation of PCP-polluted soil in China.