乌鳢结节病病原-诺卡氏菌的分离与鉴定

乌鳢(Ophiocealus argus)又称黑鱼、乌鱼、才鱼,隶属于硬骨鱼、鲈形目、攀鲈亚目、鳢科、鳢属,我国分布于除新疆、西藏外的各大水系,为凶猛的肉食性鱼类,营养、药用和经济价值较高,具有生长快、疾病少、适应性强、产量高等特点,价格稳定,深受养殖户喜爱,已成为淡水名特优养殖的主导品种之一.     

鰤鱼诺卡氏菌对乌鳢血液指标的影响

应用浓度为106cfu/mL的鰤鱼诺卡氏菌(Nocardia seriolea)菌悬液腹腔注射乌鳢,人工感染诺卡氏菌病。在感染后3d、6d、9d、12d、18d和24d时抽取乌鳢血液,检测乌鳢的血细胞数、血细胞脆性、溶菌酶、血清总蛋白、碱性磷酸酶、乳酸脱氢酶和尿素氮等指标。结果表明,与对照组相比,感染鰤鱼诺卡氏菌后乌鳢血细胞数呈先升高后降低的趋势,而血细胞脆性在各实验时间点均高于对照组;血清碱性磷酸酶呈先降低后升高趋势,血清溶菌酶、血清总蛋白和血清尿素氮等均呈先降低后增高再降低的趋势,血清乳酸脱氢酶活力显著增加。说明鰤鱼诺卡氏菌感染会引起乌鳢血液指标明显变化。     

养殖鱼类致病诺卡氏菌研究进展

综述了国内外有关养殖鱼类诺卡氏菌病的发生情况及其病原生物学、分类学、致病性、组织病理学、诊断检测技术和防治等方面的研究进展,提出了一些问题和建议,以为相关研究提供参考。     

养殖鱼类致病诺卡氏菌研究进展*

综述了国内外有关养殖鱼类诺卡氏菌病的发生情况及其病原生物学、分类学、致病性、组织病理学、诊断检测技术和防治等方面的研究进展,提出了一些问题和建议,以为相关研究提供参考。     

诺卡菌及其感染

诺卡菌病过去认识不够,临床上有许多误诊。现因服用免疫抑制剂及免疫缺陷病,特别是艾滋病病例增多,应适当注意。     

诺卡氏菌属中的两个新种

由土壤中分离的两株诺卡氏菌形放线菌A-100菌株和186菌株．经鉴定,其形态和细胞壁化学组分均属诺卡氏菌属,但培养特征和生理生化特性与该属中的已知种不同。因此认为这两株菌是诺卡氏菌属中的两个新种,并分别命名为鲜黄诺卡氏菌Nocardia galba n.sp和绛红色诺卡氏菌Nocardia purpurea n. sp.。     

诺卡氏菌科分类的研究II．诺卡氏菌属中的两个新种和一个新变种

从我国各地的土壤中分离得到百余株诺卡氏菌形放线菌,其基丝形成横隔并断裂成秆状或球状体,细胞壁化学组份IV型,属于诺卡氏菌科诺卡氏菌属(Nocardia)。经形态、培养特征及生理生化特性等鉴定为15个种。本文只报道其中两个新种及一个新变种：念球状诺卡氏菌(Noeaedia nostocoidea n. sp．);紫褐诺卡氏菌(Nocardta violaccofusca n. sp.);鲑色诺卡氏菌桔橙变种(Nocardia salmontcolor var. aurantiaca n. var.)。     

基于SecA基因的鰤鱼诺卡氏菌qPCR检测方法的建立及进化分析

为对诺卡氏菌病进行快速早期诊断,建立了鰤鱼诺卡氏菌(Nocardia seriolae)TaqMan qPCR检测方法。以鰤鱼诺卡氏菌的管家基因SecA为靶标设计引物和探针,对反应条件进行优化,制作标准曲线,进行灵敏性、重复性和特异性测试,并将建立的方法应用于临床样品的检测。结果表明,优化后,引物和探针终浓度分别为0.3和0.1μmol/L,退火延伸温度60℃时,qPCR在9.85×10¹⁰—9.85×10⁰ copies内呈良好的线性关系,灵敏度最高达9.85 copies;重复性实验结果显示,组间和组内变异系数均小于1%;特异性结果表明,对无乳链球菌、弗氏柠檬酸杆菌和维氏气单胞菌等13种病菌均无扩增曲线;临床对42份大口黑鲈样品进行检测,结果表明,qPCR检出率比普通PCR提高14.24%;对发病大口黑鲈的组织及结节部位检测显示,结节部位菌载量大幅高于非结节部位,最高相差1000倍;SecA基因分析结果显示,SecA基因在传代中和种内高度保守,种间具有一定的离散性,是个很好的用于诺卡氏菌种鉴定的靶基因。研究建立的鰤鱼诺卡氏菌qPCR检测方...     

拟诺卡氏菌属中的一个新种

自云南省昆明市郊区的土壤中,分离到一株细胞壁化学组分III型的诺卡氏菌形放线菌,编号4—4C。该菌株产生灰白色有分隔和分枝的气丝。成熟的气丝断裂成短杆状小体。气丝分枝末端时常形成类似于链霉菌的孢子丝。分生孢子链由为数不多的大小两种孢子形成。基丝黄色或黄褐色,分隔并断裂威柱形小体。有时产生微黄褐色可溶性色素。与拟诺卡氏菌属中的已知近似种比较,有明显区别。因此,认为是个新种,命名为链孢拟诺卡氏菌(Nocardiopsisstreptosporus n. sp.)。     

深海链霉菌选择性分离及活性菌株16S rRNA聚类分析

选择性分离深海链霉菌,检测其抗肿瘤细胞,抗金黄色葡萄球(Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 51650),抗PTP1B和抗caspase-3活性,对活性菌株做16s rRNA聚类分析.用8种选择性培养基分离培养,检测活性和构建活性菌株16S rRNA聚类分析图.共分离到90株链霉菌,其中在RH培养基上分离到的菌株数量和类群最多,占38.9%,次之为GS1和OA培养基,而M5培养基未分离到菌株;共筛选到活性菌株44株,有抗肿瘤活性14株,抗金黄色葡萄球菌22株,抗PTP1B活性19株和抗caspase-3活性2株,其中16株至少有两种活性;16S rRNA聚类分析结果表明44株活性菌株分布在4个clade,分别是S.coelicolor,S.pactum,S.stramineus和S.restomycificus clade,以S.coelicolor和S.restomycificus clade为主,分别占66.0%和11.1%.在常温,常压下可分离培养到大量高活性和活性多相样性的深海链霉菌,KH培养基最适用于分离深海链霉菌.     

鄱阳湖乌鳢的年龄与生长

研究了鄱阳湖鸟鳢年龄结构与生长特征.其年轮特征为典型的疏密切割型,年轮形成时间主要在3～5月;渔获群体年龄由Ⅰ～Ⅵ龄组成,优势体长为35.5～48.8 cm,优势体重为630～1224 g:体长与鳞长关系式为:L=0.8124 10.119S(r=0.96),体长与体重关系式为:W=1.73×10-2L2.95(r=0.97),属均匀生长类型,可用Von Bertalanffy生长方程来描述其体长与体重生长规律.根据鄱阳湖乌鳢资源利用的现状,建议将捕获年龄提高到4 a,相应体长45～55 cm,体重2500～2200g.     

Nocardia cyriacigeorgica is a significant pathogen responsible for nocardiosis in Japan and Thailand

Nocardia cyriacigeorgica is a recently described species. During routine diagnostic testing of 121 clinical isolates, we found that about one fourth of the strains from Japan (19 isolates) and Thailand (8 isolates), which were identified in our laboratories as N. asteroides, in fact belong to N. cyriacigeorgica. To our knowledge, this is the first report of infection due to N. cyriacigeorgica in Japan and Thailand, and the third report of infection anywhere in the world. Although N. cyriacigeorgica is usually differentiated from other Nocardia species by utilization of glucose and gluconate, we found that it can also be differentiated by a characteristic synergistic effect between imipenem (IPM) and tobramycin (TOB).     

Acoustic differentiation reflects mitochondrial lineages in Blyth's leaf warbler and white-tailed leaf warbler complexes (Aves: Phylloscopus reguloides, Phylloscopus davisoni)

The present study evaluated the degree of differentiation between closely-related species of Blyth's leaf warbler complex ( Phylloscopus reguloides s.l. ) and white-tailed leaf warbler complex ( Phylloscopus davisoni s.l. ) by molecular (cytochrome b and 16S rRNA) and bioacoustic markers (sonagraphic analysis of songs). Molecular phylogenetic results corroborate the recently suggested splittings of the two former taxa into three and two species, respectively. By contrast to previous opinion, differentiation of territorial songs parallels the genetic diversification in both groups. In the P. reguloides group, all recently established species can be distinguished by a characteristic song pattern. Regularly structured songs composed of repeated two- or three-note syllables were found in all species of the group, whereas trill songs with single notes repeated are unique to Phylloscopus claudiae . The phylogenetic relationships of Phylloscopus occipitalis are ambiguous among different molecular trees, but song pattern clearly corroborates a close relationship to the P. reguloides group. In the white-tailed leaf warbler group, songs are irregularly structured and often descending in frequency with exception of P. davisoni and Phylloscopus ogilviegranti disturbans . Song pattern corroborates the genetic affiliation of Phylloscopus hainanus and Phylloscopus xanthoschistos to the molecular white-tailed leaf warbler clade. All target species correspond to distinct acoustic clusters resulting from discriminant analysis of several spectral and structural song parameters. Linear correlation between genetic and acoustic differentiation (pairwise p -distances versus difference of discriminant functions) is significant within both groups, except for one case, in which discriminant function 1 was correlated with a spectral parameter (minimum frequency) only.  © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2009, 96 , 584–600.     

Purification, characterization and cDNA cloning of a trypsin from the hepatopancreas of snakehead (Channa argus)

A trypsin was purified from the hepatopancreas of snakehead (Channa argus) by ammonium sulfate fractionation and a series of column chromatographies including DEAE-Sepharose, Sephacryl S-200 HR and Hi-Trap Capto-Q. The molecular mass of the purified trypsin was about 22 kDa, as estimated by SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH and temperature of the purified trypsin were 9.0 and 40 °C, respectively. The trypsin was stable in the pH range of 7.5-9.5 and below 45 °C. The enzymatic activity was strongly inhibited by serine proteinase inhibitors, such as MBTI, Pefabloc SC, PMSF, LBTI and benzamidine. Peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) of the purified protein obtained 2 peptide fragments with 25 amino acid residues and were 100% identical to the trypsinogen from pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes). The activation energy (Ea) of this enzyme was 24.65 kJ·M^− 1. Apparent K_m was 1.02 μM and k_cat was 148 S^− 1 for fluorogenic substrate Boc-Phe-Ser-Arg-MCA. A trypsinogen gene encoding 247 amino acid residues was further cloned on the basis of the sequence obtained from PMF and the conserved site peptide of trypsinogen together with 5′-RACE and 3′-RACE. The deduced amino acid sequence contains a signal peptide of 15 residues and an activation peptide of 9 amino acid residues with a mature protein of 223 residues. The catalytic triad His-64, Asp-107, Ser-201 and 12 Cys residues which may form 6 disulfide bonds were conserved. Compared with the PMF data, only 2 amino acid residues difference were identified, suggesting the cloned trypsinogen is quite possibly the precursor of the purified trypsin.     

Effect of meal size on the specific dynamic action of the juvenile snakehead (Channa argus)

The effect of meal size on the specific dynamic action (SDA) of the juvenile snakehead (Channa argus) was assessed at 25 °C. The fish were fed with test diets at meal sizes of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% body mass and the postprandial oxygen consumption rate was determined at 1-h intervals until it returned to the pre-prandial level. The peak metabolic rate increased from 237.4 to 283.2 mg O₂ kg^− 1 h^− 1 as the relative meal size increased from 0.5% to 3% and leveled off at 4% and 5%. Factorial metabolic scope increased from 1.53 to 1.99 and SDA duration increased from 11.7 to 32.3 h as the relative meal size increased from 0.5% to 5%. The relationship between SDA duration (D) and relative meal size (M) was described as: D = 4.28 M + 10.62 (r² = 0.752, P < 0.05, n = 50). The energy expended on SDA increased while the SDA coefficient decreased with increasing meal size. The results of the present study suggest that the snakehead may adopt different feeding strategies when taking in different amounts of food.     

Fine structure of red and white muscle fibers and their neuromuscular junctions in the snake fish (Ophiocephalus argus)

The snake fish red muscle fiber, consisting of only polygonal myofibrils, has a smaller diameter and more abundant mitochondria and glycogen granules than the white fiber, which consists of ribbon-like and polygonal myofibrils. M bands, ordered Z bands, well developed triads, and multiple neuromuscular junctions of 'en grappe' type, which lack postsynaptic infoldings, occur in both types of fiber. The density of neuromuscular junctions is greater in the red fiber than in the white fiber. These results indicate that the both types of fiber of the snake fish are morphologically different from the slow and twitch fibers of the frog.     

Haematological and serum biochemical characterization and comparison of wild and cultured northern snakehead (Channa argus Cantor, 1842)

The objective of this study was to compare haematological and serum biochemical parameters of cultured and wild specimens of the northern snakehead, Channa argus, to establish baseline values. Thirty sexually immature and disease‐free wild fish (37.70 ± 13.68 cm total length, 555.3 ± 449.0 g weight) and 30 cultured fish (36.82 ± 1.72 cm total length, 450.5 ± 58.8 g weight) were examined. In cultured northern snakehead, the average values of alanine aminotransferases (370.1 IU L^?1), aspartate amino transferases (1145.3 IU L^?1), albumin (15.84 g L^?1), direct billuribin (6.15 μmol L^?1), urea (1.40 mmol L^?1), glucose (21.54 mmol L^?1) and cholesterol levels (6.60 mmol L^?1) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in the wild fish. In wild specimens the corresponding values were 9.81 IU L^?1, 394.1 U L^?1, 12.90 g L^?1, 2.57 μmol L^?1, 0.97, 2.36 and 4.38 mmol L^?1, respectively. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was found for total protein, globulin, total bilirubin, chromium, sodium, chloride or triglyceride levels between wild and cultured populations. The mean values of the red blood cell (RBC) counts, hematocrit, haemoglobin, and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the cultured population, while the values of the white blood cell (WBC) counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the wild population. The study showed that the environmental conditions significantly impacted the status of the fish. It is suggested that these physiological parameters can be conveniently employed as health monitoring tools in fish culture practices.     

大口鲇致病菌的分离鉴定、系统发育分析及相关特性的研究

从四川鲶科鱼类养殖场濒死的大口鲇(Silurus meridionalis Chen)体内分离到3株优势菌,人工感染试验表明菌株TWN3致病性最强。通过形态学观察、生理生化测定,结合DNA的G Cmol%、16S rDNA序列同源性和系统发育分析,确定TWN3为普通变形杆菌(Proteus vulgaris)。再根据生理生化特性,可进一步确定TWN3属于普通变形杆菌(Proteus vulgaris)中的P.vulgarisBG3。该菌株不溶血;对庆大霉素等4种药物敏感;对小鼠有较强的致病性。生长特性研究表明,该菌最适生长温度37℃、最适pH6.0、37℃时盐度1.5%生长最适。普通变形杆菌致病性广泛,但作为养殖大口鲇的致病菌国内外未见报道。另外,对该菌的分类学研究、生长特性、感染途径及防治进行了讨论。