Taxonomic Notes on Myllocerus malignus Faust (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Entiminae)

ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Myllocerus malignus Faust was described new to science from Korea in 1887. Since then, the species collected from Korea and Far-east Russia has been misidentified as Eumyllocerus gratiosus Sharp, E. filicornis (Reitter), or E. longulus Egorov et Zherikhin. A taxonomic review of Myllocerus malignus Faust (1887) with its synonymy and the clarification of sexual dimorphism is presented. As a results, Myllocerus viridiaureus Suvorov (1915) and Eumyllocerus longulus Egorov et Zherikhin (1990) are synonymized with Myllocerus malignus.     

Metabolism and cold tolerance of Chinese white pine beetle Dendroctonus armandi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) during the overwintering period

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Track analysis of the North and Central American species of the Pantomorus–Naupactus complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

We undertook a panbiogeographic analysis of the broad‐nosed weevils of the genera Naupactus Dejean, 1821, Pantomorus Schönherr, 1840 and Phacepholis Horn, 1876 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from North and Central America to propose a biogeographic scenario to explain their biotic diversification. Based on individual tracks of 30 species, we obtained six generalized tracks: Mesoamerican, Chiapas, Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexican Pacific Coast, Southern Great Plains and Northern Great Plains tracks. The Sierra Madre del Sur generalized track is the best supported, based on 10 species of the three genera. We found two nodes, one at the intersection of the Mesoamerican and Chiapas tracks, and another at the intersection of the Chiapas and Sierra Madre del Sur tracks. Species of Naupactus are primarily distributed in lowlands, associated mostly with dry forests and xeric environments. Species of Pantomorus and Phacepholis would have diversified from South American Naupactus‐like ancestors, mainly in montane habitats and lowlands of North and Central America, between sea level to about 2500 m of altitude.     

基于MaxEnt模型的白缘象甲潜在地理分布区识别

【目的】白缘象甲Naupactus leucoloma是中国进境植物检疫性有害生物,对农作物和栽培植物的潜在危害风险较高。自20世纪在美国被首次发现以来,在全球多个国家内发生扩散,造成严重的经济损失。本研究旨在对白缘象甲的潜在地理分布区进行识别并进一步分析其定殖和扩散风险。【方法】基于白缘象甲的752个有效分布记录和10个环境变量,利用MaxEnt模型和ArcGIS软件对白缘象甲的潜在地理分布区进行识别,同时综合环境变量贡献率和刀切法(jackknife)检验评估制约其潜在地理分布的重要环境变量。【结果】白缘象甲在全球的潜在适宜生境主要分布在美国东南部、法国西南部地区、西班牙北部地区、土耳其西北部地区等地,在我国暂时没有其高适宜生境的分布。在我国适宜生境的分布集中在中部和东部沿海地区10余个省份。在影响白缘象甲潜在地理分布的环境变量中,以最干月降水量、年平均气温和最冷月最低温为重要影响变量,其中气温起主导作用。【结论】白缘象甲有一定的入侵、定殖和扩散风险。建议农林行业部门、海关口岸加强调查、检疫和监控工作,严防白缘象甲传入对我国农作物造成危害。     

Adult diapause and cold hardiness in Aulacophora nigripennis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

We investigated the control of diapause termination and seasonal changes of cold hardiness and polyol content in Aulacophora nigripennis. Adults were ready to start post-diapause development upon transfer to high temperature by late February irrespective of photoperiod. Photoperiod probably functions to maintain diapause before winter because adults resume reproductive development at a long photoperiod in autumn. Adults showed a decreased supercooling point (SCP), increased chill tolerance and high myo-inositol content during winter. Chill tolerance at 0 degrees C appears to be a more suitable indicator of their cold hardiness than SCP because they die at 0 degrees C without freezing and they normally have no chance of being exposed to low subzero temperatures close to their SCP. The temporal pattern for changes in chill tolerance was synchronized with that for fluctuations in myo-inositol content, indicating a possible causal relationship between the two phenomena.     

Strain distribution of alfalfa weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in an intergrade zone

Strain distribution for the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), was determined for the five major alfalfa-growing regions of New Mexico. Mitochondrial DNA from field-collected weevils at each location was digested and sequenced to differentiate among strains. Eastern, Egyptian, and western strains were recovered, along with a population not matching any known strain. The majority of sites examined had populations of two strains intermingled within a field. This is the first confirmation of the presence of all three strains within the same geographic region. Possible implications for alfalfa weevil management are discussed.     

Geographical distribution of the weevil subfamily Ceutorhynchinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

A brief general characteristic and review of distribution of the subfamily Ceutorhynchinae over zoogeographical realms are given, with an emphasis on the distribution within the Holarctic and Palaearctic. The potential of exploiting landscapes of all natural zones of the Holarctic by a low-rank taxon is exemplified by the Holarctic Ceutorhynchus cochleariae (Gyll.) species-group comprising ca. 20 species evenly distributed between the Palaearctic and Nearctic. Although neighboring with the powerful centers of tropical biota, the Holarctic fauna of the subfamily Ceutorhynchinae is formed mostly of endemic and subendemic genera which are especially abundant in the Palaearctic. This region possesses the most diversified generic and species composition of the fauna consisting of predominantly endemic and subendemic genera (in the Mediterranean and Saharo-Gobian regions, also of the highly diversified tribe Oxyonychini) up to its southern border. The existence of characteristic transitional faunas in the zones of contact of the Holarctic fauna with the faunas of the tropical regions in East Asia and Mexico is shown. These transitional faunas include a considerable number of endemic taxa of the genus and species groups. A conspicuous feature of the Palaearctic ceutorhynchine fauna is the rather numerous complex of the upland and high-latitude species.     

Evaluation of Cyphocleonus trisulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) as a potential biological control agent for Leucanthemum vulgare in North America

Leucanthemum vulgare, a perennial forb native to Eurasia, has become invasive in several other parts of the world. Since there is a lack of methods suitable for sustainable management of this plant across invaded landscapes, a biological control project has been initiated in North America and Australia. We evaluated the potential of the root-feeding weevil Cyphocleonus trisulcatus as a biological control agent for L. vulgare in North America by investigating its impact on L. vulgare and studying its larval host range under no-choice, multiple-choice cage and open-field conditions. Our impact experiment revealed that larval feeding by C. trisulcatus can severely damage and even kill plants. No-choice tests conducted with 41 non-target species showed that C. trisulcatus can develop on five closely related species. In a multiple-choice cage test established with three of these species, the medicinal plant Matricaria chamomilla and the native North American M. occidentalis were also attacked, but to a lower degree than L. vulgare. An open-field test conducted with four varieties of the ornamental Shasta daisy (Leucanthemum × superbum and L. × maximum) revealed similar attack on Shasta daisy as on L. vulgare. Due to the popularity of Shasta daisies, we suggest that C. trisulcatus, despite its potential to suppress L. vulgare populations, is not a suitable biological control agent for North America. However, C. trisulcatus may still be a potential biological control agent for L. vulgare in regions where Shasta daisy is less popular, such as Australia. Further host-range tests with species native to Australia as well as with additional species important for the horticultural industry in Australia are currently under way.     

Phylogenetic revision of the North American Asidini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The asidine darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Asidini) are a morphologically diverse tribe of flightless tenebrionids found in many arid and sub‐arid habitats around the world. The 260 currently described North American species are contained in 27 genera, all of which are restricted to the western half of the continent. Evolutionary relationships within and between the North American Asidini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) genera were reconstructed using partial sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) (660 bp) and nuclear ribosomal 28S (D2 region) (492 bp), and 100 phenotypic characters for 50 North American asidine species, representing 20 of the 27 currently described genera and 1 new genus. Species from two additional tenebrionid tribes (Branchini and Coniontini) and the South American asidine genus Cardigenius were chosen as outgroups. Analyses were performed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods. Clade support was inferred based on the posterior probability distribution of tree topologies, nonparametric bootstrap analysis, and partitioned Bremer support indices. The generic classification of the North American Asidini is revised based on the results, with ten genera recognized. Seven current genera: Craniotus LeConte, Heterasida Casey, Litasida Casey, Microschatia Solier, Pelecyphorus Solier, Philolithus Lacordaire, Stenomorpha Solier, are redescribed, and Ardamimicus Smith gen.n ., Ferveoventer Smith gen.n . and Micrasida Smith gen.n . are described, including Ardamimicus cognatoi Smith sp.n ., Ferveoventer browni Smith sp.n . and Micrasida obrienorum Smith sp.n . Twenty current genera are treated as subgenera pending further analyses: Philolithus Lacordaire with subgenera Glyptasida Casey, Gonasida Casey, Herthasida Wilke and Tisamenes Champion; Pelecyphorus Solier, with subgenera: Astrotus LeConte, Parasida Casey (= Plesiasida nom.n ), Poliorcetes Champion, Sicharbas Champion, Stenosides Solier, Ucalegon Champion and Zaleucus Champion, and Stenomorpha Solier with subgenera Asidina Casey, Asidopsis Casey, Bothrasida Casey, Megasida Casey, Notiasida Casey, Platasida Casey, Pycnomorpha Motschulsky, Stethasida Casey and Trichiasida Casey; all stat.rev .     

Anoxia tolerance and anaerobic metabolism in two tropical weevil species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

Although the two curculionid beetle species Cosmopolites sordidus and Temnoschoita nigroplagiata are found in the same habitat (banana plantation), they differ with respect to their microhabitat preference and thereby in their risk of being submerged after rain. The physiological characteristics of the two species that might be important in this context were investigated. As expected, C. sordidus is more resistant to submergence (faster recovery, lower mortality: 30% after 9 days submergence at 20 degrees C); this can be attributed to a generally lower metabolic rate, higher glycogen reserves (135 micromol glycosyl units x g FW(-1)) and a moderate lactate production under anoxia. In T. nigroplagiata, the glycogen reserves are almost completely depleted after 1 day submergence at 20 degrees C and a higher proportion of this glycogen can recovered as lactate (16%). During submergence, the adenylate energy charge falls in both species to 0.2 or below, whereas the total adenine nucleotide content decreases only slowly, especially in C. sordidus.     

Insecticidal potential of natural zeolite and diatomaceous earth formulations against rice weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Insecticidal potential of natural zeolites and diatomaceous earths originating from Serbia against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) was evaluated. Two natural zeolite formulations (NZ and NZ Modified) were applied to wheat at rates of 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0 g/kg, while two diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations (DE S-1 and DE S-2) were applied at rates of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0 g/kg. A bioassay was conducted under laboratory conditions: temperature of 24 +/- 1 degrees C, relative humidity in the range 50-55%, in tests with natural zeolites, and 60-65%, in tests with DEs, and in all combinations for progeny production. Mortality was assessed after 7, 14, and 21 d of insect contact with treated wheat, and the total mortality after an additional 7-d recovery on untreated broken wheat. Progeny production was also assessed after 8 wk for S. oryzae and 12 wk for T. castaneum. The highest mortality for S. oryzae and T. castaneum was found after the longest exposure period and 7 d of recovery, on wheat treated with NZ at the highest rate and DEs at rates of 0.50 -1.0 g/kg. Progeny reduction higher than 90% was achieved after 14 and 21 d of contact of both beetle pests with wheat treated with DE S-1 at 0.50-1.0 g/kg and DE S-2 at 0.75-1.0 g/kg, while the same level of reduction was achieved only for T. castaneum after its contact with the highest rate of NZ formulation. NZ Modified, applied even at the highest rate, revealed much lower insecticidal potential.     

Taxonomic revision of Melanocyphus Jekel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Cornops aquaticum (Bruner) is host specific on Eichhornia spp. and Pontederia spp. (Pontederiacae). Its present distribution ranges from Mexico to Argentina. The number of juvenile instars (5-7) apparently mirrors the photoperiod and temperature pulses of different climatical conditions in the respective geographical regions. Based on life-history data, three working hypotheses are proposed for forthcoming studies. These will test whether the varying number of juvenile instars represents a phenotypic plasticity of a single genotype or an adaptation that is genetically fixed, due to an evolutionary relationship of the host with its host-plant.     

North American Lauraceae: Terpenoid Emissions,Relative Attraction and Boring Preferences of Redbay Ambrosia Beetle,Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

The invasive redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, is the primary vector of Raffaelea lauricola, a symbiotic fungus and the etiologic agent of laurel wilt. This lethal disease has caused severe mortality of redbay (Persea borbonia) and swampbay (P. palustris) trees in the southeastern USA, threatens avocado (P. americana) production in Florida, and has potential to impact additional New World species. To date, all North American hosts of X. glabratus and suscepts of laurel wilt are members of the family Lauraceae. This comparative study combined field tests and laboratory bioassays to evaluate attraction and boring preferences of female X. glabratus using freshly-cut bolts from nine species of Lauraceae: avocado (one cultivar of each botanical race), redbay, swampbay, silkbay (Persea humilis), California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), northern spicebush (Lindera benzoin), camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora), and lancewood (Nectandra coriacea). In addition, volatile collections and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) were conducted to quantify terpenoid emissions from test bolts, and electroantennography (EAG) was performed to measure olfactory responses of X. glabratus to terpenoids identified by GC-MS. Significant differences were observed among treatments in both field and laboratory tests. Silkbay and camphor tree attracted the highest numbers of the beetle in the field, and lancewood and spicebush the lowest, whereas boring activity was greatest on silkbay, bay laurel, swampbay, and redbay, and lowest on lancewood, spicebush, and camphor tree. The Guatemalan cultivar of avocado was more attractive than those of the other races, but boring response among the three was equivalent. The results suggest that camphor tree may contain a chemical deterrent to boring, and that different cues are associated with host location and host acceptance. Emissions of α-cubebene, α-copaene, α-humulene, and calamenene were positively correlated with attraction, and EAG analyses confirmed chemoreception of terpenoids by antennal receptors of X. glabratus.     

New Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Rovno Amber

Paleontological Journal - A new genus Rovnoslonik Legalov, Nazarenko and Perkovsky gen. nov. (type species Rovnoslonik damzeni Legalov, Nazarenko and Perkovsky sp. nov.; tribe Stromboscerini,...     

Delimiting baridine weevil evolution (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Baridinae)

Since the erection of the weevil subfamily Baridinae by Schönherr in 1836, no phylogenetic hypothesis using cladistic methods has been proposed for this extraordinarily diverse group. This study provides the first hypothesis for the evolution of Baridinae using phylogenetic methods, including 301 taxa and 113 morphological characters. Despite fairly well‐resolved results, indicating paraphyly of nearly all of the currently recognized intrasubfamilial divisions, no change to the current classification is made. Even though groupings are proposed based on the final results, it is believed that more rigorous analyses need to be made prior to a re‐evaluation and subsequent alteration of the current classification. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010.     

Plant nutrients and the spatiotemporal distribution dynamics of Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and its parasitoids

The cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham), is an alien invasive pest of canola, Brassica napus L., in North America. Field populations of both adults and larvae are known to be aggregated in their distributions, but the causal mechanism for this clustering is not understood. We investigated the hypothesis that spatial distributions of C. obstrictus adults, larvae, and their parasitoids were directly or indirectly related to host plant quality as indicated by leaf tissue nutrient contents. During the years of 2005 and 2007, these insect populations were sampled in a grid pattern in three commercial fields of B. napus located near Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. Leaf samples were collected from plants in each grid plot and analyzed for nutrient contents. Spatial patterns and associations among the collected variables were analyzed using Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs software. We observed significant spatial associations among C. obstrictus adults, larvae, and parasitoids. The distributions of C. obstrictus adults and larvae were correlated with several plant nutrients, most notably nitrogen and sulfur. Evidence was found for a possible nitrogen-sulfur interaction in which ovipositioning C. obstrictus females appeared to prefer plants with high levels of sulfur and low levels of nitrogen. Spatial tracking of C. obstrictus larvae by its parasitoids was evident in only one field, and this appeared related to comparatively low parasitoid populations in two of the three fields. The associations between C. obstrictus and plant nutrients may have possible applications in fertility management, trap cropping, and precision insecticide application technology.