不同灌水上限和施肥量对温室番茄产量与品质的影响

以番茄品种‘英石大红’为材料,在滴灌施肥种植条件下进行日光温室栽培试验;灌水上限设3个水平,即土壤相对含水量分别为田间最大持水量的70%(W₁)、80%(W₂)、90%(W₃),灌水下限统一设定为田间最大持水量的50%;N、P、K施肥设3个水平,分别为低肥F₁ ［N(228 kg/hm²)、P₂O₅(132 kg/hm²)、K₂O(300 kg/hm²)］、中肥F₂ ［N(285 kg/hm²)、P₂O₅(165 kg/hm²)、K₂O(375 kg/hm²)］和高肥F₃ ［N(342 kg/hm²)、P₂O₅(198 kg/hm²)、K₂O(450 kg/hm₂)］,以大水漫灌(8165 m³/hm²)、当地推荐施肥量(342 kg/hm² N、198 kg/hm² P₂O₅、450 kg/hm² K₂O) 组成共同水肥对照(CK),探讨不同灌水上限和施肥量处理组合对番茄产量、品质和干物质量的影响,以筛选日光温室栽培番茄的最佳灌水上限和施肥量组合。结果显示：(1)在水肥一体化条件下,番茄植株的地上部干鲜重、地下部干鲜重、根冠比除F₃W₁处理外均显著高于传统水肥CK。(2)番茄果实产量在不同灌溉上限和施肥量处理下表现各异,其中在F₂W₂处理下番茄果实单果重、经济产量、生物产量达到最高,且与CK差异显著。(3)在同一灌水上限条件下,在一定范围内增加施肥量可以显著提高番茄果实的可溶性糖、维生素C、可溶性蛋白、番茄红素含量,而番茄果实有机酸和硝酸盐含量随施肥量的增加而不断增加;在同一施肥量条件下,番茄果实有机酸含量随着灌水上限的上调而不断减少,而番茄果实硝酸盐含量却随着灌水上限的上调而不断增加。研究发现,在滴灌施肥条件下合理控制温室番茄的灌水量与施肥量能够显著增加番茄产量以及番茄果实中可溶性糖、维生素C、可溶性蛋白、番茄红素、有机酸等含量,降低硝酸盐含量,增加干物质积累量;在灌水上限为田间最大持水量的80%、灌水量为3 686.691 m³/hm²,施肥量为285 kg/hm² N、165 kg/hm² P₂O₅、375 kg/hm² K₂O是最佳水肥处理组合,且番茄产量可以比传统水肥处理显著增加15.03%,果实品质同时得到有效改善。     

Impacts of Yellow River Irrigation Practices on Trace Metals in Surface Water: A Case Study of the Henan-Liaocheng Irrigation Area,China

Large-scale irrigation practices may disturb local hydrologic cycles and distribute trace metals throughout the environment. Reported here is the spatial pattern of trace metals and associated health risks in an agricultural area of China, which has a long history of irrigation with water from the Yellow River. Multivariate statistical analyses and a risk-assessment model were employed to interpret the environmental data. It indicated that Zn, Se, B, Ba, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, V, Al, Li, Sr, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb were all detected in the surface waters. Compared to drinking water guidelines, the primary trace metal pollution components (Al, Fe, Se, B, Mn, and Zn) exceeded drinking water standards by 40.7%, 14.8%, 29.6%, 25.9%, 11.1%, and 14.8%, respectively. Except for one site that exhibited anomalous metal concentrations, landscape features of trace metals identified a uniform distribution of trace metals for all sample sites. The calculated mean value of Hazard Quotients (HQs) exceeded the USEPA's recommendations by a factor of 2.9 times the threshold value. Primary sources of trace metals were associated with natural deposition, industrial and agrochemical processes, and a mixed source of both geogenic and anthropogenic origins.     

Elucidating the Effects of Combined Treatments of Salicylic Acid and l-Proline on Greenhouse-Grown Cucumber Under Saline Drip Irrigation

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - Salinity is one of the major abiotic stress factors that threaten crop development and sustainable food production. As a mitigation strategy, several plant...     

Estimation of Agricultural Water Consumption from Meteorological and Yield Data: A Case Study of Hebei,North China

Over-exploitation of groundwater resources for irrigated grain production in Hebei province threatens national grain food security. The objective of this study was to quantify agricultural water consumption (AWC) and irrigation water consumption in this region. A methodology to estimate AWC was developed based on Penman-Monteith method using meteorological station data (1984–2008) and existing actual ET (2002–2008) data which estimated from MODIS satellite data through a remote sensing ET model. The validation of the model using the experimental plots (50 m²) data observed from the Luancheng Agro-ecosystem Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, showed the average deviation of the model was −3.7% for non-rainfed plots. The total AWC and irrigation water (mainly groundwater) consumption for Hebei province from 1984–2008 were then estimated as 864 km³ and 139 km³, respectively. In addition, we found the AWC has significantly increased during the past 25 years except for a few counties located in mountainous regions. Estimations of net groundwater consumption for grain food production within the plain area of Hebei province in the past 25 years accounted for 113 km³ which could cause average groundwater decrease of 7.4 m over the plain. The integration of meteorological and satellite data allows us to extend estimation of actual ET beyond the record available from satellite data, and the approach could be applicable in other regions globally where similar data are available.     

Assessment of the Industrial Tomato Processing Water Energy Nexus: A Case Study at a Processing Facility

Increased demand for water and energy and growing recognition of environmental issues motivate awareness of how these resources are used in industry. Industrial tomato processing consumes substantial quantities of both water and energy. To understand how these resources are used in tomato processing and what opportunities exist for improving efficiency, a water energy nexus (WEN) assessment was conducted that accounted for the various ways energy becomes embedded in water during processing by motors, pumps, fans, and boilers. The WEN assessment was conducted at an industrial tomato processing facility that processed 265 metric tonnes of fruit per hour to develop a map of water and associated energy use at each processing step. A total of 1.29 billion kilograms (kg) of water were used for the processing season, with 870 million kg routed to flumes. The analysis identified the thermal energy used to generate steam for the various heat exchangers and evaporators used during processing as the greatest source of embedded energy in process water (778,000 gigajoules per season). The electrical energy embedded in the process water totaled 4.4 million kilowatt‐hours per season, over 80% of which was attributed to pumping. Moreover, the data were used to identify opportunities to improve efficiency by adjusting water loads on equipment and developing strategies for water and energy conservation and recovery. The baseline water and energy use data provided by the WEN assessment can enable additional modeling to assess resource efficiency measures and the life cycle impact of processed tomato products.     

不同滴灌定额对春播裸燕麦氮磷钾质量分数及产量性状的影响

在大田条件下,采用随机区组设计,研究不同灌溉定额对春播裸燕麦不同生育时期氮磷钾质量分数以及产量性状的影响。结果表明, 裸燕麦高灌溉定额处理不同生育时期茎、叶和穗中氮磷钾的质量分数显著高于低灌溉定额(P<0.05)。滴灌灌溉定额为180 mm（W4处理）时不同生育时期各器官氮磷钾质量分数最高,其他处理由高到低依次为：W5、CK、W3、W2、W1;滴灌灌溉定额为60 mm（W1处理）不同生育时期各器官氮磷钾质量分数最低。滴灌灌溉定额为180 mm（W4处理）时籽粒产量最高（3 249.7 kg/hm）,比传统灌溉（CK处理）籽粒产量提高5.98%,比最低灌溉定额（W1处理）提高31.83%。说明适宜的滴灌灌溉定额一定程度上可以促进裸燕麦不同生育时期茎、叶和穗对氮、磷、钾的吸收,使得各器官养分的积累量增加,促使后期有更多养分向穗部转移,从而有利于燕麦籽粒产量的提高。     

CO2浓度倍增和UV-B辐射增强对冬季大棚番茄生长、果实品质和产量的影响

在CO2浓度倍增(700μmol.mol-1)条件下,对补充5个不同低剂量的UV-B辐射对大棚番茄幼苗的株高、茎粗、干重、鲜重,果实的紫外吸收物、可溶性糖、有机酸、Vc、番茄红素等含量,以及果实产量的影响进行了研究。结果表明,CO2倍增能够明显促进番茄幼苗的生长,提高了番茄果实的紫外吸收物、可溶性糖、有机酸、Vc、番茄红素等含量以及果实的产量。在CO2倍增条件下,补充低剂量UV-B辐射可以进一步促进番茄幼苗的生长,提高番茄果实的紫外吸收物、可溶性糖、有机酸、Vc、番茄红素等含量,说明在CO2倍增的条件下低剂量UV-B辐射对番茄的生长有促进效应,但对果实的产量影响不大。当UV-B的辐射剂量为1.163 kJ.m-2时,这种促进效应最明显,超过这一剂量时,UV-B辐射对番茄的促进效应开始减弱。     

Identification of Surface Water Quality along the Coast of Sanya,South China Sea

Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) are utilized to identify the effects caused by human activities on water quality along the coast of Sanya, South China Sea. PCA and CA identify the seasonality of water quality (dry and wet seasons) and polluted status (polluted area). The seasonality of water quality is related to climate change and Southeast monsoons. Spatial pattern is mainly related to anthropogenic activities (especially land input of pollutions). PCA reveals the characteristics underlying the generation of coastal water quality. The temporal and spatial variation of the trophic status along the coast of Sanya is governed by hydrodynamics and human activities. The results provide a novel typological understanding of seasonal trophic status in a shallow, tropical, open marine bay.     

水杨酸对不同灌水下限青花菜生理特性及产量品质的影响

以青花菜为试材,采用大田试验研究了0.15mmol/L水杨酸(SA)对不同灌水下限(75%、60%和45%土壤相对含水量)青花菜生理特性及产量品质的影响。结果显示:(1)随灌水下限的降低,青花菜叶片相对含水量、水势及叶绿素含量均呈下降趋势,而其叶片电解质渗透率以及游离脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白(Pr)含量逐渐升高;青花菜的花球重及维生素C含量(Vc)随灌水下限的降低而降低,相反硝酸盐含量及可溶性固形物含量随之升高。(2)叶面喷施0.15mmol/L SA显著提高了青花菜叶片相对含水量、水势、渗透调节物质含量、产量及品质,且降低了膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量,其中以45%灌水下限处理效果最为显著,60%灌水下限处理次之,75%灌水下限处理最小。研究认为,适宜浓度外源SA通过改善青花菜叶片水分生理状况,提高叶片渗透调节物质含量,降低质膜透性来增强其对干旱胁迫的抗性,且以60%灌水下限配合叶面喷施0.15mmol/L SA处理较佳。     

肥料类型对盐碱地蒙古黄芪生长与光合特征及药材产量和品质的影响

以一年生蒙古黄芪种苗为材料,在盐碱地探究二年生蒙古黄芪根系产量和药效成分对不同肥料(海藻酸水溶肥、腐殖酸水溶肥、微生物菌剂生物肥、复合肥和有机肥)的响应以及其光合生理机制,为盐碱地蒙古黄芪的推广种植提供参考.结果 显示:在盐碱地,微生物菌剂生物肥的施用对蒙古黄芪的抗逆性、光合作用效率、生长特性、根系产量及质量均无显著性...     

Feasibility, Yield, and Cost of Active Tuberculosis Case Finding Linked to a Mobile HIV Service in Cape Town, South Africa: A Cross-sectional Study

Background

The World Health Organization is currently developing guidelines on screening for tuberculosis disease to inform national screening strategies. This process is complicated by significant gaps in knowledge regarding mass screening. This study aimed to assess feasibility, uptake, yield, treatment outcomes, and costs of adding an active tuberculosis case-finding program to an existing mobile HIV testing service.

Methods and Findings

The study was conducted at a mobile HIV testing service operating in deprived communities in Cape Town, South Africa. All HIV-negative individuals with symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis, and all HIV-positive individuals regardless of symptoms were eligible for participation and referred for sputum induction. Samples were examined by microscopy and culture. Active tuberculosis case finding was conducted on 181 days at 58 different sites. Of the 6,309 adults who accessed the mobile clinic, 1,385 were eligible and 1,130 (81.6%) were enrolled. The prevalence of smear-positive tuberculosis was 2.2% (95% CI 1.1–4.0), 3.3% (95% CI 1.4–6.4), and 0.4% (95% CI 1.4 015–6.4) in HIV-negative individuals, individuals newly diagnosed with HIV, and known HIV, respectively. The corresponding prevalence of culture-positive tuberculosis was 5.3% (95% CI 3.5–7.7), 7.4% (95% CI 4.5–11.5), 4.3% (95% CI 2.3–7.4), respectively. Of the 56 new tuberculosis cases detected, 42 started tuberculosis treatment and 34 (81.0%) completed treatment. The cost of the intervention was US$1,117 per tuberculosis case detected and US$2,458 per tuberculosis case cured. The generalisability of the study is limited to similar settings with comparable levels of deprivation and TB and HIV prevalence.

Conclusions

Mobile active tuberculosis case finding in deprived populations with a high burden of HIV and tuberculosis is feasible, has a high uptake, yield, and treatment success. Further work is now required to examine cost-effectiveness and affordability and whether and how the same results may be achieved at scale.     

A Study of the Chromatiaceae in a Saline Meromictic Lake in Saskatchewan,Canada

Lamprocystis roseopersicina was found to be the dominant phototrophic bacterium in meromictic Deadmoose Lake. Using carbon-14 it was determined that phototrophic bacteria fixed 14.3 g C m⁻² year⁻¹, 17.1 % of the total limnetic primary production. Experiments indicated low light intensities (X = 8.87 × 10⁻² cal cm⁻²hr⁻¹) to be the most important factor limiting bacterial production. Lamprocystis was shown to be capable of photoorganoheterotrophic uptake of glucose.     

施钾量对设施基质栽培番茄生长生理及其产量和品质的影响

以番茄品种‘184’为材料,采用水肥一体化番茄设施基质栽培模式,以甘肃农业大学植物营养液配方C中钾肥为对照(T₁常规钾肥量),再在配方C中添加不同量钾肥组成T₂(钾肥增量25%)、T₃(钾肥增量50%)、T₄(钾肥增量75%)等处理,探究不同施钾量对设施基质栽培番茄生长、生理、产量及品质的影响,并筛选设施基质栽培条件下最佳施钾量。结果显示：(1)与常规施钾肥量(T₁)相比,增施钾肥处理(T₂-T₄)均可显著提高番茄株高、茎粗、根系活力,且T₃处理的各指标均最高,但增施钾肥对叶片数的影响不显著。(2)增施钾肥处理较T₁均能够显著提高番茄叶片光合色素含量,增强光合和荧光过程,进一步促进光能的吸收与转化,且T₃处理的增幅最高。(3)随着施钾量的升高,增施钾肥处理的番茄单果重、果实产量呈现不同程度的增长趋势,适量增施钾肥处理增幅均达到显著水平,并以T₃番茄产量最高,且较T₁显著增产20.87%。(4)与T₁相比,各施钾处理番茄果实硬度、可溶性总糖、Vc、可溶性蛋白、番茄红素含量等均有不同程度提升,各指标均随着施钾量增加呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,并在T₃处理下达到最优。(5)主成分分析表明,各处理的综合得分依次为T₃＞T₄＞T₂＞T₁。研究发现,在设施基质栽培条件下,适量增施钾肥能显著提高番茄植株光合作用效率,促进植株生长,达到提高果实产量和改善品质的目的,并以常规钾肥增量50%处理的效果最佳。     

不同灌溉方式对水稻产量与生理特性的影响

不同灌溉方式对水稻产量与生理特性的影响陈国林王人民王兆骞（浙江农业大学,杭州３１００２９）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＤｉｆｅｒｅｎｔＩｒｒｉｇａｔｉｏｎＰａｔｅｒｎｓｏｎｔｈｅＹｉｅｌｄａｎｄＰｈｙｓｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆＲｉｃ...     

CO2浓度倍增和UV-B辐射增强对冬季大棚番茄生长、果实品质和产量的影响

在CO₂浓度倍增(700μmol·mol^-1)条件下,对补充5个不同低剂量的UV-B辐射对大棚番茄幼苗的株高、茎粗、干重、鲜重,果实的紫外吸收物、可溶性糖、有机酸、Vc、番茄红素等含量,以及果实产量的影响进行了研究。结果表明,CO₂倍增能够明显促进番茄幼苗的生长,提高了番茄果实的紫外吸收物、可溶性糖、有机酸、Vc、番茄红素等含量以及果实的产量。在CO₂倍增条件下,补充低剂量UV-B辐射可以进一步促进番茄幼苗的生长,提高番茄果实的紫外吸收物、可溶性糖、有机酸、Vc、番茄红素等含量,说明在CO₂倍增的条件下低剂量UV-B辐射对番茄的生长有促进效应,但对果实的产量影响不大。当UV-B的辐射剂量为1.163kJ·m^-2时,这种促进效应最明显,超过这一剂量时,UV-B辐射对番茄的促进效应开始减弱。     

黄河水灌溉水稻根系及植株生态效应的研究

沿黄稻区是一个水稻新区 ,具有独特的生态类型。由于黄河水携带有大量泥沙并含有一定量的营养物质 ,使得在黄河水灌溉条件下水稻根系及植株的生育状况与井水灌溉有较大不同。从目前的报道来看 ,对井灌条件下水稻根系及根系对地上部发育的影响进行了较多研究 ,从不同角度探讨了水稻根系的发育规律及其对产量的影响。川田信一郎曾对不同水分条件下根的发育形态以及施用堆肥对水稻“浅层根”分布进行了研究[10 ],番场宏治研究了土壤水分条件对水稻根分布的影响[9],山崎耕宇研究了水稻根系的形成及其与产量的关系[8]。于贵瑞等研究了高产水稻群…     

Effects of Gastric Irrigation on Bacterial Counts before Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection: A Randomized Case Control Prospective Study

Objective

The antiseptic effect of gastric irrigation before endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has not yet been reported. The aim of the randomized prospective study is to evaluate the antiseptic effects of gastric irrigation of saline solution before ESD by evaluating bacterial count.

Methods

This prospective randomized controlled trial included 50 patients diagnosed with early gastric cancer who were randomly divided into 2 groups (25 patients in each group) by using the opaque envelope method: the clean group (irrigation with 2 L saline solution before ESD) and the regular group (no irrigation). The gastric juice was collected and cultured before ESD. The entire stomach was irrigated using a water jet attached to an endoscope. After ESD with resection and removal of the tumor specimen, a postoperative culture of the gastric juice was obtained using the same method as the preoperative culture.

Results

The mean log bacterial count of the post-gastric irrigation gastric juice was 5.08±0.75 in the regular group and 1.86±0.86 in the clean group. The difference in the bacterial counts was significant between the groups (P = 0.0004). The difference in the white blood cells (WBC) count on POD 1 was significant (P = 0.044). WBC count on POD 2 did not significantly differ between the groups (P = 0.3). The difference in the body temperature (BT) on POD 1 was significant (P = 0.017), On POD 2 the BT was not significant between the groups (P = 0.5). On POD 1, 88% of the patients in the regular group and 16% of the patients in the clean group had mild to moderate spontaneous pain (P = 0.0026). On POD 2 the proportion with mild to moderate spontaneous pain was 36% and 24% in the regular group and the clean group, respectively (P = 0.1).

Conclusion

Pre-ESD gastric irrigation with saline solution is effective and feasible for suppressing infection during the ESD procedure with favorable clinical outcomes.

Trial registration information

The university hospital medical information network (UMIN) #000008691.     

Interactive Effects of Elevated CO2 Concentration and Irrigation on Photosynthetic Parameters and Yield of Maize in Northeast China

Maize is one of the major cultivated crops of China, having a central role in ensuring the food security of the country. There has been a significant increase in studies of maize under interactive effects of elevated CO₂ concentration ([CO₂]) and other factors, yet the interactive effects of elevated [CO₂] and increasing precipitation on maize has remained unclear. In this study, a manipulative experiment in Jinzhou, Liaoning province, Northeast China was performed so as to obtain reliable results concerning the later effects. The Open Top Chambers (OTCs) experiment was designed to control contrasting [CO₂] i.e., 390, 450 and 550 µmol·mol⁻¹, and the experiment with 15% increasing precipitation levels was also set based on the average monthly precipitation of 5–9 month from 1981 to 2010 and controlled by irrigation. Thus, six treatments, i.e. C₅₅₀W_+15%, C₅₅₀W₀, C₄₅₀W_+15%, C₄₅₀W₀, C₃₉₀W_+15% and C₃₉₀W₀ were included in this study. The results showed that the irrigation under elevated [CO₂] levels increased the leaf net photosynthetic rate (P _n) and intercellular CO₂ concentration (C _i) of maize. Similarly, the stomatal conductance (G _s) and transpiration rate (T _r) decreased with elevated [CO₂], but irrigation have a positive effect on increased of them at each [CO₂] level, resulting in the water use efficiency (WUE) higher in natural precipitation treatment than irrigation treatment at elevated [CO₂] levels. Irradiance-response parameters, e.g., maximum net photosynthetic rate (P _nmax) and light saturation points (LSP) were increased under elevated [CO₂] and irrigation, and dark respiration (R _d) was increased as well. The growth characteristics, e.g., plant height, leaf area and aboveground biomass were enhanced, resulting in an improved of yield and ear characteristics except axle diameter. The study concluded by reporting that, future elevated [CO₂] may favor to maize when coupled with increasing amount of precipitation in Northeast China.     

Effects of Nitrogen, Plant Density, Moisture Stress and Artificial Inoculation with Macrophomina phaseolina on Charcoal Rot Incidence in Grain Sorghum

The occurrence of pythiaceous fungi in pot plant cultures grown in ebb and flow bench systems was investigated monthly from May to December, Phytophthora, Pythium and Saprolegnia (in all 351) were isolated from water samples and identified. Nearly all the isolates of Pythium produced zoospores in water. A pathogenicity test involving 15 isolates of Pythium“group P”, and 7 of Pythium“group F” showed that 73 % were pathogenic on cucumber, 66 % on Gerbera, 59 % on lettuce, 50 % on tomato, and 32 % on cress. Control of Pythium and Phytophthora is important in order to improve the health of plants grown in ebb and flow systems.