海南长臂猿研究现状

海南长臂猿Nomascus hainanus是世界上最为濒危的灵长类动物,历史上曾广泛分布于海南岛。自20世纪50年代以来,由于栖息地的破坏及人为干扰,分布面积急剧缩小,数量急剧减少,现仅存3群20多只分布在海南岛霸王岭国家级自然保护区16 km2的原始热带季雨林内。食物种类丰富,榕属植物较少,而家域面积较大,反映了海南长臂猿的栖息地质量较低。低质量的栖息地,独特的一夫二妻制的社会结构,较长的生殖间隔及较低的遗传多样性是制约海南长臂猿种群生存和发展的主要原因。加强海南长臂猿生态学、行为学及社区居民参与共管的研究将有助于海南长臂猿的保护。     

滇南、滇东南黑冠长臂猿分布与数量

滇南、滇东南曾是黑冠长臂猿广泛分布的地区之一。为掌握该地区近年黑冠长臂猿分布及种群数量现状,从2003年7月~2004年12月,采用访问调查及利用鸣声定位法进行了实地调查。调查结果显示,在近40000km2的范围内,东黑冠长臂猿(Nomascussp.cf.nasutus)在云南境内可能已消失;西黑冠长臂猿(N.concolor)亦仅发现4~7个种群,且孤立分布于3个地区(金平芭蕉河2群6只,金平西隆山1-2群,绿春黄连山1~3群,总计不超过25只),而在江城牛倮河自然保护区、马关古林箐自然保护区、麻栗坡老君山自然保护区及屏边大围山自然保护区可能已绝迹。滇南、滇东南黑冠长臂猿分布区缩小及种群数量剧减,主要与栖息地丧失及过度捕猎有关。     

海南长臂猿的毛色变化

冠长臂猿属(Nomascus)动物作为具有明显毛色性二型的濒危灵长类,其毛色变化是判断个体性别、年龄与发育状态的重要指标。本文针对海南长臂猿(N. hainanus)约2年的连续观察和既往可靠的影像资料,详细描述了该物种出生至周岁,雌性从亚成年至成年这两个毛色变化关键时期的外观特征和变色过程。本文发现通过对“冠”形、整体毛色、身体各部位变色顺序的观察,有助于在雨林环境中快速判断个体的大致年龄并反推其出生季节,识别可繁殖雌性个体。通过与近缘种进行对比,发现其婴猿毛色变化过程与东黑冠长臂猿(N. nasutus)更为相似,从宏观证据上支持了海南长臂猿目前被认可的系统发育地位,并讨论了其毛色变化模式对环境适应的可能解释。希望本文提出的操作性建议能够与自动化的数据收集方法相结合,提升濒危冠长臂猿物种野外监测的时效性和准确度。     

黑长臂猿的分布、现状与保护

黑长臂猿 (Hylobates concolor)是现生 1 1种长臂猿中其系统地位最低的灵长类。历史时期长臂猿曾广泛分布在我国南部的大部省区。自公元 4世纪以来 ,它们的分布发生了很大变化。分布区从北到南 ,从东到西急剧缩小 ,现黑长臂猿缩小到只在海南岛、云南南部和越南北部 ,已分化为 6个亚种。分布于我国的 5亚种中 ,海南亚种 (H . c. hainanus)现今仅20余只 ,是最濒危的一个亚种 ;.北部湾亚种 (H.c.nasutus) 50年代曾在广西西南部发现 ,60 -70年代已绝迹 ;指名亚种 (H.c.concolor)主要分布于越南北部、滇南和滇中哀牢山。滇南约有100余只 ,滇中哀牢山可能有40 - 60群 ,180 - 240只 ;景东亚种 (H . c. jingdongensis)为滇中无量山的特有亚种 ,现有100 - 116群 ,430 - 500只 ;滇西亚种 (H . c. furvogaster) ,只分布在滇西南的沧源、镇康、云县和耿马等地 ,约有 2 6-42群 ,100 - 150只。现今 ,黑长臂猿的分布区已不足1000Km2 ,总数量约1000只 ,为高度濒危的灵长类动物。造成黑长臂猿濒危的主要原因是 :热带和南亚热带原始森林的被破坏和缩小、人类活动的干扰使生境破碎和恶化、过度猎捕和长臂猿自身的生物学弱点。目前 ,中国的黑长臂猿已在 9个自然保护区中得到保护。     

黑长臂猿交配行为的初步观察

在动物园,笔者曾先后观察过人工饲养成长的长臂猿多次交配,现将其交配行为观察简报于后。 1981年12月11日上午10:30,天气晴朗,将1号雄性黑长臂猿Hylobates con-clolr concolor(1972年从绿春县购进)和2号雌黑长臂猿(1975年从绿春县购进)合笼配对饲养,两猿相见于户外运动场,围有铁栅栏(长4米,宽4米,高5米),时雌猿臀部不时地抖颤(发情时的性欲表现),当时雌猿年龄约8岁多,其背、腰、骶部和     

黑长臂猿月经周期的初步观察

长臂猿与其它类人猿和人类一样具有明显的月经周期,研究它的月经规律,将为生殖生理学、内分泌学和计划生育等学科的研究提供实验依据。 我园饲养的二号雌性黑长臂猿Hylobates ccncolor ccncolor于1975年10月购自绿春县,估计当时年龄约1.5岁,至1981年3月约7岁,体重约10—12公斤,体毛颜色由黑色逐渐变为幼体时的浅黄色。从1981年5月13日第一次月经来潮起,至1986年5月9日止连续观察了五年,共记录到72次行经(71个月经周期,从初潮至第二次行经为一个周期,所以行经次数为72次,而月经周期只有71个)。现将观察结果振道如下:     

云南无量山国家级自然保护区西部黑冠长臂猿景东亚种的群体数量与分布调查

2010年1～2月,采用访问与实地调查相结合的方法,对云南无量山国家级自然保护区的西部黑冠长臂猿景东亚种进行第二次全面的群体数量与分布调查.结果 表明:无量山现有长臂猿87群;东坡的群体数量多于西坡,南段多于北段;有15群长臂猿生活在无量山自然保护区外;无量山长臂猿群体的海拔分布范围为1900～2800 m;经度分布范围为100°30′～100°50′E,纬度分布范围为24°17′～24°45′N;无量山自然保护区内的长臂猿群体分布密度为0.24群/hm2;近10年来,无量山长臂猿的群体数量在下降.     

黑长臂猿的群体大小及组成

黑长臂猿（Ｈｙｌｏｂａｔｅｓｃｏｎｃｏｌｏｒ）是长臂猿科中较为原始的类群,对其野外行为生态习性近年来已有所报道,但意见不一。本文根据近两年的野外观察,认为黑长臂猿的群体大小为４．３±１．０只,（范围３—６,ｎ＝７）,群体组成为１成年雄性,１—２成年雌性,１—３后代个体,群体之大小除与其本身的特点有关外,还与其赖以生存的生境条件好坏有关。     

海南长臂猿的家族群相遇行为观察

海南长臂猿(Nomascus hainanus)是野外研究最少的长臂猿种类之一。在过去的十多年中,只了解其种群数量、种群结构、栖息地和有关于其食物种类的极少量信息。对于世界上最濒危的灵长类之一的海南长臂猿,在长达4年的野外研究中,主要采用扫描取样法和焦点动物取样法观察到了4次海南长臂猿的合群现象,并发现了现存的两群海南长臂猿之间的合群行为不同于其他长臂猿,如白掌长臂猿(Hylobates lar)的合群行为。在海南长臂猿的合群行为中,只观察到了雌雄性成年个体和雄性亚成体以及青年雄性个体之间的鸣叫和追逐行为,而没有发现像白掌长臂猿样的两群体成员间的玩耍和理毛行为,更没有偷情行为和白掌长臂猿那样致命的激烈打斗行为的存在,即只存在着鸣叫行为和竞争性行为。两群体的雌性成年母猿根本就不参与到追逐行为中,它们只是在相距合群行为发生地点20—30m处休息和观望。同时,海南长臂猿相遇的持续时间也不像其他种类的长臂猿那样长,只有24—51min。另外,也没有发生打斗行为。对于海南长臂猿雌雄性成年个体在群体相遇时的行为,我们认为是它们对其领域的保护,而未成年个体则是通过参与这种追逐方式学习如何保护自己今后的领域。     

海南岛海南长臂猿分布的变迁及成因

综合相关野外调查数据及历史资料,比较了海南长臂猿分布区的变迁,并对导致海南长臂猿分布区减少的原因进行了探讨.人类对热带雨林的破坏和直接猎杀是导致海南长臂猿分布区与种群数量急剧减少的最根本原因;建立生态走廊,扩大栖息地是保护这一濒危物种的最有效的方法.     

Hainan Black-crested Gibbon Is Headed For Extinction

Although Hainan black-crested gibbons have been on the list of the most endangered primate species in the world for many years, their environment is still deteriorating, especially on Hainan Island. Our findings indicate that the species is unlikely to survive the next decades unless efficient conservation policies and strategies are put in place immediately. Census data show that populations of the species used to occur across the whole island, but in 2003 only 13 individuals could be found, confined to a small region, the Bawangling Natural Reserve (19 02¹–19 08¹N and 109 02¹–10913¹ E), in the western part of the island, covering only 14–16 km². In other words, ca. 99% of the habitat has vanished in the past 300 years. Such dramatic change has pushed the species to the edge of extinction; only 2 groups and 2 solitary adult males, remained in 2003. Two adult females, 2 juveniles and one infant comprise Group A, in Donger, the core area of the western part of the reserve; and 1 adult male, 2 adult females, 1 juvenile and 1 infant formed another group (B), confined to another core area (Nanchahe) in the northern part of the reserve. The dramatic decline in the gibbon population has occurred due to vegetation reduction, ecological deterioration and extensive human impact. The forest cover was reduced from 95.5% 2000 years ago to just 4% in 1999; and the human population in 2003 was 330% larger than in 1950.     

猿源不绝

等到10点多钟,当我们站不住失望地准备往回撤时,森林里突然传来了猿群的叫声。先是公猿口哨般的长鸣,接着母猿和幼猿加入,声音由小变大,由凄清的独唱变成了热闹的大合唱。我们都被这热带雨林里精灵的歌声震撼了,这是何等的天籁啊……     

海南长臂猿的抱仔交配行为

海南长臂猿(Nomascus hainanus)是世界上最为濒危的灵长类动物(IUCN濒危物种红色名录2016),国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,《中国脊椎动物红色名录》(蒋志刚2016)极危级物种,属中国特有的长臂猿物种之一,截至2020年8月,数量为5个家庭群共33只(海南热带雨林国家公园新闻发布会2020,http:/...     

Sound Spectrum Characteristics of Songs of Hainan Gibbon (Nomascus hainanus)

Gibbons are characterized by their species-specific calls, or songs. There are few studies of songs of Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus). To study the sound spectrum characteristics and test for intergroup differences in Hainan gibbon song, we studied the singing behavior of Hainan gibbons in Bawangling National Nature Reserve, Hainan Province, China, intermittently from August 2002 to February 2013, collecting 184 recordings. Our results show that: 1) Hainan gibbon song bouts occur mainly 0–4 h after dawn. 2) The songs of adult males living in groups are composed mainly of one to three short notes and one to five long notes, while solitary adult male songs consist only of long frequency modulated notes and no short or single notes. 3) The song chorus is dominated by adult males, while females add a great call. Males do not have a great call, unlike those in other gibbon species. There are no female solos. 4) The sound spectrum frequency is similar in adult males living in two different groups, but the duration of the first long note differed significantly between the groups. The sonic frequencies of male and female songs are lower than those of other gibbons: no more than 2 kHz. Hainan gibbon sound structure is simple, although females participate in the chorus, reflecting their primitive status among gibbon species.     

The Critically Endangered Hainan Gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) Population Increases but not at the Maximum Possible Rate

International Journal of Primatology - With the ongoing global biodiversity crisis in the Anthropocene, it is critical to understand how to save endangered species to “bend the curve”...     

A tribute to John Gibbon

This article provides an overview of the published research of John Gibbon. It describes his experimental research on scalar timing and his development of scalar timing theory. It also describes his methods of research which included mathematical analysis, conditioning methods, psychophysical methods and secondary data analysis. Finally, it describes his application of scalar timing theory to avoidance and punishment, autoshaping, temporal perception and timed behavior, foraging, circadian rhythms, human timing, and the effect of drugs on timed perception and timed performance of Parkinson's patients. The research of Gibbon has shown the essential role of timing in perception, classical conditioning, instrumental learning, behavior in natural environments and in neuropsychology.     

Gibbon and marmoset c-myc nucleotide sequences.

The nucleotide sequences of the gibbon and marmoset myc loci have been determined by the dideoxy ribomethod. The number of mutations which occurred during evolution and the branches affected were deduced according to the principle of maximum parsimony, from a comparison with known mammal sequences. As previously observed for the human and chimpanzee myc genes, an Alu repeat belonging to subclass III was observed in the second intron of the gibbon myc gene. In contrast, no such element was found in the marmoset gene. Alignment of the Myc amino acid (aa) sequences provided clues for detecting which aa or which protein regions have been more heavily mutated. Conversely, some regions remained free of mutations and remained unchanged from mouse to human, most probably in connection with some important embedded property(ies). An intriguing feature of the human Myc protein is duplication of 50 aa out of 439. Strikingly, most of these aa remain unchanged in mouse, rat, cat, marmoset, gibbon, chimpanzee and human.