趋化因子的研究进展

趋化因子家族分为4类（CXC、CC、C和CX3C）,估计有40～50种人类趋化因子.趋化因子及其受体的基因定位、结构和功能已逐渐阐明.它们在正常和非正常生理状态下起着重要的作用.     

vMIP-Ⅱ--一种广谱的趋化因子受体拮抗蛋白

人疱疹病毒8型编码的一种趋化因子类似物(vMIP-Ⅱ)能与大量CC类和CXC类细胞因子受体高度亲和性结合,通过拮抗Ca^2 短暂迅速内流引起的信号传导,阻断趋化因子受体的趋化作用。vMiP-Ⅱ对趋化因子受体的广谱拮抗能力为开发广谱的抗人类免疫缺陷病毒药物、在非全身免疫抑制条件下治疗移植免疫排斥反应以及治疗其他炎性疾病引入了新的途径。     

趋化因子CXCL13及其受体CXCR5研究进展

趋化因子及其受体是免疫系统的重要组成部分,通过它们之间的信号传导,使得免疫系统正常运作。根据其结构特征,趋化因子及其受体被分为C、CC、CXC、CX3C四个家族,本文将介绍近两年对CXC家族的趋化因子CXCL13的结构特征、表达调控、与细胞因子家族其它成员之间的相互作用,以及它与相应的配体CXCR5结合后所介导的生理和病理作用等方面研究的一些进展,为今后的研究工作提供帮助。     

CCL27及其受体在抗病毒免疫中的作用

趋化因子是一类结构相关、对白细胞具有趋化活性、相对分子质量为(8～10)×103的小分子蛋白质,在炎症和免疫反应中可诱导白细胞和淋巴细胞迁移.CCL27是一种CC型趋化因子,其配体为CCR10.CCL27与接触性软疣病毒编码产生的蛋白质MC148有较高的同源性,但却与人疱疹病毒8型编码产生病毒巨噬细胞炎症蛋白-Ⅱ竞争结合受体CCR10.     

新发现的CXCL16趋化因子及其受体

一种新的免疫系统分子——由入侵部位的防御性免疫细胞产生的趋化因子CXCLl6。这是迄今为止所发现的第二种可以膜结合方式合成的趋化因子。它属于CXC家族,同时具有CC家族和Cx3C家族(如Fractalkine)趋化因子的特征,它包含跨膜区和粘蛋白(mucin)样结构,以膜结合型和分泌型两种形式存在,主要表达于APC表面。其受体为BONZ0／CXCR6／STRL33／TYMSR的“孤儿受体”,该受体也是SIV／HIV的辅助受体,主要表达于Thl细胞、NK细胞和激活的CD8^ T细胞。CXCL16／BONZ0可能在效应T细胞的迁移、APC和CD8T细胞的相互作用、细胞免疫应答和炎症反应以及胸腺细胞的发育中发挥十分重要的作用。     

新型趋化因子CXCL17

趋化因子是一类具有趋化作用的细胞因子。CXCL17是2006年发现的CXC族趋化因子中的一个新成员。该因子有明显的促血管生成作用,由此可促进多种肿瘤的生长;然而在胰腺肿瘤中却通过抗肿瘤免疫等作用而抑制肿瘤的发生。除了在血管生成和肿瘤发生中的作用外,CXCL17还有抗菌抗炎作用,且在粘膜中有恒定表达,推测其在维持粘膜的无菌性中起一定作用。CXCL17如此多样的功能日益引起了人们的关注。本文介绍有关CXCL17的最新研究进展。     

CC趋化因子与心肌梗死的研究进展

CC类趋化因子亚家族是趋化因子家族中成员最多、研究最广泛的一大类细胞因子,其主要功能是参与炎症细胞激活、迁移、黏附等病理生理过程.大量研究表明,CC类趋化因子亚家族成员参与了心肌梗死后病理过程的各个阶段.其中研究最为深入的是单核细胞趋化蛋白1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,MCP-1)及其受体CC趋化因子受体2 (CC chemokine receptor 2,CCR2). MCP-1和CCR2在心肌梗死后炎症期、增殖期及疤痕愈合期都发挥了重要作用从而影响梗死后心室重构.近年来,CC类趋化因子亚家族其他成员亦被逐渐揭示参与了心肌梗死的发展.本文结合以往大量文献,就CC类趋化因子亚家族在心肌梗死各个阶段中的作用,尤其是梗死后各期对于心室重构的影响进行综述,以期为今后的CC趋化因子研究提供方向,为相关疾病的预防和治疗研究提示潜在的药物靶点.     

CCR-3是嗜酸粒细胞的主要趋化因子受体

ＣＣＲ３是嗜酸粒细胞的主要趋化因子受体趋化因子是一类对白细胞的趋化、脱颗粒及整合素介导的活化等均有广泛作用的细胞因子。目前发现的趋化因子已达近二十种,根据其分子的氨基酸组成特征可分为三个亚族：ＣＸＣ亚族、ＣＣ亚族及Ｃ亚族,趋化因子受体也相应分为ＣＸ...     

趋化因子及趋化因子受体在急性胰腺炎中的研究进展

普遍认为,急性胰腺炎起始于腺泡细胞内的胰蛋白酶原激活,随后引起的炎症反应加剧病情,也是多器官功能衰竭的主要原因。然而,最新的研究表明,急性胰腺炎引起的炎症反应是不依赖于胰蛋白酶原激活的独立病理过程。趋化因子作为能引起细胞趋化的细胞因子,通过与趋化因子受体作用,不但能调控淋巴细胞的生长、成熟和迁移,也参与多种炎症疾病与癌症的病理过程。近年来,多项研究已经阐述趋化因子及趋化因子受体在急性胰腺炎的发病发展过程中起到至关重要的作用。本文总结了CC,CXC和CX3C趋化因子家族成员在参与急性胰腺炎的炎症反应及对胰腺损伤的修复的研究进展,这将为AP临床治疗方案的设计提供新思路。     

CC类趋化因子亚家族与心肌梗死的研究进展

CC类趋化因子亚家族是趋化因子家族中成员最多、研究最广泛的一大类细胞因子,其主要功能参与炎症细胞激活、迁移、粘附等病理生理过程。大量研究表明,CC类趋化因子亚家族成员参与了心肌梗死后病理过程的各个阶段。其中研究最为深入的为单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,MCP-1）及其受体CC趋化因子受体2（CC chemokine receptor 2,CCR2）,在心肌梗死后炎症期、增殖期及疤痕愈合期都发挥了重要作用从而影响梗死后心室重构。近年来,CC类趋化因子亚家族其他成员亦被逐渐揭示参与了心肌梗死的发展。本文结合以往大量文献将对CC类趋化因子亚家族在心肌梗死各个阶段中尤其是梗死后各期对于心室重构的影响进行综述,以期为今后的实验研究提供方向及疾病的预防和治疗提供药物靶点。     

Intracellular signalling pathways induced by chemokines in natural killer cells.

Chemokines are small peptides involved in the recruitment of various cell types into inflammatory sites. They are divided into four sub-families depending on the presence of amino acids separating the cysteine residues in their N-terminal region. These are the alpha (CXC), beta (CC), gamma (C) and delta (CX)C) chemokines. In addition, five CXC chemokine (CXCR1-5), nine CC chemokine (CCR1-9), one C chemokine (XCR1) and one C-X3C chemokine (CX3CR1) receptors have been identified. These receptors belong to the seven transmembrane spanning domain family, and are coupled to the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding (G) proteins. Chemokines activate various immune cells, and in particular the anti-viral/anti-tumour effectors, the natural killer (NK) cells by activating members of the heterotrimeric G proteins. The importance of the family of chemokines is highlighted by the ability of its members to inhibit the replication of HIV-1 strains in CD4+ cells, where chemokine receptors act as HIV-1 co-receptors. This review discusses the intracellular signalling pathways induced by chemokines in NK and other cell types, and the relationships to HIV-1 signalling in these cells.     

Isolation of ALP, a novel divergent murine CC chemokine with a unique carboxy terminal extension.

Chemokines are a family of related proteins that regulate leukocyte infiltration into inflamed tissue and play important roles in many disease processes. Chemokines are divided into two major groups, CC or CXC, based on their sequence around the amino terminal cysteines. We report here, the isolation of a novel murine CC chemokine termed ALP for its amino terminal peptide sequence. This novel chemokine is distantly related to other CC chemokines (37% identity with murine Exodus-1/LARC/Mip-3alpha), but has a unique carboxy terminal extension. It is expressed preferentially in testis, heart, and liver, which is atypical for CC chemokines.     

Cloning of BRAK, a novel divergent CXC chemokine preferentially expressed in normal versus malignant cells

Chemokines are a family of related proteins that regulate leukocyte infiltration into inflamed tissue and play important roles in many disease processes. Chemokines are divided into two major groups, CC or CXC, based on their sequence around the amino terminal cysteines. We report the PCR cloning of a novel human chemokine termed BRAK for its initial isolation from breast and kidney cells. This novel chemokine is distantly related to other CXC chemokines (30% identity with MIP-2alpha and beta) and shares several biological activities. BRAK is expressed ubiquitously and highly in normal tissue. However, it was expressed in only 2 of 18 cancer cell lines. BRAK is located on human chromosome 5q31.     

Chemokines as mediators of tumor angiogenesis and neovascularization

Chemokines are a superfamily of structurally homologous heparin-binding proteins that influence tumor growth and metastasis. Several members of the CXC and CC chemokine families are potent inducers of neovascularization, whereas a subset of the CXC chemokines are potent inhibitors. In this paper, we review the current literature regarding the role of chemokines as mediators of tumor angiogenesis and neovascularization.     

Differential expression and polarized secretion of CXC and CC chemokines by human intestinal epithelial cancer cell lines in response to Clostridium difficile toxin A

Intestinal epithelial cells are the initial sites of host response to Clostridium difficile infection and can play a role in signaling the influx of inflammatory cells. To further explore this role, the regulated expression and polarized secretion of CXC and CC chemokines by human intestinal epithelial cells were investigated. An expression of the CXC chemokines, including IL-8 and growth-related oncogene (GRO)-alpha, and the CC chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 from HT-29 cells increased in the 1-6 hr following C. difficile toxin A stimulation, assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. In contrast, the expression of neutrophil activating protein-78 (ENA-78) was delayed for 18 hr. The up-regulated mRNA expression of chemokines was paralleled by the increase of protein levels. However, the expression of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cells expressed and secreted), and interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) was not changed in HT-29 or Caco-2 cells stimulated with toxin A. Upon stimulation of the polarized Caco-2 epithelial cells in a transwell chamber with toxin A, CXC and CC chemokines were released predominantly into the basolateral compartment. Moreover, the addition of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha to toxin A stimulated Caco-2 cells increased the basolateral release of CC chemokine MCP-1. In contrast, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha had no effect on the expression of the CXC chemokines IL-8 and GRO-alpha. These results suggest that a CXC and CC chemokine expression from epithelial cells infected with C. difficile may be an important factor in the mucosal inflammatory response.     

The role of chemokines in Schistosoma mansoni infection: insights from human disease and murine models

Chemokines are a superfamily of low-molecular-weight cytokines that were initially described for their chemoattractant activity. It is now clear chemokines have several other activities that modulate immune processes. More than 50 chemokines ligands and at least 19 receptors have been described to date. Depending on the number of N-terminal cysteine residues, chemokines are grouped in the subfamilies CXC, CC, C or CX3C. A growing body of evidence suggests a role for chemokines in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases. Our studies involving mice and humans infected with Schistosoma mansoni suggest an important role of the chemokine CCL3 and its receptors (CCR1 and CCR5) in the pathogenesis of severe schistosomiasis. We suggest that the differential activation of CCR1 or CCR5 during the course of schistosomiasis may dictate the outcome of the disease.     

Molecular cloning and genomic structure of an interleukin-8 receptor-like gene from homozygous clones of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Chemokines are small proteins (70-100 amino acids) which play an important role in recruitment and activation of leucocytes to migrate to the site of inflammation. Based on the position of the first two conserved cysteines, chemokines are classified into four subfamilies: C, CC, CXC and CX3C. To date, many members of CC and CXC have been found and studied extensively [1]. Chemokines exert effects on their target cell via chemokine receptors, which are G-protein coupled receptors containing seven transmembrane domains with an extracellular N-terminus and an intracellular C-terminus [2]. Interleukin 8 (IL-8) belongs to the CXC chemokine subfamily. It can activate and attract migratory neutrophils to an inflammation site. Two IL-8 receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2, have been identified in mammals [3-6]; both of these receptors have high affinity for IL-8 and are expressed on the neutrophil. CXCR1 just binds IL-8; however, CXCR2 binds IL-8 and other structurally related chemokines such as growth-related oncogene (GRO) a, GRObeta, GROgamma, neutrophil-activating peptide-2 (NAP-2) and epithelial cell-derived neutrophil activating peptide-78 (ENA-78) [7, 8]. Several studies on fish chemokine receptors have been reported [9-11]. Thus far, however, IL-8 and CXCR1 and CXCR2 proteins from rainbow trout have not been reported: however, the sequence of a rainbow trout IL-8 has been noted (GenBank Accession No. AJ279069 [12]). Cloning of the IL-8 receptor is important to study the function of IL-8/CXCR1 and (CXCR2) in inflammation and signal transduction in fish. This paper reports the molecular cloning and genomic structure of an IL-8 receptor-like gene from four homozygous clones of rainbow trout: Oregon State University (OSU), Hot Creek (HC), Arlee (AR) and Swanson (SW).     

Identification of a gammaherpesvirus selective chemokine binding protein that inhibits chemokine action

Chemokines are involved in recruitment and activation of hematopoietic cells at sites of infection and inflammation. The M3 gene of gammaHV68, a gamma-2 herpesvirus that infects and establishes a lifelong latent infection and chronic vasculitis in mice, encodes an abundant secreted protein during productive infection. The M3 gene is located in a region of the genome that is transcribed during latency. We report here that the M3 protein is a high-affinity broad-spectrum chemokine scavenger. The M3 protein bound the CC chemokines human regulated upon activation of normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), murine macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha), and murine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), as well as the human CXC chemokine interleukin-8, the murine C chemokine lymphotactin, and the murine CX(3)C chemokine fractalkine with high affinity (K(d) = 1. 6 to 18.7 nM). M3 protein chemokine binding was selective, since the protein did not bind seven other CXC chemokines (K(d) > 1 microM). Furthermore, the M3 protein abolished calcium signaling in response to murine MIP-1alpha and murine MCP-1 and not to murine KC or human stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), consistent with the binding data. The M3 protein was also capable of blocking the function of human CC and CXC chemokines, indicating the potential for therapeutic applications. Since the M3 protein lacks homology to known chemokines, chemokine receptors, or chemokine binding proteins, these studies suggest a novel herpesvirus mechanism of immune evasion.