Ethylene and Gibberellin: Regulation of Internodal Elongation and Nodal Root Development in Floating Rice

Ethylene and GA₃ stimulated internodal elongation in the excisedstem sections of floating rice. The combined application ofethylene and GA₃ exerted a cooperative effect on internodalelongation, although the effect was variety dependent. Stimulativeeffect of ethylene on internodal growth in intact floating riceplants was virtually absent when the plants were pre-treatedwith Ancymidol, -cyclopropyl--(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol, an inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis. Submergenceof intact plants, which also induced internodal elongation,had no stimulative effect when the plants were pre-treated withAncymidol. Submergence of intact plants increased the endogenousgibberellin level. The internode of young, intact 9 day oldseedlings responded neither to submergence nor ethylene, butwhen seedlings were pre-treated with GA₃ they responded to eitherone. Nodal root development was also enhanced by either ethyleneor GA₃. Combined application of ethylene and GA₃ exerted a co-operativeeffect on nodal root development. Ancymidol-treated plants didnot produce nodal roots even though they were subjected to submergence,whereas nontreated control plants produced nodal roots normally. (Received September 12, 1984; Accepted February 15, 1985)     

Cellular Dimorphism in the Maize Root Cortex: Involvement of Microtubules,Ethylene and Gibberellin in the Differentiation of Cellular Behaviour in Postmitotic Growth Zones

Detailed morphometric analysis of cell shapes and an immunofluorescent study of microtubules were carried out on primary roots of Zea mays L. Two types of cells were found to be formed within the postmitotic isodiametric growth (PIG) region of the root cortex that were differentially responsive to low level of exogenous ethylene. The innermost and central cell rows of the cortex were sensitive to ethylene treatment and showed a disturbed distribution of cortical microtubules (CMTs) as well as changed polarity of cell growth, whereas the 2–3 outermost cell rows were less sensitive in this respect. This suggests that post-mitotic cells of the inner cortex are specific targets for ethylene action. These properties of the inner cortex are compatible with its cells being involved in the formation of aerenchyma; they may also favour root growth in compacted soil. By contrast, the specific properties of the outer cortex indicate that this tissue domain is necessary for the gaseous impermeability and the mechanical strengthening of subjacent aerenchymatous cortex, especially in the mature region of the root. Ethylene affected neither the pattern of cortical cell expansion in the meristem nor the position of the PIG region with respect to the root tip. This contrasts with gibberellin-deficiency which affected these parameters in both parts of the cortex. These observations indicate a fundamental difference between the role of these two phytohormones in the morphogenesis and development of maize roots.     

Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis Reveals the Correlation Patterns Among Genes in Different Temperature Stress Adaptation of Manila Clam

Marine Biotechnology - The Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is one of the most important aquaculture species and widely distributed along the coasts of China, Japan, and Korea. Due to its wide...     

Root Growth at the Cellular Level in Plants of Different Species: Comparative Analysis

Russian Journal of Plant Physiology - Analysis of root growth parameters was carried out on the seedlings of 53 monocotyledonous and 78 dicotyledonous plant species. Daily increases of the...     

Growth and Transcriptional Changes in Poplar Under Different Nitrogen Sources

Plant Molecular Biology Reporter - Nitrogen greatly affects primary plant growth and development. The relationship between nitrogen availability and source and its effect on secondary growth is...     

小桐子赤霉素20氧化酶的基因克隆及低温下表达分析

赤霉素20氧化酶是植物赤霉素生物合成的限速酶,决定有生物活性的GA1与GA4的合成量。基于先前获得的小桐子低温锻炼转录组数据,以小桐子幼苗的根为材料,采用RT-PCR技术克隆到小桐子赤霉素20氧化酶基因Jc GA20ox的c DNA序列(Gen Bank登录号KJ670150.1)。该c DNA全长1 307 bp,含有完整的开放阅读框(1 131 bp),编码376个氨基酸,分子量为43 k D,理论等电点为6.7。其推导蛋白属于2-ODD家族,包含2-酮戊二酸双加氧酶结构域(Fe2OG_OXY)。半定量RT-PCR表达分析显示,Jc GA20ox在小桐子各组织中都有表达,但表达水平具有组织特异性,在茎中表达量较高,且受低温诱导表达最显著,而在叶中表达量相对较低。     

Effects of Kinetin, IAA, and Gibberellin on Ethylene Production, and Their Interactions in Growth of Seedlings

Kinetin in concentrations of 10⁻⁸ to 10⁻⁴ m, stimulated ethylene production in 3 and 4-day old etiolated seedlings of Alaska pea (Pisum sativum L. var. Alaska). Seedlings of other species responded similarly. The response to kinetin depended on the age of the seedlings.     

Gibberellin Regulation of Root Growth with Change in Galactose Content of Cell Walls in Pisum sativum

Root elongation of Alaska pea seedling was suppressed by higherconcentrations of growth retardants, CCC and ancymidol, thanthose required for shoot elongation. Gibberellic acid (GA³)led to recovery of ancymidol-inhibited elongation, with theconcentration (1 nM) required for roots being lower than thatfor shoots (10 µM). Ancymidol caused swelling of corticalcells in the elongating zone of the root, while GA³ completelycanceled this. These results suggest that roots require muchless gibberellin than shoots for normal elongation growth. Growth kinetics recorded by a computer-regulated rhizometerindicated that the lag periods for growth suppression by ancymidoland growth recovery by GA³ were about 10 h and 7 h, respectively. The composition of the cell wall sugars changed remarkably alongthe root axis from the tip to the base. The arabinose contentwas highest in the tip and rapidly decreased toward the base,whereas galactose complementarily increased toward the base.The thickened zone of ancymidol-treated roots had a higher galactosecontent than GA³-treated slender roots. Other neutral sugarswere not significantly influenced by ancymidol and/or GA³. Theseresults suggest that ancymidol makes cells short and thick withgalactose-rich cell walls while GA3 keeps cells extensible andslender with galactose-poor cell walls. (Received March 3, 1987; Accepted December 4, 1987)     

Large-Scale Proteomics of the Cassava Storage Root and Identification of a Target Gene to Reduce Postharvest Deterioration

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is the most important root crop in the tropics, but rapid postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) of the root is a major constraint to commercial cassava production. We established a reliable method for image-based PPD symptom quantification and used label-free quantitative proteomics to generate an extensive cassava root and PPD proteome. Over 2600 unique proteins were identified in the cassava root, and nearly 300 proteins showed significant abundance regulation during PPD. We identified protein abundance modulation in pathways associated with oxidative stress, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (including scopoletin), the glutathione cycle, fatty acid α-oxidation, folate transformation, and the sulfate reduction II pathway. Increasing protein abundances and enzymatic activities of glutathione-associated enzymes, including glutathione reductases, glutaredoxins, and glutathione S-transferases, indicated a key role for ascorbate/glutathione cycles. Based on combined proteomics data, enzymatic activities, and lipid peroxidation assays, we identified glutathione peroxidase as a candidate for reducing PPD. Transgenic cassava overexpressing a cytosolic glutathione peroxidase in storage roots showed delayed PPD and reduced lipid peroxidation as well as decreased H₂O₂ accumulation. Quantitative proteomics data from ethene and phenylpropanoid pathways indicate additional gene candidates to further delay PPD. Cassava root proteomics data are available at www.pep2pro.ethz.ch for easy access and comparison with other proteomics data.     

木薯SWEETs基因家族生物信息学及表达特性研究

SWEET (sugars will eventually be exported transporters)是植物中新发现的一类编码糖转运蛋白的基因,它在植物生长发育及糖代谢过程中发挥重要作用。该基因家族在木薯(Manihot esculenta)中尚未有详细的报道。本研究从Phytozome数据库获得了28个木薯SWEET候选基因并对其进行生物信息学分析,在华南124的木薯苗中通过荧光定量实验检测SWEET基因在旱胁迫下的表达水平。结果发现木薯SWEET基因被分为4簇,主要分布在第6条和第14条染色体上,编码234 aa与302 aa之间的氨基酸序列;木薯SWEET基因家族的表达在旱胁迫条件下发生了变化,其中明显上调的基因有9个,包括MeSWEET1b、MeSWEET2a、MeSWEET6、MeSWEET9a、MeSWEET9b、MeSWEET12、MeSWEET15a、MeSWEET15b和MeSWEET16c;而表达量明显下调的基因也有9个,为MeSWEET2b、MeSWEET3b、MeSWEET4、MeSWEET7、MeSWEET11、MeSWEET16a、MeSWEET16b、MeSWEET17a和MeSWEET17c。这些结果为进一步阐明SWEET基因家族在木薯中的功能提供理论依据。     

木薯SBEI基因片段克隆及块根特异性反义表达载体的构建

为了抑制木薯支链淀粉的合成,提高直链淀粉含量,改变木薯淀粉结构,培育工业用燃料酒精型木薯品种,本研究利用RT-PCR方法,用木薯块根cDNA克隆获得支链淀粉合成的关键酶基因SBEI的部分片段,对其进行序列分析表明与GenBank序列高度同源,同源性为99.22%;并以pBI121为基础,构建了以块根特异性表达启动子Sporamin驱动的SBEI基因反义结构的植物表达载体.     

水稻赤霉素代谢关键酶基因表达的检测分析

赤霉素(GA)与水稻矮化突变体的产生有密切的关系.根据GenBank数据库中水稻赤霉素代谢关键酶基因的cDNA序列,在保守序列区域设计引物,经过反应条件优化,建立了相对定量RT-PCR双标准曲线检测方法,并对中9B及其体细胞无性系矮化突变体SV9B的相关基因表达情况进行了检测.结果表明,该方法设计的引物特异性强,所构建的标准曲线相关性好,实验具有很高的可信度,可以应用于水稻赤霉素相关突变体的研究.