重组HIV-1 gp120 AAV2/1在小鼠和恒河猴体内的免疫原性

本文旨在研究表达HIV-1中国流行株gp120基因的重组腺相关病毒疫苗在小鼠和恒河猴体内的免疫原性。用rAAV2/1-gp120免疫BALB/c小鼠和恒河猴,分别用ELISA和HIV-1假病毒中和试验检测免疫动物血清中HIV-1特异性IgG抗体水平和中和抗体水平,用ELISPOT方法和体内杀伤实验检测HIV-1特异性细胞免疫应答水平。结果显示在小鼠体内用rAAV2/1-gp120仅免疫一次就能诱导较高水平的IgG抗体,IgG抗体至少能持续21周,但没有检测到中和抗体。rAAV2/1-gp120在小鼠体内诱导微弱水平的HIV-1特异性细胞免疫应答。rAAV2/1-gp120在恒河猴体内诱导的HIV-1特异性细胞和抗体反应均很弱,且检测不到中和抗体。提示rAAV2/1载体在诱导抗体反应方面具有特殊优势,但若希望诱导HIV-1特异性中和抗体,则需要改造env基因以提高其免疫原性。     

HIV-1-gp120在重组杆状病毒系统中的表达

将中国株HIV 1B亚型 gp1 2 0全基因序列克隆到杆状病毒转座载体pFastBacI中多角体启动子下游 ,构建成重组转座载体 pFastBacI gp1 2 0 ,利用细菌 /杆状病毒 (BactoBac)表达系统筛选重组杆状病毒 ,在昆虫细胞Sf9中高效表达了HIV 1的外膜糖蛋白 gp1 2 0 ,SDS -PAGE和Westernblot分析结果一致 ,证明表达了 2种糖基化程度不同的 gp1 2 0。     

表达中国流行株HIV-1 gp120外膜蛋白靶细胞模型的建立

利用pDispaly真核表达载体构建了用于表达中国流行株HIV-1 gp120的真核表达质粒pD-120,通过脂质体转染法将其导入人宫颈癌细胞（HeLa）,经G418反复加压筛选,直到细胞不再死亡为止,8代后获得稳定表达中国流行株HIV-1gp120蛋白的靶细胞复制模型HeLa-gp,SDS-PAGE、蛋白印迹与间接免疫荧光分析表明,重组蛋白得到很好表达,并具有良好生物活性。本研究为抗AIDS/HIV治疗用基因工程制剂或靶向药物的活性检测奠定了坚实基础。     

我国丙型肝炎病毒囊膜蛋白E2高变区1的序列特征

对２３例国内献血员、血透析及肝炎病人血清用反转录巢式ＰＣＲ技术扩增了ＨＣＶＲＮＡ囊膜蛋白２基因的ｃＤＮＡ片段,并进行了序列测定。结果表明２３例病人ＨＣＶＥ２／ＮＳ１Ｎ末端的核苷酸及氨基酸序列呈现多样性,高变区１（ＨＶＲ１）位于核苷酸第１４５９～１５５９位,氨基酸第３８４～４１０位;我国ＨＣＶ株ＨＶＲ１２７个氨基酸中有１５个位置氨基酸相对稳定,氨基酸组成与分布均与Ｓｅｋｉｙａ报道的１６６个ＨＣＶ株的不同。结果提示,研究我国ＨＣＶ株ＨＶＲ１的序列特征有助于ＨＣＶ的流行病学研究,对研制适用于我国的抗体诊断试剂盒及进行疫苗研究均有重要的意义。     

HIV-1结构蛋白gag-gp120与白细胞介素2联合基因免疫

在真核表达载体pVAX1中的CMV启动子下游插入IL-2基因,构建真核表达质粒pVAXIL2.将它与表达I型人免疫缺陷病毒(Human immunodeficiency virus 1, HIV-1) gag-gp120的核酸疫苗质粒pVAXGE共同肌肉注射BALB/c小鼠,免疫3次后,以ELISA法检测免疫小鼠血清中抗HIV-1抗体水平,结果显示联合免疫组小鼠在免疫2周后已有抗体产生,6周后进入高峰.乳酸脱氢酶释放法检测免疫小鼠脾特异性CTL杀伤活性,结果显示联合免疫组小鼠脾特异性CTL杀伤活性显著高于pVAXGE单独免疫组(P<0.05)和载体质粒pVAX1对照组(P<0.01).以上结果表明HIV-1核酸疫苗质粒pVAXGE与真核表达质粒pVAXIL2联合免疫可诱导特异性体液免疫和细胞免疫应答,且免疫应答水平高于pVAXGE单独免疫组,IL-2发挥了免疫佐剂的作用,增强了核酸疫苗的免疫原性.     

复杂的正选择压力驱动不同细胞嗜性HIV-1的进化

对HIV-1细胞嗜性的研究是理解HIV-1传播和发病机制的关键.通过对HIV-1B和C亚型的R5和X4型病毒的全基因组进行适应性进化分析,发现R5和X4病毒经历了不同的进化方式,并且不同的HIV-1基因受到不同的正选择压力,意味着复杂的自然选择压力驱动HIV-1的进化.分析HIV-1Gp120超变区上的正选择位点,发现相对于其他超变区,更多的正选择位点发生在B亚型X4病毒的V3区,B亚型R5病毒的V2区以及C亚型X4病毒的V1和V4区域.因为这些区域通常影响和决定HIV-1的细胞嗜性,更多的正选择发生在这些特定的超变区意味着作用于Gp120上的选择压力与Gp120的受体识别和结合功能有关.值得注意的是,无论是B和C亚型还是R5和X4型病毒,显著更多的正选择位点发生在Gp120的C3区域（33.3%～55.6%,P〈0.05）,意味着C3区对HIV-1的生存和适应比先前认识的更为重要.另外,在R5和X4病毒的env基因中,约有一半的正选择位点是相同的,尤其是Gp41上的第96,113和281位正选择位点均出现在所分析的4种病毒类型中.这些共同的正选择位点不仅意味着对病毒生存和适应的重要性,也意味着R5和X4存在交叉免疫源性位点的可能性,这对于AIDS疫苗的发展具有重要意义.     

共表达HIV-1中国流行株gp120与IL-18重组鸡痘病毒的构建及其免疫原性观察

为筛选我国的HIV-1疫苗候选株,以鸡痘病毒282E4中国疫苗株为载体,构建了共表达中国流行株HIV-1外膜蛋白gp120和IL-18的重组鸡痘病毒,并将该重组鸡痘病毒免疫BALB/c小鼠,检测免疫小鼠脾特异性CTL杀伤活性和血清抗体水平。结果显示,HIV_1外膜蛋白gp120和IL-18不但可在重组鸡痘病毒感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞中表达,而且可在重组鸡痘病毒感染的哺乳动物细胞中表达。重组病毒具有良好的免疫原性,可诱导小鼠产生特异性抗体和脾特异性CTL反应,且IL_18发挥了免疫佐剂的作用。本研究结果为制备安全、有效的HIV-1基因工程活载体疫苗奠定了基础。     

HIV-1 gp120对鼠海马长时程增强效应的影响

为了探讨人类免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型(HIV-1)的包膜糖蛋白gp120对鼠海马脑片CA1区的突触传递及可塑性的影响,应用离体脑片记录技术,记录大鼠海马CA1区的兴奋性突触后电位(excitatory postsynaptic potential,EPSP),研究了gp120对高频电刺激Schaffer侧支引起的鼠长时程增强效应(long-term potentiation,LTP)的影响.结果发现:gp120对大鼠海马CA1区LTP产生抑制作用,对其基础EPSP没有影响,而且这种抑制效应随着gp120浓度增大而增强,即具有剂量依赖性.PKA/PKC蛋白激酶抑制剂H7可以反转这种抑制效应.提示:gp120可能是通过抑制海马CA1区的LTP而参与艾滋病相关性痴呆(HIV-1 associated dementia,HAD)的形成.     

抗HIV-1重组导向毒素SL120在毕赤酵母中的表达及其活性检测

以pPIC9K为载体,构建抗HIV 1gp12 0单链抗体scFv12 0与葡萄球菌肠毒素A(StaphylococcalenterotoxinA ,SEA)融合基因表达质粒,线性化、电转化法整合入巴斯德毕赤酵母菌,经表型鉴定、PCR分析和G418筛选得到Muts型多拷贝整合菌,甲醇诱导培养可分泌表达5 7kD的预期大小蛋白—重组导向毒素SL120 ,表达量达50.1mg/L。通过单链抗体亲和力测定,表明蛋白SEA和scFv120的构象有微弱的相互影响,但此重组导向毒素仍可高效介导CTLs杀伤HIV-1靶细胞。     

HIV-1整合酶四聚体结构模拟及其活性位点分析

HIV-1复制需要HIV-1整合酶将其环状DNA整合进宿主DNA中,这其中包括2个重要反应,即“3′-加工”和“链转移”,两者均由HIV-1整合酶催化完成.阻断其中的任一反应,都能达到抑制HIV-1复制的目的.因此,了解HIV-1整合酶的完整结构和聚合状态,对深入探讨其作用机理及设计新型抑制剂具有重要的指导作用.然而,迄今为止仅有HIV-1整合酶单独结构域的晶体结构可供参考,而其全酶晶体结构尚未获得解析.本研究利用分子模拟技术,通过蛋白质 蛋白质/DNA分子对接、动力学模拟等方法,构建了全长整合酶四聚体的结构模型、HIV-1 DNA与整合酶复合物的结构模型,进一步从理论上证实HIV-1整合酶是以四聚体形态发挥催化作用,明确“3′-加工”和“链转移”在HIV-1整合酶上的催化位点.同时,通过与作用机理相似的细菌转座子Tn5转座酶等的结构比对,推测HIV-1整合酶的核心结构域中应有第2个Mg^２＋存在,其位置螯合于Asp64与Glu152之间.在HIV-1整合酶结构研究的基础上,有望进一步设计出新的抗艾滋病药物.     

Gp120 on HIV-1 Virions Lacks O-Linked Carbohydrate

As HIV-1-encoded envelope protein traverses the secretory pathway, it may be modified with N- and O-linked carbohydrate. When the gp120s of HIV-1 NL4-3, HIV-1 YU2, HIV-1 Bal, HIV-1 JRFL, and HIV-1 JRCSF were expressed as secreted proteins, the threonine at consensus position 499 was found to be O-glycosylated. For SIVmac239, the corresponding threonine was also glycosylated when gp120 was recombinantly expressed. Similarly-positioned, highly-conserved threonines in the influenza A virus H1N1 HA1 and H5N1 HA1 envelope proteins were also found to carry O-glycans when expressed as secreted proteins. In all cases, the threonines were modified predominantly with disialylated core 1 glycans, together with related core 1 and core 2 structures. Secreted HIV-1 gp140 was modified to a lesser extent with mainly monosialylated core 1 O-glycans, suggesting that the ectodomain of the gp41 transmembrane component may limit the accessibility of Thr499 to glycosyltransferases. In striking contrast to these findings, gp120 on purified virions of HIV-1 Bal and SIV CP-MAC lacked any detectable O-glycosylation of the C-terminal threonine. Our results indicate the absence of O-linked carbohydrates on Thr499 as it exists on the surface of virions and suggest caution in the interpretation of analyses of post-translational modifications that utilize recombinant forms of envelope protein.     

Synthesis of novel glycolipids that bind HIV-1 Gp120.

As part of a research effort to design and prepare high affinity ligands for the galactosyl ceramide (GalCer) binding site on the HIV cell surface glycoprotein, gp120, several GalCer analogues have been prepared and characterized. The molecular design of analogues permits independent variations of the carbohydrate, the length of a hydrophilic spacer between the ligand and the lipid, and the composition of the hydrophobic lipid chains. Five different galactosyl analogues were synthesized having hydrophilic spacers of tri-, tetra-, and penta-ethylene glycol separating the carbohydrate from the lipid region which has either oleoyl or stearoyl lipid chains. The synthetic design allows for a convergent synthesis of the three components of the glycolipid conjugate. The structural characterization includes the proton and carbon chemical shifts, which were assigned after analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectra.     

Non-natural glycosphingolipids and structurally simpler analogues bind HIV-1 recombinant Gp120

Interactions of recombinant gp120 (rgp120) with non-natural glycosphingolipids (GSLs) and structurally simpler analogues have been studied using a competitive adhesion assay. Conjugates of cellobiosyl ceramide and melibiosyl ceramide were synthetically prepared as water-soluble GSL analogues. These ligands were screened against a panel of biologically relevant analogues, and the results show that their interactions with rgp120 are comparable to natural cellular receptors. Glycolipid interactions with rgp120 were probed further by the synthesis and testing of structurally simpler analogues that were obtained by reductive amination of lactose, cellobiose, and melibiose with a biotinylated amino ethylene glycol moiety. RGp120 did not recognize conjugates lacking a lipid component. However, palmitoylation of the secondary amino alditols yielded compounds with comparable rgp120 affinity to the natural cellular receptor, galactosyl ceramide (GalCer). Taken together, the SAR showed that both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic component are required for rgp120 recognition. Moreover, structural variability in the carbohydrate headgroup did not significantly alter rgp120 recognition indicating that this interaction is not highly specific.     

Cannabinoids inhibit HIV-1 Gp120-mediated insults in brain microvascular endothelial cells

HIV-1 infection has significant effect on the immune system as well as on the nervous system. Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is frequently observed in patients with HIV-associated dementia (HAD) despite lack of productive infection of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC). Cellular products and viral proteins secreted by HIV-1 infected cells, such as the HIV-1 Gp120 envelope glycoprotein, play important roles in BBB impairment and HIV-associated dementia development. HBMEC are a major component of the BBB. Using cocultures of HBMEC and human astrocytes as a model system for human BBB as well as in vivo model, we show for the first time that cannabinoid agonists inhibited HIV-1 Gp120-induced calcium influx mediated by substance P and significantly decreased the permeability of HBMEC as well as prevented tight junction protein down-regulation of ZO-1, claudin-5, and JAM-1 in HBMEC. Furthermore, cannabinoid agonists inhibited the transmigration of human monocytes across the BBB and blocked the BBB permeability in vivo. These results demonstrate that cannabinoid agonists are able to restore the integrity of HBMEC and the BBB following insults by HIV-1 Gp120. These studies may lead to better strategies for treatment modalities targeted to the BBB following HIV-1 infection of the brain based on cannabinoid pharmacotherapies.     

右美托咪定对HIV-1包膜糖蛋白gp120诱导大鼠学习记忆障碍的改善作用及机制

人类免疫缺陷病毒-1(H1V-1)包膜糖蛋白gp120促进P2X7受体激活与AIDS痴呆综合征的发生密切相关.右美托咪定(Dex)具有神经保护作用,在创伤性脑损伤大鼠中能够抑制P2X7受体表达并改善认知功能,但Dex在AIDS痴呆综合征中的治疗作用尚不明确.为了研究Dex对HIV-1包膜糖蛋白gp120诱导大鼠学习记忆障碍的改善作用及机制,本研究将SD大鼠分为对照组、gp120组、BzATP组、gp120+Dex组、gp120+Dex+BzATP组,进行侧脑室灌注gp120、P2X7受体激动剂BzATP组或腹腔注射Dex的操作.采用定位航行实验检测逃避潜伏期,空间探索实验检测探索时间,试剂盒检测白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-18(IL-18)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)的含量,DHE荧光探针检测活性氧簇(ROS)的含量,western blot检测P2X7受体、NLPR3、caspase-1、p-p38MAPK的表达水平.结果显示,与对照组比较,gp120组的逃避潜伏期延长,探索时间缩短,海马中IL-1 β、IL-18、TNF-α,ROS、MDA的含量及P2X7受体、NLPR3、caspase-1、p-p38MAPK的表达水平增加,SOD、GPx的含量降低;与gp120组比较,gp120+Dex组的逃避潜伏期缩短,探索时间延长,海马中 IL-1β、IL-18、TNF-a、ROS、MDA 的含量及 P2X7受体、NLPR3、caspase-1、p-p38MAPK 的表达水平降低,SOD、GPx的含量增加;与gp120+Dex组比较gp120+Dex+BzATP组的逃避潜伏期延长,探索时间缩短,海马中 IL-1β、IL-18、TNF-a、ROS、MDA的含量及P2X7受体、NLPR3、caspase-1、p-p38MAPK的表达水平增加,SOD、GPx的含量降低.以上结果表明,Dex对HIV-1包膜糖蛋白gp120诱导的大鼠学习记忆障碍具有改善作用,抑制P2X7受体及下游NLRP3、p-p38MAPK表达是介导这一改善作用的可能机制.     

Gp120 V3-dependent impairment of R5 HIV-1 infectivity due to virion-incorporated CCR5

Entry of R5 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into target cells requires sequential interactions of the envelope glycoprotein gp120 with the receptor CD4 and the coreceptor CCR5. We investigated replication of 45 R5 viral clones derived from the HIV-1JR-FLan library carrying 0-10 random amino acid substitutions in the gp120 V3 loop. It was found that 6.7% (3/45) of the viruses revealed >or=10-fold replication suppression in PM1/CCR5 cells expressing high levels of CCR5 compared with PM1 cells expressing low levels of CCR5. In HIV-1V3L#08, suppression of replication was not associated with entry events and viral production but with a marked decrease in infectivity of nascent progeny virus. HIV-1V3L#08, generated from infected PM1/CCR5 cells, was 98% immunoprecipitated by anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibody T21/8, whereas the other infectious viruses were only partially precipitated, suggesting that incorporation of larger amounts of CCR5 into the virions caused impairment of viral infectivity in HIV-1V3L#08. The results demonstrate the implications of an alternative influence of CCR5 on HIV-1 replication.     

Estimating the threshold surface density of Gp120-CCR5 complexes necessary for HIV-1 envelope-mediated cell-cell fusion

Reduced expression of CCR5 on target CD4(+) cells lowers their susceptibility to infection by R5-tropic HIV-1, potentially preventing transmission of infection and delaying disease progression. Binding of the HIV-1 envelope (Env) protein gp120 with CCR5 is essential for the entry of R5 viruses into target cells. The threshold surface density of gp120-CCR5 complexes that enables HIV-1 entry remains poorly estimated. We constructed a mathematical model that mimics Env-mediated cell-cell fusion assays, where target CD4(+)CCR5(+) cells are exposed to effector cells expressing Env in the presence of a coreceptor antagonist and the fraction of target cells fused with effector cells is measured. Our model employs a reaction network-based approach to describe protein interactions that precede viral entry coupled with the ternary complex model to quantify the allosteric interactions of the coreceptor antagonist and predicts the fraction of target cells fused. By fitting model predictions to published data of cell-cell fusion in the presence of the CCR5 antagonist vicriviroc, we estimated the threshold surface density of gp120-CCR5 complexes for cell-cell fusion as ～20 μm(-2). Model predictions with this threshold captured data from independent cell-cell fusion assays in the presence of vicriviroc and rapamycin, a drug that modulates CCR5 expression, as well as assays in the presence of maraviroc, another CCR5 antagonist, using sixteen different Env clones derived from transmitted or early founder viruses. Our estimate of the threshold surface density of gp120-CCR5 complexes necessary for HIV-1 entry thus appears robust and may have implications for optimizing treatment with coreceptor antagonists, understanding the non-pathogenic infection of non-human primates, and designing vaccines that suppress the availability of target CD4(+)CCR5(+) cells.     

HIV-1 Gp120 Protein Downregulates Nef Induced IL-6 Release in Immature Dentritic Cells through Interplay of DC-SIGN

HIV-1 replication is a tightly controlled mechanism which demands the interplay of host as well as viral factors. Both gp120 (envelope glycoprotein) and Nef (regulatory protein) have been correlated with the development of AIDS disease in independent studies. In this context, the ability of HIV-1 to utilize immature dentritic cells for transfer of virus is pivotal for early pathogenesis. The presence of C-type lectins on dendritic cells (DCs) like DC-SIGN, are crucial in inducing antiviral immunity to HIV-1. Both gp120 and Nef induce the release of cytokines leading to multiple effects of viral pathogenesis. Our study elucidated for the first time the cross-talk of the signaling mechanism of these two viral proteins in immature monocyte derived dentritic cells (immDCs). Further, gp120 was found to downregulate the IL-6 release by Nef, depending on the interaction with DC-SIGN. A cascade of signaling followed thereafter, including the activation of SOCS-3, to mediate the diminishing effect of gp120. Our results also revealed that the anti-apoptotic signals emanated from Nef was put to halt by gp120 through inhibition of Nef induced STAT3. Thus our results implicate that the signaling generated by gp120 and Nef, undergoes a switch-over mechanism that significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of HIV-1 and widens our view towards the approach on battling the viral infection.