The Degradative Pathway of Gangliosides GM1 and GM2 in Neuro2a Cells by Sialidase

Abstract: Gangliosides GM1 [³H-labeled at the sphingosine (Sph) moiety] and GM2 [³H-labeled at the Sph or N -acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) moiety] were administered to cultured Neuro2a cells for varying pulse (1–4 h) and chase (up to 4 h) periods, and their metabolic processing was followed. The main and earliest formed ³H-metabolites of [ Sph -³H]GM1 were GM2, asialo-GM1, asialo-GM2, and lactose-ceramide, and those of [ Sph -³H]GM2 were asialo-GM2 and lactose-ceramide. The asialo-GM1 and asialo-GM2 formed were isolated and chemically characterized. [³H]Asialo-GM2 was produced in identical amounts after treatment with equimolar [ Sph -³H]GM2 and [ GalNAc -³H]GM2. At low temperature or in the presence of chloroquine, the formation of all ³H-metabolites, including asialo-GM2 and asialo-GM1, was undetectable, indicating that ganglioside metabolic processing was an endocytosis- and lysosome-dependent process. These results demonstrate that in Neuro2a cells exogenous GM1 (and GM2) is mainly degraded through the pathway GM1 → GM2 → asialo-GM2 →→ Sph, with a minor fraction of GM1 undergoing degradation with the sequence GM1 → asialo-GM1 → asialo-GM2 →→ Sph. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that Neuro2a cells contain a sialidase (likely of lysosomal nature) affecting ganglioside GM1 and GM2. The sialidase-mediated degradative pathway of GM1 and GM2 in Neuro2a cells might be related to the tumoral nature of these cells.     

In Vivo and In Vitro Expression of Gangliosides in Chick Retina Müller Cells

The expression of gangliosides of the lactosylceramide (LC) and of the gangliotetraosylceramide (GTC) series on the surface of cells from the chick neural retina was investigated by double-color indirect immunofluorescence. GD3 was assumed to be representative of LC and was detected using a specific monoclonal antibody. GM1 was assumed to be representative of GTC and was detected using the binding of cholera toxin followed by the binding of cholera toxin antibodies. The expression of polysialosylated GTC (polysialosyl-GTC) was detected using the cholera toxin-cholera toxin antibody experimental approach, after conversion of polysialosyl-GTC to GM1 by treatment of the cells with neuraminidase. In retinas from 6-day-old embryos (R6), most cells (approximately 80%) expressed GD3 but not GTC. After culturing for 7 days, (R6+7), the expression of GTC was found confined to neuron-like cells; flat cells derived from Müller cells expressed GD3 but were negative for GTC expression. On the other hand, postmitotic Müller cells obtained from 13-day-old embryo (R13) or 1-day-old hatched chick retina (RP1) expressed GD3, GM1, and polysialosyl-GTC but were unable to maintain the expression of these GTCs when kept in culture for several days. According to these results, retinal cells can be defined on the basis of their ganglioside expression as follows: (a) retinoblasts, by the expression of GD3; (b) postmitotic neuronal cells, by the expression of GTC; and (c) postmitotic Müller cells, by the expression of GD3 and GTC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Promotion of Neuritogenesis in Mouse Neuroblastoma Cells by Exogenous Gangliosides. Relationship Between the Effect and the Cell Association of Ganglioside GM1

Ganglioside GM1 promoted neuritogenesis of neuroblastoma cells, neuro-2a clone, in monolayer culture. GM1 bound to neuro-2a cells in three distinct forms, one removable by treatment with serum-containing solutions, one serum-resistant and labile to trypsin treatment, and one resistant to serum and trypsin treatments. The proportions among the three forms of cell-associated GM1 varied in relation to duration of exposure to ganglioside, ganglioside concentration in the medium, and number of cells in culture. The form removable by serum was predominant at the initial stages of association and at the highest ganglioside concentrations (over 10(-6)M); the trypsin-labile and -stable forms tended to increase with increasing cell number and decreasing ganglioside concentration. The neuritogenic effect of GM1 was higher when neuro-2a cells were incubated for 24 h in the presence of GM1 and fetal calf serum. Under this condition the percentage of neurite-bearing cells increased from 11% of control to 62% at the optimal ganglioside concentration of 10-4M. The effect was still present, although to a lower extent (from 11% to 28% of neurite-bearing cells), when cells were first exposed for only 2 h to GM1, then washed and incubated for 24 h in the presence of fetal calf serum. The trypsin-labile and -stable forms of cell-associated GM1 had a fundamental role in the effect, whereas the form removable by serum was not involved. The preparation of GM1 used was extremely pure (99%) and, in particular, had a peptide contamination, if any, less than 1:20,000-1:50,000.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Murine Neuroblastoma Cells Express Ganglioside Binding Sites on Their Cell Surface

The ability of S20Y cholinergic, and N115 adrenergic, murine neuroblastoma cells to adhere to immobilized gangliosides was studied. Viable S20Y cells adhered more strongly to GM1-coated plastic wells than to those coated with GM2, GD1a, or GT1b. The oligosaccharide portion of GM1 inhibited adherence of S20Y cells to GM1-coated wells, indicating that the carbohydrate moiety of GM1 bore the recognition site. Analysis of S20Y cell adherence to wells coated with derivatives of GM1 indicated that the cells did not adhere to asialo-GM1 and adherence to the methyl ester or de-N-acetyl derivatives was significantly reduced. Expression of the GM1 binding sites by S20Y cells appears to be density dependent; cells harvested at the confluent stage of growth were more adherent than those harvested at the preconfluent stage. Trypsin treatment of the S20Y and N115 cells resulted in a loss of binding to GM1-coated wells, suggesting that the cell surface GM1 binding site is a protein. In contrast, N115 cells showed no significant difference in their adherence to wells coated with GM1, GD1a, GT1b, Gal-Cer, asialo-GM1, or the methyl ester of GM1 when assayed under the same conditions as those imposed on the S20Y cells. The N115 cells did show a reduction in adherence to GM2-coated wells, suggesting that they recognized the terminal galactosyl moiety.     

siRNA干扰PDGF对新生儿血管瘤干细胞的增殖和分化的影响

婴儿血管瘤是一种血管瘤,表现出独特的快速生长的特征,然后随着时间而消退。血管瘤来自CD133+干细胞,当植入免疫缺陷小鼠时,它们分化成内皮细胞。同样克隆扩增的干细胞也产生脂肪细胞,从而重现血管瘤的消退期。本研究主要阐明了使用血管瘤来源的干细胞(hemSC)增殖和分化的内在机制。本研究发现血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)在增殖期升高并可能抑制脂肪细胞分化。hemSC表达高水平的PDGF-b并且在基础(未刺激)条件下显示PDGF受体的持续酪氨酸磷酸化。PDGF受体信号传导的抑制导致hemSCs中的脂肪生成增强。此外,hemSCs暴露于外源性PDGF-b降低了脂肪含量和脂肪细胞特异性转录因子的表达。总之,本研究将PDGF信号传导鉴定为血管瘤退化的内在负调节因子,并强调了破坏PDGF信号传导治疗血管瘤的治疗潜力。     

去甲斑蝥素对白血病Jurkat细胞增殖的影响

目的:观察不同浓度去甲斑蝥素(NCTD)对急性T淋巴细胞白血病细胞株Jurkat增殖的影响。方法:体外培养的Jurkat细胞,用0、5、10、20、40 mg/LNCTD作用6、12、24、48、72 h后,通过倒置显微镜观察细胞形态、密度变化,MTT法检测细胞增殖抑制率,确定其最佳作用浓度及时间。然后将细胞分为NCTD组、长春新碱组、NCTD+长春新碱组,作用24、48、72 h后观察细胞形态、密度变化,MTT法检测细胞增殖抑制率。结果:倒置显微镜显示:随NCTD浓度增加、作用时间延长,细胞形态不规则,胀大、固缩,分布稀疏,大量死亡;MTT法显示:随NCTD浓度增加、作用时间延长,细胞增殖抑制率渐升高,20 mg/L作用72 h时最高(59.24%)。NCTD组与长春新碱组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),NCTD+长春新碱组抑制率(77.40%)明显高于NCTD组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:NCTD可以浓度和时间依赖性方式抑制Jurkat细胞的增殖,与长春新碱联合后作用增强。     

NPM1突变基因表达抑制K562白血病细胞体外增殖和侵袭

核仁磷酸蛋白(nucleophosmin,NPM1)突变是近年发现的在急性髓系白血病中发挥重要作用的基因改变,为探讨NPM1突变对K562白血病细胞体外增殖和侵袭能力的影响,将载体pEGFPC1-NPM1-mA转染K562细胞系,构建稳定表达NPM1突变蛋白的白血病细胞株(K562-mA)。利用细胞生长曲线观察细胞体外增殖能力;流式细胞仪检测细胞周期进程改变;细胞粘附、Transwell实验分别用以观察细胞体外粘附、迁移及侵袭能力。结果发现,NPM1突变转染后K562细胞体外增殖能力明显减弱;同时G1期细胞比例明显增高,S期细胞比例显著减低。与未处理组和空载体转染组细胞相比,K562-mA细胞体外迁移能力有所增加,但细胞粘附及侵袭能力却明显减弱。提示NPM1突变基因的表达能够抑制白血病细胞体外增殖和侵袭能力,为进一步深入探讨NPM1突变在白血病发生发展中的调控机制奠定了良好的基础。     

根皮素对HepG2肝癌细胞增殖和凋亡影响的实验研究

目的：探讨根皮素对人肝癌HepG2细胞增殖和凋亡的影响。方法：MTT法检测不同浓度（30、40、50 ug/mL）根皮素对肝癌 HepG2 细胞增殖的抑制作用,流式细胞技术检测根皮素对HepG2细胞凋亡的影响,ELISA 法检测不同浓度根皮素干预后细胞中 Bcl-2 和Bax表达的变化,Western blot法检测30 ug/mL根皮素在8,16,24 小时后检测p-AKT 蛋白表达情况。结果：30、40 和50 ug/mL 的根皮素对肝癌HepG2 细胞的增殖均有抑制作用（P＜0.01）,同时,30、40 和50 ug/mL 的根皮素在24 小时后可诱导 HepG2 细胞发生早期凋亡,凋亡率分别为0.1321± 0.0224, 0.2607± 0.0457, 0.3712± 0.0884（P＜0.01）;另外,30、40 和50 ug/mL的 根皮素作用24 小时后细胞内Bcl-2 表达降低,Bax 表达增高（P＜0.01）;最后,30 ug/mL根皮素可以明显减少p-AKT 表达量,这 种作用呈现时间依赖性。结论：根皮素能够抑制肝癌HepG2 细胞的增殖和促进细胞凋亡。     

Oligosaccharide Portion of GM1 Enhances Process Formation by S20Y Neuroblastoma Cells

The oligosaccharide portion of ganglioside GM1 was found to enhance neuritogenesis by S20Y murine neuroblastoma cells grown in vitro. The average length of the neurites produced by cells grown in the presence of the oligosaccharide portion of GM1 was comparable to that of cells grown in the presence of intact GM1. The processes of these cells were significantly longer (p less than 0.005, pooled t test) than those of cells grown in the presence of comparable concentrations of sialic acid, lactose, sialyllactose, GD1a, or the oligosaccharide moiety of GD1a. These results suggest that it is the oligosaccharide portion of GM1 that is responsible for the ability of GM1 to enhance process outgrowth by S20Y neuroblastoma cells.     

表达小鼠白细胞介素21的Sp2／O细胞体外对鼠肿瘤特异性淋巴细胞增殖及功能的影响

目的：研究表达小鼠白细胞介素21（mIL-21）的Sp2／O细胞与用Sp2／0细胞预先免疫的小鼠淋巴细胞体外共培养,是否对预致敏淋巴细胞增殖及功能有影响。方法：获取灭活Sp2／0细胞免疫的小鼠淋巴细胞,在mIL-2存在的条件下,以mIL-21转染的Sp2／0细胞为刺激细胞,用流式细胞术检测CFSE标记的淋巴细胞增殖和7-AAD标记的细胞毒活性;用ELISpot法确定分泌IFN-γ的淋巴细胞数量。结果：转染mIL-21的Sp2／0细胞对预致敏的淋巴细胞增殖有明显影响,活化的淋巴细胞对靶细胞的杀伤率（39.57％±4.72％）与对照组（23.18％±2.94％）相比有较大的提高（P〈0.05）,且分泌IFN-γ的细胞数量明显增加。活化增殖后的淋巴细胞回输至环磷酰胺预处理的小鼠,能延长小鼠的成瘤时间。结论：表达mIL-21的Sp2／0细胞可有效促进肿瘤抗原特异性淋巴细胞活化及增殖,并增强其对肿瘤细胞的杀伤功能。     

甘薯提取物体外促进PC12和SK-N-SH细胞增殖及突起生长作用研究

观察甘薯提取物促进体外培养的PC12和SK-N-SH细胞的增值和突起生长作用.采用体外培养PC12和SK-N-SH细胞,以MTT法检测PC12和SK-N-SH细胞的活性率,以细胞突起长度超过2倍胞体或突起数目3个以上者为阳性细胞计算阳性细胞率来评价甘薯提取物对体外培养PC12和SK-N-SH细胞的增值和突起生长的促进作...     

UMSCs对U87MG细胞增殖的影响

目的：通过对研究脐带间充质干细胞（Umbilical cord mesenchymalstellcells,UCMSCs）与人恶性胶质母细胞瘤细胞U87MG细胞（U87 Malignant glioma cells）体外共培养,模拟肿瘤生长的内环境,以及其对U87MG细胞增值作用的影响及肿瘤细胞与间充质干细胞的共培养方法。方法：提取人脐带间充质干细胞进行体外培养、扩增,用MTT法测定uMSCS上清液对U87MG的影响,用瑞士染色法检测U87MG形态学变化。结果：MTT比色法结果显示UMSCS对U87MG有抑制作用。96小时培养后1：8、1：4、1：2及未稀释的UMSCs上清液对u87MG的抑制率分别为17％,24％,37．2％及46．4％,u87MG细胞形态亦随着培养时间的延长由多角形变为梭形,突起消失,细胞间骨架结构断裂。结论：通过对共培养前后U87MG与UMSCs共培养后形态学变化、生长曲线变化及对生长周期的影响作用的观察分析,得出UMSCs及其上清液对U87MG有抑制作用,而且呈时间及浓度依赖性。     

Neuroblastoma × Glioma Hybrid Cells Synthesize Enkephalin-Like Opioid Peptides

Partially purified extracts from neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells 108CC15 inhibit, like opioids, the prostaglandin E1-evoked formation of cyclic AMP in a dose-dependent manner in the same hybrid cells. The inhibition is prevented by the opioid antagonist naloxone. In addition, the same extract competes with [3H]naloxone and [3H]Leu-enkephalin for binding to opioid receptors of hybrid cell membranes and to a specific antiserum, respectively. The opioid activity in the extracts is destroyed by carboxypeptidase A and leucine aminopeptidase, but not by trypsin. Further purification of the extracts by HPLC, TLC, or high-voltage paper electrophoresis reveals in each case two active fractions which behave like Met- and Leu-enkephalin. The Met-enkephalin-like, but not the Leu-enkephalin-like, fraction is inactivated by treatment with BrCN. Dimethylaminonaphtylsulfonyl (dansyl) derivatives of Met- and Leu-enkephalin correspond to [3H]dansyl derivatives of Met-like substances from hybrid cells. Three to four times as much Met-enkephalin-like as Leu-enkephalin-like material is present in the extract. The overall concentration of opioid peptides in the hybrid cells varies between 0.03 and 1.0 pmol Leu-enkephalin equivalents per mg protein. The amount of opioids in the hybrid cells is strongly dependent on the cell density. The findings suggest that neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells contain opioid peptides that are very similar, if not identical, to Met- and Leu-enkephalin. Opioid activity can also be detected in other neuronal cell lines and even in glioma cells.     

Irreversible Activation of the Opiate Receptor of Neuroblastoma × Glioma Hybrid Cells by an Alkylating Benzomorphan Derivative

The benozomorphan derivative (-)-2-[2-(p-bromoacetamidophenyl)ethyl]-5,9 alpha-dimethyl-2'-hydroxy-6,7-benzomorphan (BAB), capable of reacting with nucleophilic groups, acts on neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells as a potent, irreversible opiate agonist. Its potency in inhibiting the increase in cellular cyclic AMP, evoked by prostaglandin E1, is comparable to that of Leu-enkephalin. This also applies to its capacity to compete with [3H]D-Ala2-Met-enkephalinamide ([3H]DAEA) in binding on cell membrane preparations. The comparatively lower potency of (-)-2-[2-(p-acetamidophenyl)-ethyl]-5,9 alpha-dimethly-2'-hydroxy-5,7-benzomorphan (AB), which differs from BAB in the substitution of the bromoacetamido group by an acetamido group, is of the same order of magnitude as that of morphine. The covalent interaction of BAB with the opiate receptors is deduced from the observations that (1) it is not possible to wash away this compound from the receptors, (2) the potency of BAB in inhibiting the specific binding of [3H]DAEA increases with prolonged preincubation time, and (3) AB behaves as a reversible agonist.     

骨形成蛋白9对人膀胱癌BIU-87细胞增殖和迁移的影响

目的:人骨形成蛋白9(bone morphogenetic protein 9,BMP9)对人膀胱癌BIU-87细胞增殖和迁移的影响。方法:使用过表达BMP9基因的腺病毒(AdBMP9)感染BIU-87细胞,采用定量PCR检测BMP9 mRNA的表达,Western blot检测BMP9蛋白及BMP9下游相关信号通路蛋白的表达;MTT及集落形成实验检测BIU-87细胞增殖能力;划痕愈合实验及Transwell ^TM小室迁移实验检测BIU-87细胞迁移能力。结果:感染AdBMP9后,BIU-87细胞中BMP9的mRNA水平和蛋白质水平均显著增加;过表达BMP9后,BIU-87细胞的体外增殖和迁移能力明显增加;Western blot结果显示BMP9可明显激活AKT信号通路。结论:高表达BMP9可能通过激活AKT信号通路促进人膀胱癌BIU-87细胞的增殖和迁移。     

杀伤细胞对肺癌小鼠Lewis细胞增殖的抑制作用

目的:探讨杀伤细胞对人Lewis肺癌细胞增殖的抑制作用。方法:选择成年健康雄性ICR小鼠46只,随机选取10只作为正常对照组,其余36只进行模型复制,然后将造模成功的30只小鼠随机分为实验组与模型组,每组15只。实验组予以尾静脉注射杀伤细胞1×107个/0.2 m L,1次/d,模型组与对照组予尾静脉注射生理盐水。ELISA方法测定TNF-α、IL-2和IL-4的含量,采用流式细胞仪检测凋亡率,四氮唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测癌细胞抑制率。结果:1实验组小鼠右腋下瘤体重量明显低于模型组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);2透射电镜下观察实验组人Lewis肺癌细胞出现大量凋亡,而模型组人Lewis肺癌细胞几乎未凋亡,与模型组比较,实验组细胞凋亡较多,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);3实验组小鼠脾上清液中IL-2、TNF-α和IFN-γ含量明显高于模型组和正常对照组小鼠,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:杀伤细胞能够通过活化淋巴细胞、分泌细胞因子来抑制体内、体外人Lewis肺癌细胞的增殖和生长,对临床具有指导意义。     

间充质干细胞影响肿瘤细胞增殖及其分子机理

间充质干细胞MSCs(mesenchymal stem cells)与肿瘤细胞间的相互作用是近年来肿瘤领域的研究热点之一.MSCs是一种多能干细胞,具有分化为成骨细胞、软骨细胞、脂肪细胞、纤维母细胞或肌肉细胞等多种间充质细胞的能力.MSCs在肿瘤细胞中表现出的归巢和转移能力为其成为潜在的抗肿瘤工具奠定了基础,MSCs转移到肿瘤细胞后参与重塑肿瘤微环境,并对其增殖、侵袭和转移等生物学行为产生重要影响.MSCs重塑肿瘤微环境后对肿瘤细胞的增殖究竟是促进还是抑制,相关文献报道有很大的争议.基于相关研究近况,主要综述骨髓间充质干细胞BMSCs(bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells)参与重塑肿瘤微环境对肿瘤细胞增殖的影响,并就已知的分子机理做一简要介绍.     

香叶天竺葵的组织培养快速繁殖

以香叶天竺葵的叶片和叶柄切段为外植体诱导愈伤组织,经过芽诱导、生根诱导等过程成功获得了香叶天竺葵的再生植株。对香叶天竺葵芽的诱导、芽的继代增殖、根的诱导及再生植株移栽等环节进行了优化,在对比研究过的各种培养基中,MS+0.2mg·L-1NAA+0.75mg·L-1BA为最适宜的芽诱导和增殖培养基,芽诱导率达30%,不定芽增殖频率也高于其它培养基;1/2MS+0.2mg·L-1NAA最适于进行生根诱导,生根率高达92%,在该培养基中诱导生根,再生植株的根和芽均显示出较好的长势,移栽成活率也高。该项研究为香叶天竺葵的工厂化大规模育苗提供了依据。     

Ganglioside Expression During Differentiation of Chick Retinal Cells In Vitro

The neural retina has been widely used to study the developmental patterns of ganglioside metabolism. Recent findings about in vitro differentiating chick embryo retina cells showed that: a) GD3 and GD1a ganglioside patterns undergo the most dramatic changes; b) when the cells emit neurites, GD3 ganglioside and a group of complex gangliotetraosylgangliosides (GTOG) are transiently coexpressed; c) synchronized developmental phenomena are dissociated by anti-GM1 antibodies; d) GD3 remains as a major ganglioside in differentiated neurons, though it is almost not immunoexpressed; e) GTOG affect antibody binding to GD3; f) the content of gangliosides involved in neural differentiation modifies their immunostain localization on cell membrane; g) after exogenous GTOG uptake, immature neurons mimic GD3 immunoflourescent localization of mature cells; h) a subset of purified retinal ganglion cells express GTOG characteristic of mature neurons.     

Notch信号通路对神经干细胞增殖分化的作用

神经干细胞作为一种具有自我更新能力和多向分化潜能的细胞,它的增殖和分化受到多种源于自身或外在、邻近或远程细胞信号通路的调控,各种细胞因子及胞间通讯在神经干细胞的增殖和分化中发挥着重要的作用。近年来的多种研究表明,Notch信号通路正是这样一种可以通过相邻细胞的配体与受体相互作用,从而传递信号,进一步发挥其生物学功能的重要信号通路。该通路参与了神经干细胞维持自我形态及向多种具有不同功能的神经细胞分化的过程．对于研究神经干细胞的增殖和分化具有巨大的意义。该文将就当前Notch信号通路对神经干细胞增殖分化影响的相关研究进行简要综述。