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1.
Populations of both native higher Antarctic plants, Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis, increased during the last decades. However, for D. antarctica, previous population studies on the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula have been too sporadic, patchy, and
methodologically different to allow general conclusions. Our aim was to compare sites with D.
antarctica along a north–south latitudinal transect with an integral census method to assess the possible impact of climatic change
on grass population dynamics. During two summer seasons (2009–2010), plant populations were censed on Fildes and Coppermine
Peninsula and several localities on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Largest plant populations were found on Fildes
Peninsula with vegetation cover (VC) of 44–46%. Six out of eleven stands of D. antarctica on Coppermine Peninsula were new records, with increasing plant number and VC (0.1–22%). In the Antarctic Peninsula, contrarily
to our expectation, only at Forbes Point, D. antarctica VC was relatively high (ca. 2%) and a new stand of C. quitensis was found. At three previously reported sites, plants had disappeared. Our monitoring confirms that northern D. antarctica populations are expanding, but that this expansion is not continuous along the Antarctic Peninsula and inconsistent with
the gradient of relative temperature increase in north–south direction. We suggest that other abiotic and biotic factors are
influencing the colonization and expansion of vascular plants in this particular ecosystem. 相似文献
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南极磷虾作为南极生态系统中的关键物种,在空间分布上常表现出集群特征.这也反映到磷虾渔业生产的空间格局特征上.为了探讨捕捞能力有明显差异的船队在高/低单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)的情况下空间点分布格局特征及其生态学效应,基于南极半岛北部海域的两艘中国南极磷虾渔船(船A为专业南极磷虾渔船,船B为在智利竹筴鱼渔场与南极磷虾渔场转换的兼作渔船)的磷虾渔业数据,从空间点格局的角度出发,分别从两船的高、低CPUE的空间点格局在不同尺度上聚集特征,高、低CPUE在不同尺度上的二元点格局相关关系,以及CPUE点标记格局下的相关性关系等3个方面进行了分析.Ripley的L函数和标记相关函数分析结果表明: 研究对象在空间窗口所有尺度上的空间格局均表现为聚集性,高、低CPUE下均有聚集发生;在15 km尺度上,聚集强度近最大,在15~50 km尺度下,聚集程度稳定;总体上点格局分布的聚集强度依次为:船A高CPUE>船B低CPUE>船B高CPUE>船A低CPUE.船A高、低CPUE在0~75 km尺度上为正相关关系,在大于75 km尺度上为随机关系;船B在所有尺度上的高、低CPUE均为正相关,说明了低CPUE点事件伴随高CPUE的点事件同步发生,两者在大部分尺度下均显著相关.这是磷虾集群模式的动态性和复杂性造成.船A各点的CPUE值在0~44 km尺度上呈正相关,在44~80 km尺度上呈负相关;船B各点的CPUE值在50~70 km尺度上呈负相关,在其他尺度上无显著相关性;正相关反映了磷虾密集集群的种群分布特性,而负相关表明了磷虾群间由于食物和空间原因存在一定的竞争关系.捕捞能力强的船A和捕捞能力较弱的船B在点格局分布上存在较大差异.专业南极磷虾渔船更适于开展磷虾作业空间点格局分析及相关科学调查工作. 相似文献
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Croxall JP 《Trends in ecology & evolution》1997,12(9):333-334
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A tradition of biological research in the Antarctic was established by Cook 200 years ago. This tradition has been built on by other British expeditions, notably the 'Discovery' Investigations. The British Antarctic Survey, which arose from Operation Tabarin and the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, now carries out a programme of coordinated and continuous biological research. The Atlantic sector of the Antarctic, in which the Survey operates, is of key importance biologically. The Antarctic provides a striking biological contrast between a species-poor and very barren terrestrial ecosystem and the species-rich and productive ocean which surrounds it. Severe climatic conditions and great isolation (a contrast to the Arctic) characterize the Antarctic environment. Work at the Survey's biological research stations is designed to study the distribution and interactions of organisms and communities, how they have adapted to Antarctic conditions, and which by their abundance may be deemed successful. Research is done into terrestrial, fresh-water and marine systems. Additionally, there is a major research programme into the biologv, environment and principal predators of krill, Euphausia superba. The Antarctic is a laboratory where opportunities exist for natural experiments to test theories and elucidate basic biological problems. 相似文献
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S. J. Boyce 《Journal of fish biology》1999,54(1):72-81
The nitrogenous excretion rates (total ammonia nitrogen, urea, and primary amines) of plunderfish Harpagifer antarcticus were related significantly to length and to wet mass (mass exponents of 0·94, 1·01, 1·07 and 0·93 for total ammonia nitrogen, urea, primary amines, and total nitrogen, respectively). The routine total ammonia excretion rates [22·23 & 2·0 mg N kg−1 day−1 (mean±S.E.)] of plunderfish measured in Antarctica are 10–69% lower than those of comparable non-polar species. Plunderfish are ammonotelic, but the proportion of the total nitrogenous waste attributable to each category was variable between individuals. On average (ranges in parentheses), total ammonia nitrogen, urea, and primary amines accounted for c .82 (57–97), 13 (2–28), and 5 (0·6–22)%, respectively, of the total nitrogen excreted. Polar fish differ from their non-polar relatives only in the rate, and not the nature, of their nitrogenous waste excretion processes. 相似文献
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Julian Gutt Mattias Cape Werner Dimmler Laura Fillinger Enrique Isla Verena Lieb Tomas Lundälv Christian Pulcher 《Polar Biology》2013,36(6):895-906
The aim of this study was to contribute to a general understanding of the response of the Antarctic macrobenthos to environmental variability and climate-induced changes. The change in population size of selected macrobenthic organisms was investigated in the Larsen A area east of the Antarctic Peninsula in 2007 and 2011 using ROV-based imaging methods. The results were complemented by data from the Larsen B collected in 2007 to allow a conceptual reconstruction of the environment-driven changes before the period of investigation. Both Larsen areas are characterised by ice-shelf disintegration in 1995 and 2002, respectively, as well as high inter-annual variability in sea-ice cover and oceanographic conditions. In 2007 one ascidian species, Molgula pedunculata, was abundant north and south of the stripe of remaining ice shelf between Larsen A and B. Population densities decreased drastically in the Larsen A between 2007 and 2011, coincident with the decrease in Corella eumyota, another ascidian. Among the ophiuroids, the population of deposit feeders increased, while suspension feeders halved their abundance. Current measurements indicated a northward flow between the Larsen B and Larsen A, suggesting that a major physical forcing on benthic population development comes from the South. The results demonstrate that Antarctic macrobenthic populations can exhibit dramatic population dynamics. Analyses of sea-ice dynamics, salinity, temperature and surprisingly ice-shelf disintegration history, however, did not provide any clear evidence for environmental drivers underlying the apparent changes. 相似文献
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Summary Pack ice surrounding Antarctica supports rich and varied populations of microbial organisms. As part of the Antarctic Marine Ecosystem Research in the Ice Edge Zone (AMERIEZ) studies, we have examined this community during the late spring, autumn, and winter. Although organisms are found throughout the ice, the richest concentrations often occur in the surface layer. The ice flora consists of diatoms and flagellates. Chrysophyte cysts (archaeomonads) of unknown affinity and dinoflagellate cysts are abundant and may serve as overwintering stages in ice. The ice fauna includes a variety of heterotrophic flagellates, ciliates, and micrometazoa. The abundance of heterotrophs indicates an active food web within the ice community. Ice may serve as a temporary habitat or refuge for many of the microbial forms and some of these appear to provide an inoculum for planktonic populations when ice melts. Larger consumers, such as copepods and the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba are often found on the underside of ice floes and within weathered floes. The importance of the ice biota as a food resource for these pelagic consumers is unknown. 相似文献
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Ove Wilson 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1953,2(4851):1425-1428
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G. A. Kochkina S. M. Ozerskaya N. E. Ivanushkina N. I. Chigineva O. V. Vasilenko E. V. Spirina D. A. Gilichinskii 《Microbiology》2014,83(1-2):94-101
Taxonomic diversity of fungi in the samples of the active layer of Antarctica was investigated using conventional microbiological techniques and metagenomic analysis of total DNA extracted from environmental samples. The list of Antarctic microscopic fungi was expanded, including detection of the species representing a portion of the fungal complex which is nonculturable or sterile on conventional nutrient media. 相似文献
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Drinking in Antarctic fishes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David Petzel 《Polar Biology》2005,28(10):763-768
Drinking rates have never been measured in Antarctic fish. Drinking rates were measured in four species of notothenioid fish,
including a hemoglobinless icefish, found in the near-freezing waters of the Ross Sea of the Southern Ocean. All of the fish,
with the exception of the icefish, had low drinking rates and high serum osmolalities relative to temperate seawater fish.
The icefish had significantly higher drinking rates and serum osmolalities relative to the Antarctic fishes containing hemoglobin,
including Trematomus bernacchii. Warm acclimation of T. bernacchii, from −1.5°C to +4°C for 4 weeks, significantly increased their drinking rates 4.6-fold, significantly decreased their serum
and intestinal osmolality by 11% and 12%, respectively, relative to cold-acclimated fish. These results indicate that increased
drinking rates in Antarctic fish at elevated temperatures are involved in maintaining a lower serum osmolality. 相似文献
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Rafting in Antarctic Collembola 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Darwin was an early exponent of the importance of 'occasional means of dispersal' in accounting for the present-day distribution of plants and animals. This study examined the implications of capture on the water surface of meltwater and seawater for the local and long-range dispersal of Antarctic springtails. Individuals of the maritime Antarctic collembolan Cryptopygus antarcticus , were floated on tap water and seawater at 0, 5 and 10°C. LT50 s on seawater were 34 (10°C), 65 (5°C) and 75 (0°C) days. On tap water, LT50 s were 69 (10°C), 126 (5°C) and 239 (0°C) days. Less than 20% escaped from the water surface. A significantly greater proportion of springtails moulted on tap water and viable offspring were produced on both tap water and seawater. Comparison across treatments of survival of moulting and non-moulting individuals found significantly greater survival in moulting animals for three of the treatment combinations. It is suggested that moult exuviae facilitate survival on the water film through the simultaneous provision of a flotation aid and a source of nourishment – that is, an 'edible raft'. A separate experiment measuring changes in haemolymph osmolality over time on tap water and seawater at 2 and 5°C found significant differences in all treatments. Causes of mortality are discussed in relation to osmoregulatory failure and starvation. 相似文献
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Margaret E. di Menna 《Antonie van Leeuwenhoek》1966,32(1):29-38
The yeast flora of 126 soil samples from the Ross Dependency of Antarctica was examined and compared with that of eight samples from East Greenland. Fifty-two Antarctic samples contained yeasts, in numbers ranging from 5 to over 100,000/g; species isolated belonged to the generaDebaryomyces, Cryptococcus, Candida, Trichosporon andRhodotorula. Nearly all isolates ofCandida were obligate psychrophils; they belonged toCandida scottii, C. nivalis, C. gelida andC. frigida. Duplicate samples, taken at the same site within a few yards of one another, contained the same size and kind of yeast populations. Although not all samples which contained plants (algae, lichens or mosses) contained yeasts, almost all samples which contained yeasts contained plants. There was no correlation between yeast population and the pH of the sample, nor between yeast populations and the presence of vertebrate animals. The samples from East Greenland, which were from an area sufficiently warm and moist to support growth of higher plants, all contained yeasts, in numbers from 200 to 56,000/g. Species isolated were similar to those from Antarctic material. 相似文献
16.
Clark MS Clarke A Cockell CS Convey P Detrich HW Fraser KP Johnston IA Methe BA Murray AE Peck LS Römisch K Rogers AD 《Comparative and Functional Genomics》2004,5(3):230-238
With the development of genomic science and its battery of technologies, polar biology stands on the threshold of a revolution, one that will enable the investigation of important questions of unprecedented scope and with extraordinary depth and precision. The exotic organisms of polar ecosystems are ideal candidates for genomic analysis. Through such analyses, it will be possible to learn not only the novel features that enable polar organisms to survive, and indeed thrive, in their extreme environments, but also fundamental biological principles that are common to most, if not all, organisms. This article aims to review recent developments in Antarctic genomics and to demonstrate the global context of such studies. 相似文献
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几十年的记者生涯,我走遍了边疆海岛,乘过歼击机、伊尔-18、直升飞机,拍摄过战斗机飞行编队、祖国锦绣河山,但在南极洲那样复杂的条件下进行空拍尚属首次。 南极洲,位于地球的最南端,面积1400万平方公里。那里千里冰封,万古长寒,狂风怒吼,极光夺目,被称为世界上最神秘的地方;那里有丰富的资源,是一个“万宝之地”,大陆和大陆架上蕴藏着220多种矿物,尤以石油、天燃气、铁矿石和煤的蕴藏量最为丰富;还有诸如磷虾、企鹅、海豹、鲸等生物资源;那里污染少,基本处于自然状态,它给科学家提供了一个特殊的科学研究场地,是当今人类进行科学研究的天然实验室。1984年11月20 相似文献
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Aleks Terauds Steven L. Chown Fraser Morgan Helen J. Peat David J. Watts Harry Keys Peter Convey Dana M. Bergstrom 《Diversity & distributions》2012,18(7):726-741