小麦‘兰考矮早八’茎蘖分蘖节的内源激素差异及其密度调控效应

选用分蘖成穗率低的大穗型品种‘兰考矮早八’,研究主茎和两分蘖间分蘖节部位的激素差异与分蘖成穗的关系及其密度调控效应。结果表明,在分蘖两极分化过程中,不同茎蘖间分蘖节中IAA和zR含量及其IAA／ABA和z刚ABA比值为主茎〉分蘖Ⅰ〉分蘖Ⅱ,而ABA含量为分蘖Ⅱ〉分蘖Ⅰ〉主茎。ZR含量、ABA含量及其IAA／ABA和zR／ABA比值与分蘖成穗关系密切,较高的zR含量、IAA／ABA和zR／ABA比值以及较低削BA含量有利于分蘖成穗,反之则将导致分蘖衰亡。随种植密度增加和蘖位升高,激素含量及其平衡在分蘖与主茎间差距加大,分蘖弱势程度更突出,进而导致分蘖衰亡,且分蘖衰亡时间提前。     

种植密度对两种穗型小麦品种分蘖期茎蘖生理特性的影响

选用分蘖成穗率不同的2种穗型冬小麦品种,通过3个密度水平大田试验研究了分蘖期主茎和不同蘖位分蘖间的干物质积累与光合特性的差异,以探讨2种穗型品种分蘖成穗的生理机制.结果显示:(1)在冬小麦分蘖期间,分蘖成穗率低的大穗型品种'兰考矮早八'高位分蘖干物质积累速率较慢,分蘖与主茎的差距较大;而分蘖成穗率高的多穗型品种'豫麦49-198'分蘖与主茎的干物质积累速率差距较小.(2)2品种分蘖与主茎干物重比值(蘖/茎)均随着种植密度增加而降低,成穗分蘖的蘖/茎值拔节期均大于0.5,而同期未成穗分蘖均低于0.5.(3)在分蘖期间,'兰考矮早八'分蘖的净光合速率随生育进程增长比主茎缓慢,且随密度增加分蘖与主茎的差距进一步加大;'豫麦49-198'分蘖与主茎的光合速率差异较小,且种植密度对其影响也较小.(4)拔节中前期种植密度对2品种的荧光参数影响较小,拔节后期2品种分蘖的初始荧光(F0)均显著大于主茎,而PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)却显著低于主茎;随种植密度增加,2品种主茎与分蘖的F0和Fv/Fm差异增大,且这种趋势随蘖位上升表现得更加明显.研究表明,大穗型品种'兰考矮早八'拔节期主茎与分蘖间干物质积累和光合性能的差异过大是其分蘖成穗率低的主要原因.     

密穗型和散穗型粳稻品种品质特性比较

比较2个粳稻密穗型和散穗型品种(系)品质结果表明,穗型间和穗型内品质存在较大差异,2个密穗型品种(系)平均垩白特性不及2个散穗型品种.密穗型新品系EA6垩白粒率较相同穗型品种秀水63低约1/2,与散穗型品种秀水11相仿,较散穗型品种越光高约1倍;垩白度较秀水63和秀水11低约1/2,较越光高1倍多.调查穗部不同部位籽粒垩白表明,穗基部籽粒垩白对品种总垩白影响最大,而这种影响密穗型更大于散穗型.4个品种饭香味相仿,光泽、软度、粘度、食味和冷饭软度等指标EA6显著或极显著优于秀水11,秀水63不及秀水11;EA6多数指标接近越光.表明密穗型品种经改良其品质有可能达到甚至超过散穗型品种.     

直立穗型粳稻品种农艺特性及育种研究进展

本文综述了国内外有关直立穗型粳稻品种的研究现状和进展,并分析了直立穗型粳稻品种存在的优缺点。直立穗型粳稻品种具有产量潜力大、抗逆性强等优点,目前在国内推广面积呈快速增大趋势,对直立穗型粳稻品种的产量生理和优质栽培技术值得进一步研究。     

两种穗型冬小麦籽粒淀粉积累动态及其有关酶活性变化

花后25d内,大穗型品种豫麦66籽粒中淀粉积累比多穗型品种豫麦49慢,但花后25d后情况则相反。2个品种籽粒中淀粉积累速率的变化均呈单峰曲线,豫麦49峰值出现在花后15～20d,而豫麦66峰值则出现在花后20～25d。灌浆期豫麦66和豫麦49籽粒中蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性变化呈单峰曲线,峰值分别出现在花后20d和15d,整个灌浆期内豫麦66籽粒中SS活性高于豫麦49;2个品种籽粒中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPP)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性变化均呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在花后20d,而可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)活性变化则呈双峰曲线,峰值分别出现在花后10d和20d,且第二个峰值显著高于第一个。相关分析表明,SS、AGPP、SSS和SBE是影响小麦籽粒淀粉积累的关键酶。     

水稻穗型与抗倒伏性关系的初步分析

理论分析和物理模拟测定的结果表明,穗型通过使茎秆弯曲的力矩-弯矩和重心高度影响抗倒伏性:弯矩增大和重心升高,抗倒伏性降低;反之,则抗倒伏性升高.弯矩随颈穗弯曲度变化的幅度明显大于重心,因此,弯曲穗型弯矩增加的幅度大而重心降低的幅度小,对抗倒伏性的影响明显大于直立穗型,这可能是北方粳稻直立穗型品种一般抗倒伏性较强的力学基础.     

大穗型小麦产量形成过程中光合特性的动态变化

在大田条件下,对8个大穗型小麦新品系和多穗型品种西农979(对照)的产量性状以及不同生育期叶片光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素含量(Chl)和叶面积指数(LAI)进行研究.结果表明：除单位面积穗数低于对照外,8个新品系的穗粒数、穗粒重和千粒重均显著高于对照,大穗型小麦新品系2036、2037、2038、2039和2040的产量显著高于对照;8个新品系的平均光合速率(P_n)与对照差异不显著,而PSⅡ最大光能转换效率、PSⅡ实际量子效率、光化学猝灭系数和PSⅡ反应中心活性均高于对照;品系2037、2040、2039、2038和2036的Chl比对照分别提高17.5%、19.1%、15.3%、13.9%和7.9%;大穗型小麦品系的LAI明显高于对照,且在生育后期下降缓慢.     

大穗型小麦产量形成过程中光合特性的动态变化

在大田条件下,对8个大穗型小麦新品系和多穗型品种西农979(对照)的产量性状以及不同生育期叶片光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素含量(Chl)和叶面积指数(LAI)进行研究.结果表明:除单位面积穗数低于对照外,8个新品系的穗粒数、穗粒重和千粒重均显著高于对照,大穗型小麦新品系2036、2037、2038、2039和2040的产量显著高于对照;8个新品系的平均光合速率(Pn)与对照差异不显著,而PSⅡ最大光能转换效率、PSⅡ实际量子效率、光化学猝灭系数和PSⅡ反应中心活性均高于对照;品系2037、2040、2039、2038和2036的Chl比对照分别提高17.5％、19.1％、15.3％、13.9％和7.9％;大穗型小麦品系的LAI明显高于对照,且在生育后期下降缓慢.     

小量播种条件下冬小麦的产量效应

2001～2003年在北京进行了2个年度的秋播,研究冬小麦在小量播种条件下的产量效应．结果表明,在22．5kg·hm^-2播量处理中,DS1号和临抗1号的平均最高产量分别达6836．25和7353．75kg·hm^-2,在一些重复小区中,产量超过7500kg·hm^-2,小量播种试验中,参试品种有正常的生育表现．麦苗的总糖、脯氨酸、赖氨酸含量较高,单株分蘖能力强．旗叶净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔阻力、CO2传导度和叶肉细胞CO2浓度表明植株的生理功能较旺盛．硝酸还原酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性较高,表明植株代谢活性较强．在产量结构中,单株穗数多．在小量播种生产中,品种选择是前提,播量确定是关键。     

两种类型小麦品种分蘖成穗对群体环境的响应与调控

为探讨不同类型小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种分蘖成穗特性及对群体环境的响应, 寻求合理播种方式的调控参数, 在大田试验条件下, 对两类品种单株稀植与不同播种方式所构成的不同群体进行了对比研究。结果表明, 单株稀植时, 两类品种均具有较高的分蘖潜力, 中多穗型品种‘济麦20’和‘鲁麦14’单株平均成穗数为40.58和44.34个, 大穗型品种‘山农8355’和‘兰考矮早八’为24.33和23.20个, 成穗率存在着显著的基因型差异; 进入不同播种方式的群体环境后, 中多穗型品种每株平均成穗数降至3.37和3.85个, 降低率分别为91.70%和91.32%, 大穗型品种每株成穗1.82和1.36个, 分别降低92.52%和94.14%; 证明群体环境对分蘖成穗的影响比遗传因素更强烈, 且大穗型品种分蘖成穗特性对群体环境的响应较中多穗型敏感。播种方式可有效地调控群体结构, 条播的经济产量显著高于撒播, 条播行距配置对产量的影响因品种类型而异; 中多穗型行距在23.4-23.9 cm、大穗型在16.5-16.9 cm时产量最高; 撒播和窄行条播可有效地增加单位面积穗数, 提高挑旗和灌浆中期群体中、上层的光截获率, 而千粒重和穗粒数却随之降低。播种方式对挑旗后群体内部CO₂浓度有微弱的影响。     

冬小麦拔节期不同茎蘖对低温胁迫的反应及抗冻性评价

以小麦济南17和山农8355为材料,在低温胁迫条件下,测定了不同茎蘖功能叶和叶鞘超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性蛋白含量,并利用主成分分析、聚类分析对其抗冻性进行综合评价.结果表明： 低温胁迫条件下,小麦拔节期不同茎蘖功能叶和叶鞘中SOD、POD和CAT活性均不同程度地上升,MDA和可溶性蛋白含量则不同程度地上升或下降.利用主成分分析和聚类分析,将济南17不同茎蘖分为3类：主茎和一级分蘖Ⅰ、Ⅱ属强抗冻蘖组,一级分蘖Ⅲ、Ⅳ和二级分蘖Ⅰp属中度抗冻蘖组,二级分蘖Ⅱp属弱抗冻蘖组;将山农8355不同茎蘖分为3类：主茎和一级分蘖Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ属强抗冻蘖组,一级分蘖Ⅳ和二级分蘖Ⅰp属中度抗冻蘖组,二级分蘖Ⅱp属弱抗冻蘖组.表明冬小麦拔节期不同茎蘖存在抗冻性差异,且低位蘖较高位蘖抗冻.
     

Tolerance and compensatory response of rice to sugarcane borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) injury

A 3-yr field experiment was conducted to evaluate the tolerance and compensatory response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to injury caused by sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), as affected by cultivar (Cocodrie, Francis, and Jefferson), stage of crop growth during which the injury occurred (third tiller stage, panicle differentiation stage, and heading stage), and sugarcane borer density. The proportion of rice tillers with sugarcane borer injury (leaf and leaf sheath injury and/or stem injury) was lower when injury occurred at the third tiller stage (0.05) than at panicle differentiation (0.19) and heading (0.18). When injury occurred at the two latter stages, both the proportion of tillers with injury and the proportion of tillers with stem injury were negatively correlated with rainfall. Rainfall resulted in dislodgement and mortality of sugarcane borer eggs and larvae before the larvae entered the stems. Rice plant density in this study (111.1 plants/m2) was higher than recorded for previous research on rice compensation using potted rice or conducted in low-density hill production systems (26.7-51.3 plants/m2). Two mechanisms of within-plant tolerance/compensation were observed. Stem injured plants produced approximately 0.69 more tillers than uninjured plants, whereas tillers with leaf and leaf sheath injury produced larger panicles, up to 39.5 and 21.0% heavier than uninjured tillers, when injury occurred at third tiller stage and at panicle differentiation, respectively. Rice yield was not reduced with up to 23% injured tiller and up to 10% injured stems at the third tiller stage, 42% injured tillers and 17% injured stems at panicle differentiation, and 28% injured tillers and 14% injured stems at heading. Significant between-plant compensation was not detected, suggesting competition between adjacent plants is not significantly reduced by injury. Our results suggest that rice can tolerate and/or compensate for a level of stem borer injury previously considered to be economically damaging.     

Hormonal regulation of tiller dynamics in differentially-tillering rice cultivars

Tiller number can contribute significantly to yield potential of rice, but little knowledge is available on hormonal regulation of tillering and tiller dynamics. In the present study, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), kinetin (6-furfuryl amino purine) and Gibberellic acid (GA₃) treatments have been applied at the early tillering stage to two rice cultivars that contrast for tiller number. The responses of the hormones were studied on growth, development, grain yield, senescence patterns, assimilate concentration of the panicle and ethylene production in different classes of tillers. The leaf area, panicle grain number, fertility percentage and grain yield of tillers were higher in the low-tillering cultivar than that of high-tillering cultivar; the treatment of kinetin was more effective in the latter than in the former. High ethylene production was responsible for reduction of growth duration and grain yield of the tillers. Kinetin application reduced ethylene production of the late-tillers significantly for the benefit of grain yield.     

Leaf and Tiller Production of Prairie Grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth) and Two Ryegrass (Lolium) Species

A detailed morphological study of three prairie grass cultivars(Bromus willdenowii Kunth) was conducted under ‘vegetative’and ‘reproductive’ growth conditions (short andlong photoperiods) and at different temperatures. Perennialryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and Westerwolds ryegrass (Loliummuhiflorum Lam.) were compared during vegetative growth. Prairie grass had higher leaf appearance rates (leaves per tillerper day) and lower site filling (tillers per tiller per leafappearance interval) than the ryegrass species. Tillering rates(tillers per tiller per day) were also lower, except under vegetativeconditions at 4C. Low tiller number in prairie grass was notdue to lack of tiller sites but a result of poor filling ofthese sites. Lower site filling occurred because of increaseddelays in appearance of the youngest axillary tiller and lackof axillary tillers emerging from basal tiller buds. In prairiegrass, no tillers came from coleoptile buds while only occasionallydid prophyll buds develop tillers. Low tiller number in prairiegrass was compensated for by greater tiller weight. Prairiegrass had more live leaves per tiller, greater area per leafand a high leaf area per plant. Considerable variation between cultivars was found in prairiegrass. The cultivar ‘Bellegarde’ had high leaf appearance,large leaves and rapid reproductive development, but had lowlevels of site filling, tillering rate, final tiller numberand herbage quality during reproductive growth. ‘Primabel’tended to have the opposite levels for these parameters, while‘Grasslands Matua’ was intermediate and possiblyprovided the best balance of all plant parameters. prairie grass, Bromus willdenowii Kunth, perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., Westerwolds ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lam., temperature, photoperiod, leaf appearance, leaf area, tillering, site filling, tillering sites, yield     

两个特用稻的营养供应水平与~(32)P、~(14)C分布和谷产量的关系

香稻(竹香粘)的分蘖数多,其分蘖期根系吸收~(32)P和~(32)P分布到分蘖,以高、中肥和高N,高K肥处理的为高;~(14)C-葡萄糖同化物分布在分蘖比黑米稻(黑优粘)和常规稻“双桂36”的高,但灌浆期和黄熟期~(14)C分布在稻穗较少.低肥处理的稻谷产量较高.而在高、中肥条件下结实率降低,实粒数减少,成穗率稍低,谷产量也比“黑优粘”和“双桂36”低. “黑优粘”在高肥、高N条件下的分蘖多,成穗率高、结实粒数也较多,稻谷产量比“竹香粘”高,在高、中肥、高 N高 P条件下,~(32)P分布于分蘖多,分蘖的~(14)C分布则以高 N,高 K肥条件下的多;开花和灌浆用稻穗的~(14)C分布皆以高 K肥水平的为高。“黑优粘”是耐肥和需钾肥品种,高肥、高K可提高其稻谷产量,但仍比“双桂36”低.     

Carbon import among vegetative tillers within two bunchgrasses: assessment with carbon-11 labelling

Summary Carbon allocation among bunchgrass tillers was examined with carbon-11 (¹¹CO₂) steady state labelling. Labelled carbon was continuously transported from parent tillers to anatomically attached daughter tillers at a time when morphological characteristics indicated that tiller maturation had occurred. Steady state levels of import into monitored daughter tillers increased within 30 min of either defoliation or shading. Import levels decreased within 30 min of the removal of shading, but remained accelerated throughout an 84 h observation period following defoliation. A second defoliation further increased carbon import into a monitored tiller above the previously accelerated level resulting from the initial defoliation. Carbon import by vegetative tillers in the two bunchgrass species examined may be most appropriately viewed as a series of potentially accelerated import levels above a low level of continuous import.     

松嫩平原碱化草甸星星草种群分蘖株延长生殖生长的表型可塑性调节

在松嫩平原碱化草甸,采用大样本随机取样的方法,研究了不同时间到达抽穗初期、抽穗期、开花期和乳熟期的星星草种群生殖分蘖株数量性状的可塑性及其调节规律.结果表明：除在开花期存在一定的波动外,在每5 d的时间里,随着生殖生长时间的延长, 星星草种群在抽穗初期、抽穗期和乳熟期的生殖分蘖株高、分蘖株生物量、花序长和花序生物量均依次显著增加.各生育期的星星草种群生殖分蘖株高与花序生物量呈显著正相关,而与生殖分配呈显著负相关.随着生殖生长时间的延长,抽穗初期、开花期和乳熟期的星星草花序生物量随着分蘖株高增加,其幂函数的增长速率均呈增大趋势.生殖生长时间延长10 d,其抽穗初期和抽穗期的生殖分配直线下降速率分别降低了43.2%和44.31%;延长5 d,乳熟期的下降速率降低了130%.表明星星草种群分蘖株生殖生长的表型可塑性调节遵循着一定的规律.     

冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)分蘖冗余生态学意义以及减少冗余对水分利用效率的影响

通过盆栽试验,以旱作冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)为材料,分别在拔节和抽穗期对分蘖进行人工干扰,来模拟不可预测的自然干扰,对冬小麦分蘖冗余的生态学意义以及减少这些冗余对水分利用效率影响进行研究.设置3个处理:从拔节期开始剪去所有小的分蘖,仅保留主茎和一个大的分蘖(A);在拔节期剪去主茎和两个大的分蘖,保留所有小的分蘖(B);在孕穗期剪去主茎和有效分蘖,保留无效分蘖(C).没有被干扰的植物作为对照(CK).通过花期测定叶片的叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、气孔导度和蒸腾速率等生理指标来评价植物的生理与生化活性.结果显示,在拔节期和抽穗期去除主茎和大蘖后,无效分蘖的生理活性被激活,开始执行有效分蘖的功能.到花期时,这些无效分蘖已经在生理活性上满足了补充和替代有效茎的要求.虽然株高和穗的整齐度、穗数和产量显著下降,但并没有防碍小麦的繁衍子代,因此,正是这些由早期"无效分蘖"补充而来的有效茎,避免了小麦绝种的风险.而在拔节期去除无效分蘖后,对小麦产量没有显著影响,但提高了水分利用效率,和对照相比水分利用效率提高了10%.因此,可以认为小麦在分蘖上存在着对水分利用不利的生长冗余,减少这些冗余有望节约用水、提高作物的水分利用效率.     

半湿润地区氮磷钾配施对强筋小麦功能叶光合速率的影响

选用优质强筋小麦品种陕253为材料,研究了不同氮磷钾肥水平及组合对小麦生育后期主茎、主茎分蘖Ⅰ和主茎分蘖Ⅱ功能叶净光合速率的影响,结果表明:在不同的NPK肥配比处理中,功能叶净光合速率在蘖位、叶位间差异均极其显著,不同生育期间存在明显差异,具体表现为:孕穗期高于灌浆期,主茎>主茎分蘖Ⅰ>主茎分蘖Ⅱ,旗叶高于倒二叶.孕穗期以N225P120K120处理对茎蘖功能叶光合速率影响最为明显,分别比CK1和CK2增加20.41%和25.76%;灌浆期以N135P225K120处理对茎蘖旗叶净光合速率作用显著,分别比CK1和CK2增加43.48%和10.83%.研究发现,在一定磷钾肥基础上通过调节氮肥可以调节孕穗期茎蘖功能叶净叶光合速率,提高钾肥用量有利于提高灌浆期各茎蘖功能叶的净光合速率.