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1.
Effects of the ionophore A23187 on isolated broken and intact chloroplasts in the pH range of 6.2 to 7.6 have been studied. In both types of chloroplasts, uncoupling of photosynthetic electron transport by A23187 (6–10 μm) was mediated either by Mg2+ or—in the absence of divalent cations (i.e., when EDTA was added to the medium)—by high concentrations of Na+, but not of K+ ions. At increased concentrations of the ionophore (above about 10 μm) and high pH (7.2 to 7.6), uncoupling in broken chloroplasts was also mediated by K+ ions. The inhibition of the energy-dependent slow decline of chlorophyll fluorescence in intact chloroplasts by the ionophore (which denotes uncoupling) is reversed by EDTA in the presence of K+, but not of Na+ ions. In 3-(3′,4′-dichlorophenyl)1,1-dimethylurea-poisoned intact chloroplasts, the yield of variable chlorophyll fluorescence is lowered by A23187 + EDTA and increased again by addition of NaCl or KCl. Chlorophyll fluorescence spectra at 77 °K of intact chloroplasts incubated with A23187 + EDTA indicated that the distribution of excitation energy had changed in favor of photosystem I, as expected from a depletion of Mg2+. This change was reversed by MgCl2+, KCl, or NaCl. From a comparison of low-temperature fluorescence spectra of broken and intact chloroplasts at different levels of Mg2+ in the medium, the concentration of free Mg2+ in the stroma of the intact chloroplasts at pH 7.6 in the dark was estimated at 1 to 4 mm. The results show that in chloroplasts the specificity of A23187 for divalent cations is limited. In the presence of EDTA, the ionophore mediates fast Na+H+ exchange across thylakoid membranes, whereas K+ is transferred much less efficiently. Both Na+ and K+ ions seem to be transported readily across the chloroplast envelope by the action of the ionophore, leading to an exchange of Mg2+ for monovalent cations at the thylakoid membrane surfaces in intact chloroplasts.  相似文献   

2.
A possible mechanism for the Na,K-ATPase   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
A model previously described for the Ca2+ pump of sarcoplasmic reticulum has been modified in a thought experiment so that it has the properties of a Na,K-adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase). When the two Ca2+-specific sites are changed into three Na+-specific sites, and the channel which opens in the actively transporting conformation made univalent- instead of divalent-cation-selective, the model has the properties of the Na-ATPase which is observed on red cell membranes in the absence of both Na+ and K+ externally. As in the model for the Ca-ATPase the driving force for transport is generated by a change in solvent structure so that a preformed ionic equilibrium is displaced in favour of less-highly hydrated species; in this case highly hydrated Mg2+ ions displace the less highly hydrated Na+ ions from binding sites; and Na+ diffuses out through a simultaneously opened channel. With the addition of three external K+-selective sites per α-polypeptide chain, and the constraint that pump units with their external sites occupied by any univalent cation cannot be phosphorylated by ATP, the model turns out to have the properties of a Na,K-ATPase. It operates in the Na+K+ exchange, Na+Na+ exchange, K+K+ exchange, K+-dependent phosphatase, uncoupled Na+ efflux and pump reversal modes. It is concluded that if the modified water in the cleft of the phospho-enzymes has properties similar to those of water at 5°C the pump is competent to exchange three intracellular Na+ ions for two extracellular K+ ions, and one intracellular Na+ ion but it is incapable of exchanging three Na+ ions for three K+ ions.  相似文献   

3.
Renilla lumisomes produce a bioluminescent flash when the vesicles are disrupted with hypotonic solutions containing Ca2+. A flash is also observed in the presence of Ca2+ using isotonic solutions of monovalent cations under the following conditions: When the Na+K+ ratio inside the lumisomal membrane is high and when this ratio outside the membrane is low. We suggest that Na+ may be the counter ion for Ca2+ transport. Na+, when outside the membrane, inhibits Ca2+-triggered luminescence suggesting that Na+ blocks Ca2+ channels. Ca2+ uptake into the lumisomal membrane, as measured by bioluminescence, is very rapid in the presence of the ionophore A23187. X537A is much less effective. The Ca2+ triggered bioluminescence flash observed with lumisomes provides a rapid and sensitive assay for ionophores that are specific for divalent cations such as Ca2+.  相似文献   

4.
The efflux 42K+ from isolated beef heart mitochondria under conditions of near steadystate K+ is increased by repiration and is sensitive to uncouplers and to exogenous Mg2 The respiration-dependent efflux is strongly activated by inorganic phosphate in the presence of external K+, but not Na+, and is inhibited by oxidative phosphorylation. Low concentrations of mersalyl also activate respiration-dependent efflux of 42K+ in the absence of net alteration in matrix K+. Acetate in the presence of mersalyl brings about net accumulation of K+ with retention of internal 42K+. The results are consistent with a model in which nearly constant matrix K+ is maintained by the regulated interplay between a K+ uniport (which is responsive to membrane potential and which is the pathway for K+ influx) and a K+H+ exchanger (which responds to the transmembrane pH differential and which is the pathway for net K+ efflux).  相似文献   

5.
The additional activation by monovalent cations of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-dependent ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) in human erythrocyte membranes was studied.The Ca2+-ATPase occurs in two different states. In the A-state the enzyme is virtually free of protein activator and the kinetics of Ca2+ activation is characterized by low apparent Ca2+ affinity and low maximum activity. In the B-state the enzyme is associated with activator and the kinetics is characterized by high Ca2+ affinity and high maximum activity.At optimum concentrations of Ca2+ the additional activation of the B-state by K+, NH4+, Na+ and Rb+ exceeded the corresponding activations of the A-state, and half-maximum activations by K+, NH4+, and Na+ were achieved at lower concentrations in the B-state than in the A-state. Li+ and Cs+ activated the two states almost equally but maximum activation was obtained at lower cation concentrations in the B-state than in the A-state.The activation of the B-state by the various cations decreased in the order K+ > NH4+ > Na+ = Rb+ > Li+ = Cs+. The A-state was activated almost equally by K+, Na+, NH4+, and Rb+ and to a smaller extent by Li+ and Cs+.At sub-optimum concentrations of Ca2+ high concentrations of monovalent cations (100 mM) activated the Ca2+-ATPase equally in the A-state and the B-state. In the absence of Ca2+ the monovalent cations inhibited the Mg2+-dependent ATPase in both types of membranes. This dependence on Ca2+ indicates that the monovalent cations interact with the Ca2+ sites in the B-state.The results suggest that K+ or Na+, or both, contribute to the regulation of the Ca2+ pump in erythrocytes.  相似文献   

6.
The technique of laser Doppler electrophoresis was applied for the study of the surface charge properties of (Na+,+)-ATPase containing microsomal vesicles derived from guinea-pig kidney. The influence of pH, the screening and binding of uni- and divalent cations and the binding of ATP show: (1) one net negative charge per protein unit with a pK = 3.9; (2) deviation from the Debye relation between surface potential and ionic strength for univalent cations, with no difference in the effect of Na+ and K+; (3) Mg2+ binds with an association constant of Ka = 1.1 · 102M?1 while ATP binds with an apparent Ka = 1.1 · 104M?2 for 1 mM Nacl, 0.2 mM KCI, 0.1 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mM Tris-HCI (pH 7.3). The binding is weaker at higher Mg2+ concentrations. There is no ATP binding in the absence of Mg2+. In addition, the average vesicle size derived from the linewidth of the quasi-elastic light scattering spectrum is 203.7 ± 15.2 nm. In the presence of ATP a reduction in size is observed.  相似文献   

7.
The dimerization of deuteroferrihaem in aqueous solution has been investigated using a parameter, named the dimerization index (Robs). This is defined as the ratio of extinction coefficients at wavelengths corresponding to Soret band maxima for the monomeric and dimeric species, respectively. For solutions containing mainly monomeric species, Robs > 2, whereas for solutions containing mainly dimeric species Robs < 1.A computer programme has been applied to determine values of the dimerization constant, K, defined as: K = [dimer][H+][monomer]2.Phosphate buffer anions and Tris · HCl buffer enhanced dimerization. Monovalent and divalent cations also increased dimerization, but in a specific manner. The magnitudes of their effects increased in the order K+ < Na+ < Li+ < Sr2+ < Mg2+ ? Ca2+. Values of K were determined for several concentrations of Na+ and Sr2+. These data are interpreted in terms of a stabilization of the ferrihaem dimer by the formation of ion triplets with the added cation ‘sandwiched’ between carboxyl residues of the adjacent ferrihaem monomeric units. General guidelines are recommended for the choice of conditions which minimize dimerization.  相似文献   

8.
Analysis of the cation composition of growing Mycoplasma mycoides var. Capri indicates that these organisms have a high intracellular K+ concentration (Ki: 200–300 mM) which greatly exceeds that of the growth medium, and a low Na+ concentration (Nai+: 20 mM). Unlike Nai+, Ki+ varies with cell aging.The K+ transport properties studied in washed organisms resuspended in buffered saline solution show that cells maintain a steady and large K+ concentration gradient across their membrane at the expense of metabolic energy mainly derived from glycolysis. In starved cells, Ki+ decreases and is partially compensated by a gain in Na+. This substitution completely reverses when metabolic substrate is added (K+ reaccumulation process). Kinetic analysis of K+ movement in cells with steady K+ level shows that most of K+ influx is mediated by an autologous K+-K+ exchange mechanism. On the other hand, during K+ reaccumulation by K+-depleted cells, a different mechanism (a K+ uptake mechanism) with higher transport capacity and affinity drives the net K+ influx. Both mechanisms are energy-dependent.Ouabain and anoxia have no effect on K+ transport mechanisms; in contrast, both processes are completely blocked by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, an inhibitor of the Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity.  相似文献   

9.
The active transport of neutral amino acids into Streptomyces hydrogenans is inhibited by external Na+. There is no indication that in these cells amino acid accumulation is driven by an inward gradient of Na+. The extent of transport inhibition by Na+ depends on the nature of the amino acid. It decreases with increasing chain length of the amino acid molecules i.e. with increasing non-polar properties of the side chain. Kinetic studies show that Na+ competes with the amino acid for a binding site at the amino acid carrier. There is a close relation between the Ki values for Na+ and the number of C atoms of the amino acids. Other cations also inhibit neutral amino acid uptake competitively; the effectiveness decreases in the order Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Rb+ > Cs+. Anions do not have a significant effect on the uptake of neutral amino acids. After prolonged incubation of the cells with 150 mM Na+, in addition to the competitive inhibition of transport Na+ induces an increase in membrane permeability for amino acids.  相似文献   

10.
(1) A membrane fraction enriched in (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) was obtained from optic ganglia of the squid (Loligo pealei) by density gradient fractionation of membranes followed by treatment with either SDS or Brij-58. The resulting membrane had an (Na+ + K+)-ATPase specific activity of approx. 2 units/mg and was >95% ouabain-sensitive. (2) The (Na+ + K+)-ATPase had a Km for ATP of 0.42 ± 0.04 mM and a pH optimum of 7.0. It was inhibited by ouabain with a Ki of 0.32 ± 0.04 μM. (3) Optimum monovalent cation concentrations were: 240 mM NaCl, 60 mM KCl, tested with NaCl + KCl = 300 mM. (4) The Mg2+ dependence of hydrolysis varied with the absolute ATP concentration. At 3 mM ATP, theKm for Mg2+ was 0.86 ± 0.10 mM, and at 6 mM ATP, the Km was 1.86 ± 0.44 mM. High levels of Mg2+ caused inhibition of hydrolysis. (5) The interactions of Na+ and K+ were examined over a range of conditions. K+ levels caused modulations in the Na+ dependence in the range of 1–150 mM. (6) The (Na+ + K+)-ATPase prepared from squid optic ganglion displays properties similar to those of the sodium pump in injected nerves.  相似文献   

11.
The interaction of lanthanides and other cations with phosphatidylcholine bilayers present as single bilayer vesicles in 2H2O has been investigated in terms of stoichiometry, apparent binding constants and environmental conditions.Lanthanides are shown to form 2 : 1 (molar ratio) phosphatidylcholine to metal ion complexes.The apparent binding constant Kb varies as a function of the quantity of metal ion bound and as a function of the Cl? concentration. The apparent binding constant at “zero loading” is K0 = 1.25 · 104L2 · M?at 0.15 M KCl. It decreases exponentially with increased “loading” expressed as the molar ratio of metal ion bound to effective phosphatidylcholine concentration and increases exponential with Cl? concentration.The interaction of lanthanides and divalent cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ is independent of pH in the pH range 3–7+ and 3–10 respectively, but is sensitive to the nature of the anion. The presence of anions enhances the interaction with polyvalent cations, the chaotropic anions showing the largest effect. The order of enhancement is Cl? < Br? < NO3? < SCN? < I? < ClO4?. The nature of the monovalent counterion (cation) has little effect on the enhanced binding of lanthanides in the presence of the above anions.The affinity of other polyvalent cations for phosphatidylcholine bilayers has been determined by competition with lanthanides. The physiologically important divalent cations Ca2+ and Mg2+ both bind less strongly (by about an order of magnitude) to the lipid surface. The order of binding of cations reflects direct binding to the phosphodiester group, with UO22+ showing the highest affinity.  相似文献   

12.
Gastric microsomes do not contain any significant Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity. Trypsinization of pig gastric microsomes in presence of ATP results in a significant (2–3-fold) increase in the basal (with Mg2+ as the only cation) ATPase activity, with virtual elimination of the K+-stimulated component. Such treatment causes unmaksing of a latent Mg2+-dependent Ca2+-stimulated ATPase. Other divalent cations such as Sr2+, Ba2+, Zn2+ and Mn2+ were found ineffective as a substitute for Ca2+. Moreover, those divalent cations acted as inhibitors of the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity. The pH optimum of the enzyme is around 6.8. The enzyme has a Km of 70 μM for ATP and the Ka values for Mg2+ and Ca2+ are about 4 · 10?4M and 10?7 M, respectively. Studies with inhibitors suggest the involvement of sulfhydryl and primary amino groups in the operation of the enzyme. Possible roles of the enzyme in gastric H+ transport have been discussed.  相似文献   

13.
The permeability of the lysosomal membrane to small anions and cations was studied at 37°C and pH 7.0 in a lysosomal-mitochondrial fraction isolated from the liver of untreated rats. The extent of osmotic lysis following ion influx was used as a measure of ion permeancy. In order to preserve electroneutrality, anion influx was coupled to an influx of K+ in the presence of valinomycin, and cation influx was coupled to an efflux of H+ using the protonophore 3-tert-butyl-5,2′-dichloro-4′-nitrosalicilylanilide. Lysosomal lysis was monitored by observing the loss of latency of two lysosomal hydrolases.The order of permeability of the lysosomal membrane to anions was found to be SCN? > I? > CH3COO? > Cl? ≈ HCO?3 ≈ Pi > SO42? and that to cations Cs+ > K+ > Na+ > H+. These orders are largely in agreement with the lyotropic series of anions and cations.The implications of these findings for the mechanism by means of which a low intralysosomal pH is produced and maintained are discussed.  相似文献   

14.
Effects of temperature on the Na+-dependent ADP-ATP exchange and the p-nitrophenylphosphatase reactions catalysed by (Na+, K+)-ATPase were examined. Apparent Mg2+ affinity decreased with decreasing temperature. Arrhenius plots of p-nitrophenylphosphatase in the presence of Na+ and ATP had discontinuities similar to those previously reported for (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, while those of p-nitrophenylphosphatase measured without Na+ or ATP did not. The apparent activation energy for p-nitrophenylphosphatase was a function of the physical characteristics of the cation acting at the K+ site.  相似文献   

15.
The transport of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was shown to be strongly dependent on the presence of Na+ in the incubation medium whereas divalent cations were without effect. The Km for the Na+ requirement was 16.8 mm. The addition of Na+ to Na+-depleted platelets restored maximum 5-HT transport within 3 min. The affinity of the 5-HT carrier for its substrate was directly proportional to the concentration of Na+; however, below 25 mm Na+ unique reversible morphological changes in platelet shape occurred as revealed by scanning electron microscopy which resulted in a drastically reduced affinity for 5-HT. K+, choline (Ch+), or Li+ could be used as counterbalancing cations to maintain osmolarity, and the affinity for 5-HT was also dependent on the concentrations of these ions. Ouabain as well as various ionophores at low concentrations inhibited 5-HT uptake. The inhibition was the result of the destruction of the Na+K+ gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane. Ionophores, however, did not cause the depletion of either intracellular ATP or 5-HT.  相似文献   

16.
A maximal rate of the ouabain-sensitive 204Tl influx in human erythrocytes can be attained at trace concentrations of Tl+ in Mg2+ isotonic media free of K+ and Na+. The maximal influx of Tl+ from isotonic Mg(NO3)2 at 20°C and pH 7.4 was 0.45 mM · 1?1 · h?1 with a Km of 0.025 mM. In contrast to the active influx of Tl+, the passive Tl+ fluxes were neither saturated nor influenced by external cations in the range of concentrations of Tl+ and K+ studied. The rate constants of Tl+ passive fluxes in human and cat erythrocytes can be related to pH by the equation log kin(out) = –A + B · pH, where A and B are empirical constants for particular conditions. The apparent activation energy was 16 and 11 kcal/mol in sulphate and nitrate media, respectively. Tl+ and the alkali metal cations seem to overcome a common barrier in the erythrocyte membrane. Nevertheless, the rate of the passive penetration of Tl+ is about two orders of magnitude faster than those of K+ or Rb+. An extra non-Coulombic interaction between Tl+ and membrane ligands appears to be involved providing an accumulation of Tl+ somewhere in the vicinity of the membrane barrier and increasing the diffusion fluxes of Tl+ in both directions.  相似文献   

17.
Quercetin inhibited a dog kidney (Na+ + K+)-ATPase preparation without affecting Km for ATP or K0.5 for cation activators, attributable to the slowly-reversible nature of its inhibition. Dimethyl sulfoxide, a selector of E2 enzyme conformations, blocked this inhibition, while the K+-phosphatase activity was at least as sensitive to quercetin as the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity, all consistent with quercetin favoring E1 conformations of the enzyme. Oligomycin, a rapidly-reversible inhibitor, decreased the Km for ATP and the K0.5 for cation activators, and its inhibition was also diminished by dimethyl sulfoxide. Although oligomycin did not inhibit the K+-phosphatase activity under standard assay conditions, a reaction presumably catalyzed by E2 conformations, its effects are nevertheless accommodated by a quantitative model for that reaction depicting oligomycin as favoring E1 conformations. The model also accounts quantitatively for effects of both dimethyl sulfoxide and oligomycin on Vmax, Km for substrate, and K0.5 for K+, as well as for stimulation of phosphatase activity by both these reagents at low K+ but high Na+ concentrations.  相似文献   

18.
(1) A quantitative study has been made of the binding of ouabain to the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in homogenates prepared from brain tissue of the hawk moth, Manduca sexta. The results have been compared to those obtained in bovine brain microsomes. (2) The insect brain (Na+ + K+)-ATPase will bind ouabain either in the presence of Mg2+ and Pi, (‘Mg2+, Pi’ conditions) or in the presence of Na+, Mg2+, and an adenine nucleotide (‘nucleotide’ conditions) as is the case for the bovine brain (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. The binding conditions did not alter the total number of receptor sites measured at high ouabain concentrations in either tissue. (3) Potassium ion decreases the affinity (increases the KD) of ouabain to the M. sexta brain (Na+ + K+)-ATPase under both binding conditions. However, ouabain binding is more sensitive to K+ inhibition under the nucleotide conditions. In bovine brain ouabain binding is equally sensitive to K+ inhibition under the both conditions. (4) The enzyme-ouabain complex has a rate of dissociation that is 10-fold faster in the M. sexta preparation than in the bovine brain preparation. Because of this, the M. sexta (Na+ + K+)-ATPase has a higher KD for ouabain binding and is less sensitive to inhibition by ouabain than the bovine brain enzyme. (5) This data supports the hypothesis that two different conformational states of the M. sexta (Na+ + K+)-ATPase can bind ouabain.  相似文献   

19.
Ouabain-sensitive Na+ and K+ fluxes and ATP content were determined in high potassium sheep erythrocytes at different values of membrane potential and internal pH. Membrane potential was adjusted by suspending erythrocytes in media containing different concentrations of MgCl2 and sucrose. Concomitantly either the external pH was changed sufficiently to maintain a constant internal pH or the external pH was kept constant with a resultant change of internal pH. The erythrocytes were preincubated before the flux experiment started in a medium which produced increased ATP content in order to avoid substrate limitation of the pump. p] It was found that an increased cellular pH reduced the rates of active transport of Na+ and K+ without significantly altering the ratio of pumped Na+K+. This reduction was not due to limitation in the supply of ATP although ATP content decreased when internal pH increased. Changes of membrane potential in the range between ?10 and +60 mV at constant internal pH did not affect the rates of active transport of Na+ or K+.  相似文献   

20.
The ATP/ADP exchange is shown to be a partial reaction of the (H+ + K+)-ATPase by the absence of measurable nucleoside diphosphokinase activity and the insensitivity of the reaction to P1, P5 -di(adenosine-5′) pentaphosphate, a myokinase inhibitor. The exchange demonstrates an absolute requirement for Mg2+ and is optimal at an ADP/ATP ratio of 2. The high ATP concentration (K0.5 = 116 μM) required for maximal exchange is interpreted as evidence for the involvement of a low affinity form of nucleotide site. The ATP/ADP exchange is regarded as evidence for an ADP-sensitive form of the phosphoenzyme. In native enzyme, pre-steady state kinetics show that the formation of the phosphoenzyme is partially sensitive to ADP while modification of the enzyme by pretreatment with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) in the absence of Mg2+ results in a steady-state phosphoenzyme population, a component of which is ADP sensitive. The ATP/ADP exchange reaction can be either stimulated or inhibited by the presence of K+ as a function of pH and Mg2+.  相似文献   

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