Evaluation of methane-utilising bacteria products as feed ingredients for monogastric animals

Bacterial proteins represent a potential future nutrient source for monogastric animal production because they can be grown rapidly on substrates with minimum dependence on soil, water, and climate conditions. This review summarises the current knowledge on methane-utilising bacteria as feed ingredients for animals. We present results from earlier work and recent findings concerning bacterial protein, including the production process, chemical composition, effects on nutrient digestibility, metabolism, and growth performance in several monogastric species, including pigs, broiler chickens, mink (Mustela vison), fox (Alopex lagopus), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). It is concluded that bacterial meal (BM) derived from natural gas fermentation, utilising a bacteria culture containing mainly the methanotroph Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath), is a promising source of protein based on criteria such as amino acid composition, digestibility, and animal performance and health. Future research challenges include modified downstream processing to produce value-added products, and improved understanding of factors contributing to nutrient availability and animal performance.     

南酸枣果实的成分分析

本文对南酸枣（Ｃｈｏｅｒｏｓｐｏｎｄｉａｓ ａｘｉｌｌａｒｉｓ）鲜果的常规营养尬发和化学成分进行了测定。结果表明,南酸枣果实含有丰富的营养素,果皮内保１８种氨基酸总量达２６．２３～３８．５４ｍｇ／１００ｇ,蛋白质为０．９２％～１．４８％,有机酸含量高达５．２２％～８．１３％,色谱分析显示含有２１种有机酸,其中以柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸和葡萄糖酸等为主要成分,鲜果可食部分还含有丰富的Ｃａ、Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、     

Relationships between culture density and the composition of three floating aquatic macrophytes

Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, Pistia stratiotes (L.), and Lemna minor (L.) were cultured at four different densities each and analyzed for cell-wall fraction, crude protein, total available carbohydrate and ash. Cell-wall fraction increased and crude protein content decreased as density increased in Eichhornia and Pistia cultures. The cell-wall and crude protein content of Lemna did not change with increasing culture density. Differences in the trends of cell-wall and crude protein content of the three plants at increasing culture densities appear to be related to differences in growth form. There was no difference in the total available carbohydrate or ash content of the three species at different culture densities.     

萝卜花粉的营养成分研究

萝卜花粉的营养成分测定表明,其蛋白质含量28.38%,总糖含量33.33%,氨基酸总量27.59%,总黄酮含量3.57%,维生素和矿质元素含量亦较丰富。萝卜花粉资源丰富,营养成分齐全,具有很好的开发利用价值。     

Mining genomic patterns in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv using a web server Tuber-Gene

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), causative agent of tuberculosis, is one of the most dreaded diseases of the century. It has long been studied by researchers throughout the world using various wet-lab and dry-lab techniques. In this study, we focus on mining useful patterns at genomic level that can be applied for in silico functional characterization of genes from the MTB complex. The model developed on the basis of the patterns found in this study can correctly identify 99.77% of the input genes from the genome of MTB strain H37Rv. The model was tested against four other MTB strains and the homologue M. bovis to further evaluate its generalization capability. The mean prediction accuracy was 85.76%. It was also observed that the GC content remained fairly constant throughout the genome, implicating the absence of any pathogenicity island transferred from other organisms. This study reveals that dinucleotide composition is an efficient functional class discriminator for MTB complex. To facilitate the application of this model, a web server Tuber-Gene has been developed, which can be freely accessed at http://www.bifmanit.org/tb2/.     

自然贮存条件下苹果的营养成分分析

对自然贮存条件下分别贮存了 2个月、4个月及 6个月的秦冠、红富士、新红星、北斗及黄元帅苹果果实的硬度以及主要营养成分 (果胶质、总糖、粗蛋白 )进行了统计分析和对比研究 ,结果表明 :在自然贮存条件下 ,苹果果实的硬度、果胶质、总糖及粗蛋白的含量均随贮存时间的延长而下降 ,不同的品种间及同一品种或不同品种在不同贮存时期的差异均极显著( P<0 .0 1 ) ;3种不同营养成分彼此间密切相关 ( R>0 .80 ) ,因此可以任取其中之一作为测试这些营养成分的指标。对于不同的品种而言 ,红富士、秦冠果实的硬度较大 ,其果胶质、总糖及粗蛋白含量也较高 ,说明秦冠和红富士为较好的耐贮品种。     

蚯蚓的研究与应用

从蚯蚓的营养价值、药用价值和生理特点等方面 ,介绍了蚯蚓在食品饲料、医药临床及环保中的应用研究现状 ,展望了蚯蚓开发利用的前景。     

30种植物叶蛋白中氨基酸组成及含量的测定与营养价值评价

评价植物叶蛋白的营养价值,既要考虑“量”,看植物叶蛋白含量的高低,也要考虑“质”,看必需氨基酸的含量及配比[1]。作者取叶蛋白含量50%以上的30种植物进行氨基酸含量测定[2],并进行营养价值评价。1　方　　法应用日立83550型氨基酸自动分析仪进行氨基酸含量的测定,并与?..     

岩原鲤消化能力和营养价值的初步研究

用常规方法测得岩原鲤（Procyprisrabaudi）比肠长222±0．251,比内脏重0．0743±0．00752,比肝胰重0.0294±0.007711,比肠重0.0243±0．00591。体重与体长关系为：y＝0．02635X2.977,肠道前部pH值68-70,中部8－9,后部7.0－7．6,岩原鲤消化道器官组织具有较高的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力,活力大小顺序对蛋白酶和淀粉酸在肠道均为前肠＜中肠＜后肠。岩原鲤含肉率73．9±025％,肌肉粗蛋白质75.9±3.0％,粗脂肪14.4±4．33％,肌肉必需氨基酸组成与必需氨基酸指数分析结果表明,岩原鲤为淡水鱼类中营养价值最好的一种鱼。     

苦瓜的营养价值、化学成分以及药理作用研究进展

本文总结了半个多世纪来国内外学者对苦瓜的研究,为苦瓜进一步开发提供了借鉴。     

新选育饲草玉米品系饲用营养价值初步研究

对利用一年生大刍草和四倍体多年生大刍草分别与玉米杂交选育出的一年生饲草玉米(SC1)和多年生饲草玉米(SC3)生物产量和饲用营养成分进行分析,结果表明:SC1和SC3鲜草年产量分别达115 620kg/hm2、174 045kg/hm2,是普通玉米的4～6倍;SC3的粗蛋白质(CP)和无氮浸出物(NFE)含量最高,分别为17.57%、48.73%,粗纤维(CF)含量最低,为21.65%,其粗脂肪(EE)和灰分(CA)含量分别为4.30%和7.75%;SC1的营养成分含量分别为:(CP)14.73%、(CF)26.09%、(NFE)45.29%、(EE)4.78%和(CA)9.11%;化学营养类型分析表明SC1与SC3分别属NC型和N型,都是高产高饲用价值的新型饲草.     

云南会泽引种玛卡中氨基酸组成与含量对营养与风味的影响

采用柱前衍生-液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)对云南会泽引种玛卡中水解氨基酸与游离氨基酸的种类与含量进行了测定。通过对玛卡中水解氨基酸的分析,发现玛卡中含有全部18种氨基酸,人体所必需的8种氨基酸占总氨基酸比例为36.75%,表明玛卡是具有较高营养价值的农作物,人体所必需的氨基酸中苯丙氨酸、络氨酸、蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸含量不足,影响了其整体营养价值;对影响感官的游离氨基酸进行分类,研究了各类味觉氨基酸对玛卡风味的影响。     

Mining Genomic Patterns in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv Using a Web Server Tuber-Gene

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), causative agent of tuberculosis, is one of the most dreaded diseases of the century. It has long been studied by researchers throughout the world using various wet-lab and dry-lab techniques. In this study, we focus on mining useful patterns at genomic level that can be applied for in silico functional characterization of genes from the MTB complex. The model developed on the basis of the patterns found in this study can correctly identify 99.77% of the input genes from the genome of MTB strain H37Rv. The model was tested against four other MTB strains and the homologue M. bovis to further evaluate its generalization capability. The mean prediction accuracy was 85.76%. It was also observed that the GC content remained fairly constant throughout the genome, implicating the absence of any pathogenicity island transferred from other organisms. This study reveals that dinucleotide composition is an efficient functional class discriminator for MTB complex. To facilitate the application of this model, a web server Tuber-Gene has been developed, which can be freely ac- cessed at http://www.bifmanit.org/tb2/.     

一种新的生态监测数据质量评估方法——以CERN乔木生长数据为例

将数据可靠性作为有序变量进行分级,在理论上使数据可靠性与主要生态过程、次级生态过程、外部过程等数据源建立关联,构建了一种生态监测数据质量评估方法,提供了一个新的数据质量指数.它通过观察记录的合格率来估计数据集的质量,其检测结果包括了每一条数据的可靠性级别、标记为离群或错误数据的原因,以及完整数据集的质量指数值.将该方法应用于CERN的两个乔木生长数据集,发现该数据质量指数可以定量评估乔木生长数据集的质量.该方法为相关软件的开发提供了基础.     

松花粉的研究

松花粉包括黑松及马尾松花粉,它属于风媒花粉。本文研究了（１）松花粉形态的电镜观察;（２）松花粉对皮肤及胃肠道的刺激试验;（３）分析了松花粉的的营养组成。研究结果（１）松花粉表面似多孔绒毡,并有一对耳廓形突起,生发孔位于耳廓内侧;（２）松花粉对皮肤及胃肠道无刺激及致敏作用;（３）松花粉的营养组成比较完全,含有丰富的蛋白质、核酸、磷脂、维生素及八种必需氨基酸,因此说明松花粉具有一定的保健作用。     

Rearing success of a polyphagous predatorGeocoris ochropterus (Hem.: Lygaeidae) on preserved ant pupae ofOecophylla smaragdina

Some of the life-parameters such as nymphal development periods, growth (by weight), food consumption, egg laying period, rate, percent mortality ofGeocoris ochropterus (Fieber) have been studied on ant pupae (Oecophylla smaragdina Fabr.), a potential food available both naturally and commercially. The moisture and basic nutrients including protein, carbohydrate and lipid of the cold-preserved ant pupae have been determined to provide understanding of the dietary value of the food for mass rearing. Experiment with variable male company showed that total fecundity exceeds by a narrow margin in constant male company over fortnightly mating programme. No mating leads to reduction of egg laying in virgins.     

黑水虻幼虫和预蛹的饲料价值研究进展

黑水虻Hermetia illucens L.是一种全世界广泛分布的资源昆虫,幼虫在自然界以动物粪便、腐烂的有机物,如腐肉、腐烂的水果、蔬菜和植物性垃圾为食,能够被用于畜禽粪便的无害化处理。黑水虻幼虫在将粪便转化成昆虫生物量的同时,减少了粪便的污染。利用畜禽粪便饲养的黑水虻幼虫干重达到42%～43%,其中粗蛋白含量占干重的42%～44%,脂肪含量占干重的31%～35%,灰份占干重的11%～15%,钙质占干重的4.8%～5.1%,磷占干重的0.60%～0.63%。使用粪便饲养的幼虫和预蛹,含有丰富的必需氨基酸和矿物质,是家禽、家畜和鱼类养殖的良好饲料来源。文章综述利用不同动物粪便饲养的黑水虻幼虫和预蛹的饲料价值及其幼虫和预蛹用于鸡、猪和鱼类饲料添加剂的研究进展。     

Rapid and accurate calculation of protein 1H, 13C and 15N chemical shifts

A computer program (SHIFTX) is described which rapidly and accurately calculates the diamagnetic ¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁵N chemical shifts of both backbone and sidechain atoms in proteins. The program uses a hybrid predictive approach that employs pre-calculated, empirically derived chemical shift hypersurfaces in combination with classical or semi-classical equations (for ring current, electric field, hydrogen bond and solvent effects) to calculate ¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁵N chemical shifts from atomic coordinates. The chemical shift hypersurfaces capture dihedral angle, sidechain orientation, secondary structure and nearest neighbor effects that cannot easily be translated to analytical formulae or predicted via classical means. The chemical shift hypersurfaces were generated using a database of IUPAC-referenced protein chemical shifts – RefDB (Zhang et al., 2003), and a corresponding set of high resolution (<2.1 Å) X-ray structures. Data mining techniques were used to extract the largest pairwise contributors (from a list of 20 derived geometric, sequential and structural parameters) to generate the necessary hypersurfaces. SHIFTX is rapid (< 1 CPU second for a complete shift calculation of 100 residues) and accurate. Overall, the program was able to attain a correlation coefficient (r) between observed and calculated shifts of 0.911 (¹H), 0.980 (¹³C), 0.996 (¹³C), 0.863 (¹³CO), 0.909 (¹⁵N), 0.741 (¹HN), and 0.907 (sidechain ¹H) with RMS errors of 0.23, 0.98, 1.10, 1.16, 2.43, 0.49, and 0.30 ppm, respectively on test data sets. We further show that the agreement between observed and SHIFTX calculated chemical shifts can be an extremely sensitive measure of the quality of protein structures. Our results suggest that if NMR-derived structures could be refined using heteronuclear chemical shifts calculated by SHIFTX, their precision could approach that of the highest resolution X-ray structures. SHIFTX is freely available as a web server at http://redpoll.pharmacy.ualberta.ca.