耳后头皮推进瓣急诊即刻修复创伤性耳郭部分缺损的临床效果观察

目的:探讨耳后头皮瓣急诊即刻修复耳郭部分缺损的可行性与临床效果。方法:对2013年1-12月来我院急诊的7例外伤后耳郭部分缺损的患者(均为男性,年龄22-50岁;其中右耳4例,左耳3例)采用耳后头皮推进瓣即刻修复,以耳郭缺损耳后皮肤及头皮皮肤做推进瓣,将断离的耳郭去皮保留软骨与耳郭断端软骨缝合形成软骨支架,推进皮瓣部分卷曲缝合形成耳轮结构修复耳郭缺损。结果:7例耳郭部分缺损均在急诊环境下即刻修复,耳郭大小和形态满意,颅耳角略变小,随访3~6月耳郭形态稳定。结论:耳后头皮推进瓣卷曲缝合可在急诊条件下即刻修复耳郭部分缺损,具有治疗周期短,一次达到较满意外形的优点,对于无条件行二期手术的患者具有较大意义,其远期效果尚有待进一步随访。     

Phylogenetic relationships of North American Antirrhinum (Veronicaceae)

Species of the genus Antirrhinum (Veronicaceae) provide excellent opportunities for research on plant evolution given their extensive morphological and ecological diversity. These opportunities are enhanced by genetic and developmental data from the model organism Antirrhinum majus. The genus Antirrhinum includes 15 New World species in section Saerorhinum and 21 Old World species in sections Antirrhinum and Orontium. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA were conducted for 19 Antirrhinum species, including all species from the New World, and 13 related genera in the tribe Antirrhineae. These analyses confirm the monophyly of Antirrhinum given the inclusion of the small genus Mohavea and exclusion of A. cyathiferum. The New World species, all of which are tetraploid, form a clade that is weakly supported as sister to the Old World sect. Orontium. The Old World species in sect. Antirrhinum form a well-supported clade that is sister to the remainder of the genus. In addition, both molecular and morphological data are used in the most comprehensive effort to date focused on recovering the phylogenetic relationships among the extremely diverse species in section Saerorhinum.     

Bony labyrinth morphometry reveals hidden diversity in lungless salamanders (Family Plethodontidae): Structural correlates of ecology,development, and vision in the inner ear

Lungless salamanders (Family Plethodontidae) form a highly speciose group that has undergone spectacular adaptive radiation to colonize a multitude of habitats. Substantial morphological variation in the otic region coupled with great ecological diversity within this clade make plethodontids an excellent model for exploring the ecomorphology of the amphibian ear. We examined the influence of habitat, development, and vision on inner ear morphology in 52 plethodontid species. We collected traditional and 3D geometric morphometric measurements to characterize variation in size and shape of the otic endocast and peripheral structures of the salamander ear. Phylogenetic comparative analyses demonstrate structural convergence in the inner ear across ecologically similar species. Species that dwell in spatially complex microhabitats exhibit robust, highly curved semicircular canals suggesting enhanced vestibular sense, whereas species with reduced visual systems demonstrate reduced canal curvature indicative of relaxed selection on the vestibulo‐ocular reflex. Cave specialists show parallel enlargement of auditory‐associated structures. The morphological correlates of ecology among diverse species reveal underlying evidence of habitat specialization in the inner ear and suggest that there exists physiological variation in the function of the salamander ear even in the apparent absence of selective pressures on the auditory system to support acoustic behavior.     

The middle ear of the skull of birds: the Pelecaniformes and Ciconiiformes

The anatomy of the middle ear region of the skull is described for the families of the Avian orders Pelecaniformes and Ciconiiformes. Emphasis is placed on the foramina and paths of the nerves and blood vessels. The morphology of the basicranium and quadrate is also discussed. Comparative analyses of the characters are used to assess taxonomic conclusions.
Extant Pelecaniformes consist of six families, four of which are monogenic: Phaethontidae, Pelecanidae, Anhingidae and Fregatidae; one is composed of two genera: Sulidae; and the last has three genera: Phalacrocoracidae. Several years ago a relationship was suggested which would ally the Phaethontidae and the Fregatidae. While these families share several non middle ear characters the anatomy of the middle ear is not compatible with any particular relationship. Indeed, several obvious differences are described. The data presented here are consistent with the idea that the Phaethontidae and the Fregatidae each form a separate group of Pelecaniform birds, with the rest of the families forming a third group. Several differences in the middle ear region of the species of Anhingidae suggest that the family may be composed of two genera.
While sharing many Ciconiiform characters the Ciconiidae have been shown not to be as closely related to the Ardeidae as they are to other families of Ciconiiformes. In addition, evidence is presented to support the recent idea that the three species of ibis (I. ibis, I. cinereus and I. leucocephalus ) be united within the genus Mycteria. Also supported is the notion that Balaeniceps is Pelecaniform in character, and not Ciconiiform.     

A histological method for the visualization of the intercellular permeability barrier in mammalian stratified squamous epithelia

Summary Mammalian epidermis and oral epithelia possess an intercellular permeability barrier which is located in the superficial region of the tissue. This study reports a staining reaction which appears to demonstrate a histological correlate of this functional property. Specimens of ear skin, palate, buccal and oesophageal mucosa and of cornea and bladder were obtained from adult rabbits and rats, bisected and either incubatedin vitro with 2.5% horseradish peroxidase as a tracer or fixed and processed for light microscopy and stained with a modification of Hart's elastin stain. Examination of specimens prepared by each procedure showed a complementary staining pattern in the intercellular spaces of the stratum corneum or in the superficial region of the non-keratinized tissue. In the epidermis and oral and oesophageal epithelia, the region which excluded the tracer stained with the modified elastin stain. In contrast, the corneal and bladder epithelia neither excluded the tracer nor showed intercellular staining. This relationship between staining of the intercellular space and the exclusion of tracer suggests that the intercellular material in the superficial region of epithelia may be chemically altered to form a barrier substance, possibly as the result of the discharge of the contents of the membrane-coating granules which are present in all the epithelia examined except the cornea and bladder.     

A missense mutation in PPARD causes a major QTL effect on ear size in pigs

Chinese Erhualian is the most prolific pig breed in the world. The breed exhibits exceptionally large and floppy ears. To identify genes underlying this typical feature, we previously performed a genome scan in a large scale White Duroc × Erhualian cross and mapped a major QTL for ear size to a 2-cM region on chromosome 7. We herein performed an identical-by-descent analysis that defined the QTL within a 750-kb region. Historically, the large-ear feature has been selected for the ancient sacrificial culture in Erhualian pigs. By using a selective sweep analysis, we then refined the critical region to a 630-kb interval containing 9 annotated genes. Four of the 9 genes are expressed in ear tissues of piglets. Of the 4 genes, PPARD stood out as the strongest candidate gene for its established role in skin homeostasis, cartilage development, and fat metabolism. No differential expression of PPARD was found in ear tissues at different growth stages between large-eared Erhualian and small-eared Duroc pigs. We further screened coding sequence variants in the PPARD gene and identified only one missense mutation (G32E) in a conserved functionally important domain. The protein-altering mutation showed perfect concordance (100%) with the QTL genotypes of all 19 founder animals segregating in the White Duroc × Erhualian cross and occurred at high frequencies exclusively in Chinese large-eared breeds. Moreover, the mutation is of functional significance; it mediates down-regulation of β-catenin and its target gene expression that is crucial for fat deposition in skin. Furthermore, the mutation was significantly associated with ear size across the experimental cross and diverse outbred populations. A worldwide survey of haplotype diversity revealed that the mutation event is of Chinese origin, likely after domestication. Taken together, we provide evidence that PPARD G32E is the variation underlying this major QTL.     

Circumauricular incision (water-drop shape) for mid- to lower face lift

The conventional method of mid- to lower face rhytidectomy that involves removing a strip of occipital scalp always creates a conspicuous transverse scar crossing the postauricular skin, which may leave a stair-step deformity at the occipital hairline. The author has designed a new face lift method using a circumauricular incision, shaped like a water droplet, that curves around the auricle. In this new method, the upper part of the "O" shape is modified to the tip of a water droplet. The dissection of the cheek and neck is performed as in the conventional method with light-retractor assistance. The temporal region above the deep temporal fascia is managed under endoscopic control. This dissection can extend to the forehead region lateral to the supraoptic nerve and around the lateral orbital rim to release the arcus marginalis. A mesentery of superficial temporal fascia is created cephalic to the zygomatic arch. The postauricular dissection is performed beneath the galea in the upper part and beneath the occipital scalp and neck skin in the lower area. The lifting vector is upward and backward for the anterior skin flap and upward for the posterior skin flap. The excess skin is trimmed around the ear. The wound at the upper pole of the incision is closed in a V-to-Y advancement fashion. The dog-ear is left above the normal hairline, and there is little or no hairy scalp to be removed. The skin pleating in the postauricular region will settle down spontaneously after several months. The dog-ear in the scalp will become smaller and flat as well. The scar around the ear is quite inconspicuous and well covered under the upper pole of the auricle. From the author's experience, the new "water drop" circumauricular incision is a good alternative for the mid- to lower face lift. It can also be used in conjunction with endoforehead lift for full-face rejuvenation.     

FGF5在青年羊驼背部和耳部皮肤中的表达和定位

羊驼是毛用型经济动物,其耳部和背部的毛发品质和生长周期存在差异. 据研究成纤维细胞生长因子5（fibroblast growth factor 5, FGF5）在多种哺乳动物中影响毛发长度. FGF5基因的突变导致小鼠、狗和猫隐性的长发表型,其也参与了家兔绒毛长度的变异. 本实验旨在研究FGF5在青年羊驼皮肤中的表达和定位,以及在羊驼背部和耳部皮肤中的差异比较,探讨其在羊驼毛发生长发育过程中的作用及其相关机制. 实验采用实时荧光定量PCR、Western印迹和免疫组织化学等技术,对FGF5在青年羊驼背部和耳部皮肤中的mRNA、蛋白表达水平和定位进行了研究. 实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,FGF5在青年羊驼耳部皮肤组织中相对基因表达量是羊驼背部皮肤组织的25265倍(P<001); Western印迹结果显示,羊驼皮肤组织粗蛋白提取物中存在与兔抗FGF5多克隆抗体发生免疫阳性反应的蛋白条带,羊驼耳部皮肤平均蛋白表达量显著高于背部;免疫组织化学结果显示,FGF5在羊驼皮肤的毛根鞘,毛母质细胞和毛髓质等部位均表达,根据光密度值得出,该蛋白在羊驼背部和耳部皮肤中的表达差异极显著（P<001）. 试验结果提示FGF5可能抑制了羊驼毛发的生长.     

Morphology of the inner ear of mammals in ontogeny

In both phylogenesis and ontogenesis, the inner ear is formed first as a core, which, phylogenetically, is the most ancient part of the peripheral region of the auditory system. Along with the development of the inner ear, other links of different evolutionary ages (the auricle is a phylogenetically young link) begin to form in the peripheral auditory system.     

Alternative PCR protocol using a single primer set for assessing DNA quality in several tissues from a large variety of mammalian species living in areas endemic for leishmaniasis

The aim of this work was to establish a modified pre-diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol using a single primer set that enables successful amplification of a highly conserved mammalian sequence in order to determine overall sample DNA quality for multiple mammalian species that inhabit areas endemic for leishmaniasis. The gene encoding interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), but not other conserved genes, was efficiently amplified in DNA samples from tail skin, ear skin, bone marrow, liver and spleen from all of the species tested. In tissue samples that were PCR-positive for Leishmania, we found that DNA from 100%, 55% and 22% of the samples tested resulted in a positive PCR reaction for the IRBP, beta-actin and beta-globin genes, respectively. Nucleotide sequencing of an IRBP amplicon resolved any questions regarding the taxonomical classification of a rodent, which was previously based simply on the morphological features of the animal. Therefore, PCR amplification and analysis of the IRBP amplicon are suitable for pre-diagnostically assessing DNA quality and identifying mammalian species living in areas endemic to leishmaniasis and other diseases.     

Biomechanical and neurophysiological studies on audition in eared and earless harlequin frogs (Atelopus)

Tissue displacement of various body surfaces and the auditory midbrain sensitivities to sound were measured in Atelopus species with or without a tympanic middle ear (“eared” and “earless”, respectively). Tissue displacement (vibration) of body regions was measured by laser Doppler vibrometer . The body wall directly overlying the lung is most dramatically displaced by sound pressure in all species tested. The otic (lateral head) region showed low displacement in earless species, but significant displacement to high-frequency sound in eared species. Peak tissue displacement of the body wall occurred within the frequency range of each species' advertisement vocalization. Peak tissue displacement of the otic region of the eared species also occurred within these frequencies. Multi-unit neurophysiological recordings of the auditory midbrain (torus semicircularis) also were obtained. Auditory sensitivity curves showed three distinct regions of sensitivity at low, middle, and high frequencies, the latter located within the frequency range of each species' advertisement vocalization. The correlation between auditory midbrain sensitivity and tissue displacement of the body wall region at advertisement vocalization frequencies, suggests that the body wall/lungs serve as the route of sound transfer to the inner ear in earless species and possibly in the eared species as well. Accepted: 4 April 1998     

KRT71决定羊驼毛弯曲度的形成

角蛋白71（Keratins 71,KRT71）属于人类Ⅱ型上皮角蛋白,是毛囊特异性的上皮角蛋白基因。相关研究表明,在其他物种中,KRT71与被毛卷曲相关,KRT71在卷曲的被毛形成过程中起着重要的作用。现眼观羊驼背部、耳部和腿部毛发的弯曲程度不同,但KRT71与其被毛的弯曲度是否相关尚不清楚。本研究利用PCR技术克隆KRT71基因全CDS区。通过实时荧光定量PCR技术检测基因的表达。免疫组化、Western 印迹对KRT71蛋白在羊驼背部、耳部和腿部皮肤组织中的表达量进行分析,以探讨KRT71与羊驼毛发弯曲度的关系。结果显示,羊驼的KRT71基因的CDS区共有1 578 bp,编码525个氨基酸;免疫组化结果显示,KRT71在羊驼的背部、耳部和腿部均有表达,并且主要特异性表达于毛囊的内根鞘;实时荧光定量PCR和Western印迹结果显示,KRT71的mRNA和蛋白量均呈现背部﹥腿部﹥耳部的趋势;相较于耳部,背部和腿部的表达量较高。实验结果提示,KRT71的表达量与毛纤维的弯曲度呈正相关,KRT71可能在羊驼毛纤维的弯曲度形成过程中发挥着一定的作用。     

Biodiversity of Fusarium species in Mexico associated with ear rot in maize, and their identification using a phylogenetic approach

Fusarium proliferatum, F. subglutinans, and F. verticillioides are known causes of ear and kernel rot in maize worldwide. In Mexico, only F. verticillioides and F. subglutinans, have been reported previously as causal agents of this disease. However, Fusarium isolates with different morphological characteristics to the species that are known to cause this disease were obtained in the Highland-Valley region of this country from symptomatic and symptomless ears of native and commercial maize genotypes. Moreover, while the morphological studies were not sufficient to identify the correct taxonomic position at the species level, analyses based in the Internal Transcribed Spacer region and the Nuclear Large Subunit Ribosomal partial sequences allowed for the identification of F. subglutinans, F. solani, and F. verticillioides, as well as four species (F. chlamydosporum, F. napiforme, F. poae, and F. pseudonygamai) that had not previously been reported to be associated with ear rot. In addition, F. napiforme and F. solani were absent from symptomless kernels. Phylogenetic analysis showed genetic changes in F. napiforme, and F. pseudonygamai isolates because they were not true clones, and probably constitute separate sibling species. The results of this study suggest that the biodiversity of Fusarium species involved in ear rot in Mexico is greater than that reported previously in other places in the world. This new knowledge will permit a better understanding of the relationship between all the species involved in ear rot disease and their relationship with maize.     

Determination of the labyrinth in different amphibian species and its correlation with determination of the other ectoderm derivatives

The process of labyrinth determination has been studied in three urodelean and seven anuran species by means of homoplastic transplantation of ear region epidermis, defined as the piece of epidermal layer containing the material of the prospective ear vesicle (labyrinth rudiment). The ear region epidermis was grafted onto the abdominal wall of embryos of the same developmental stage. The earliest stage of operation resulting in ectopic ear vesicle formation was determined, suggesting the appearance of organ-specific properties in the ear ectoderm. These properties were enhanced in the further course of development, as indicated by the frequency of ear vesicle formation and by the volume and degree of complexity that the vesicles reached. The data obtained allowed us to arrange the species studied in a sequence, ranging from most Ranidae and Bufo viridis, in which organ-specific properties appear earlier and are most strongly expressed, to Triturus vulgaris in which their expression is least pronounced. Comparison of properties of the material giving rise to the ear vesicle or to several other ectodermal derivatives led to the conclusion that species-specific differences in determination of different ectodermal rudiments are due to species specific properties of the whole ectoderm. These differences appear to be determined by an evolutionary shift of the beginning of gastrulation towards later cleavage cycles.Deceased in November 1993     

The water vascular system and functional morphology of Paleozoic asteroids

Asteroids of all geologic ages share a single basic body form, surficial skeletal arrangement, and aspects of water vascular construction. In almost all described Paleozoic species, however, either podial pores to the interior of the arm were lacking, or they are directed laterally, above the adambulacrals. They are internal and above the ambulacrals in known post-Paleozoic species and the Pennsylvanian Calliasterella. Certain features of the ambulacral skeletal arrangement also differ. Calliasterella is the closest known Paleozoic relative of post-Paleozoic asteroids. Classifications of asteroids that stress only overall form and surticial skeletal arrangement erroneously include Paleozoic and Holocene species in common ordinal or even lower level groupings. Taxonomic revision is premature: however, most known Paleozoic asteroids represent primitive lineages. Transitional forms allow reconstruction of events leading to the modern arrangement. Ampullar and skeletal arrangements of post-Paleozoic asteroids appear to offer some functional advantages over those of their precursors, but as early as the Ordovician, diverse feeding habits had evolved and ecological roles paralleled those of Holocene species.     

One hundred million years of skin feeding? Extended parental care in a Neotropical caecilian (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)

Maternal dermatophagy, the eating of maternal skin by offspring, is an unusual form of parental investment involving co-evolved specializations of both maternal skin and offspring dentition, which has been recently discovered in an African caecilian amphibian. Here we report the discovery of this form of parental care in a second, distantly related Neotropical species Siphonops annulatus, where it is characterized by the same syndrome of maternal and offspring specializations. The detailed similarities of skin feeding in different caecilian species provide strong evidence of its homology, implying its presence in the last common ancestor of these species. Biogeographic considerations, the separation of Africa and South American land masses and inferred timescales of amphibian diversification all suggest that skin feeding is an ancient form of parental care in caecilians, which has probably persisted in multiple lineages for more than 100 Myr. These inferences support the hypotheses that (i) maternal dermatophagy is widespread in oviparous direct-developing caecilians, and (ii) that viviparous caecilians that feed on the hypertrophied maternal oviduct evolved from skin-feeding ancestors. In addition to skin-feeding, young S. annulatus were observed to congregate around, and imbibe liquid exuded from, the maternal cloacal opening.     

Phyllotactic pattern is altered in the transition to flowering in the early ears of Zea mays landrace chapalote (Poaceae)

The origin of polystichy in the maize ear and central tassel spike continues to challenge our understanding of evolution in this important crop species. In this paper we tested the hypothesis that the change in phyllotaxy occurs in the region of husk leaf production before the transition to reproductive growth. Young ear or presumptive ear primordia were dissected to examine the transition from distichous husk leaves below the ear through spiral phyllotaxy to the polystichous arrangement of spikelet pair primordia in the young ear. Serial transverse sections were used to document the thickness of successive disks of insertion of lateral primordia and to reconstruct the path of procambial differentiation. The transition in phyllotaxy, though variable, typically occurs in the vegetative zone and is associated with periodic heterogeneity in the thickness of leaf bases and a delay in the development of waves of procambial differentiation into the base of the young ear.     

The tectorial membrane of the lizard ear: types of structure

This study is concerned with the forms of the tectorial membrane in the lizard ear and its manner of attachment to the ciliary tufts of the hair cells. These structures and their variations were observed in 20 species representing eight families of lizards. Three forms of tectorial membrane were found, a continuous form that extends throughout the length of the auditory papilla, an abbreviated form that reaches the papilla only in one region, and a dendritic form that is particularly narrow at first and then branches extensively to supply all the hair cells. Occasionally the lower edge of the tectorial membrane makes direct connections with the hair tufts. More often there are special connecting structures between the membrane and the hair tufts. Seven types of these structures were identified, as follows: (1) simple fibers, (2) open network, (3) heavy network, (4) fiber plate, (5) finger processes, (6) sallets, and (7) remote connections. These types of tectorial connections are described and illustrated.     

Convergence vs. Specialization in the ear region of moles (mammalia)

We investigated if and how the inner ear region undergoes similar adaptations in small, fossorial, insectivoran‐grade mammals, and found a variety of inner ear phenotypes. In our sample, afrotherian moles (Chrysochloridae) and the marsupial Notoryctes differ from most other burrowing mammals in their relatively short radii of semicircular canal curvature; chrysochlorids and fossorial talpids share a relatively long interampullar width. Chrysochlorids are unique in showing a highly coiled cochlea with nearly four turns. Extensive cochlear coiling may reflect their greater ecological dependence on low frequency auditory cues compared to talpids, tenrecids, and the marsupial Notoryctes. Correspondingly, the lack of such extensive coiling in the inner ear of other fossorial species may indicate a greater reliance on other senses to enable their fossorial lifestyle, such as tactile sensation from vibrissae and Eimer's organs. The reliance of chrysochlorids on sound is evident in the high degree of coiling and in the diversity of its mallear types, and may help explain the lack of any semiaquatic members of that group. The simplest mallear types among chrysochlorids are not present in the basal‐most members of that clade, but all extant chrysochlorids investigated to date exhibit extensive cochlear coiling. The chrysochlorid ear region thus exhibits mosaic evolution; our data suggest that extensive coiling evolved in chrysochlorids prior to and independently of diversification in middle ear ossicle size and shape. J. Morphol. 276:900–914, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.