建鲤GHR基因多态性及与增重相关的SNP位点的筛选

生长激素是调控动物生长的关键因子,它通过与膜蛋白生长激素受体结合后发挥作用,因此生长激素受体基因的变异对动物生长有着重要的影响。实验根据已分离的4个建鲤jlGHRs基因,通过测定来自6尾建鲤的序列,共找到38个SNP位点。使用PCR-RFLP方法检测了353尾建鲤在其中5个SNP位点(1a内含子3 A43G、1a外显子8 A361G、1b外显子8 C12T、2a外显子8 A555G和2b外显子8 A315G)的基因型,分析了不同基因型与生长性状的相关性。结果表明5个位点均与增重显性相关;1a内含子3 A43G还与体高/体长和体厚/体长显性相关;1b外显子8 C12T与体高/体长和尾柄高/尾柄长显性相关;1a外显子8 A361G和2a外显子8 A555G也与尾柄高/尾柄长显性相关。数据分析还显示增重标记个数富集4个以上的个体明显比标记少的个体生长快,在选育群中增重标记数有2个的个体最多占30%,而增重标记数4个以上的只占14%,说明存在着较大的选育空间。实验筛选的5个位点可以作为建鲤分子育种的有效标记。       

建鲤ODC1基因型与增重的相关性分析

构建了建鲤（Cyprinus carpio var. jian）鸟氨酸脱羧酶（Ornithine decarboxylase,ODC）jlODC1a基因上6个和jlODC1b基因上4个SNP位点的PCR-RFLP方法,检测了这10个位点在12个家系约900尾建鲤选育群体中的基因型,各位点的基因型频率存在差异,最小等位基因频率（MAF）为0.140.48。各位点不同基因型与增重相关分析结果,其中7个SNPs与建鲤增重显性相关的位点,ODC1s基因上与雌鱼增重相关的SNP位点（7个）较雄鱼（4个）多。标记富集结果表明富集与建鲤增重相关的优势基因型的SNP个数越多的个体增重速度越快SNP个数越多的个体增重速度越快,富集4个的平均增重显著快于富集03的个体增重,且比0标记的快约14%,这反映出生长为数量性状。进一步对所检测位点进行双倍型分析,结果显示具有四个优势基因型且全部杂合优势基因型的4567（XXXXXXACCTCTCT）组的增重最快,比0优势基因型的增重快达26.6%,可以考虑用于今后的快增长建鲤的选育计划中。此外,双倍型分析结果还表明,不同位点之间可能存在或颉抗或协同的互作,如1和4之间存在拮抗关系,因此在今后的选育计划中,在考虑标记富集的情况下还应考虑标记之间的关系。宜在选择互为协同作用优势基因型的前提下,富集尽可能多的SNP标记。       

建鲤生长激素受体基因分离、转录子多态性以及组织表达特性

使用PCR、RT-PCR和RACE方法分离克隆了建鲤基因组内的4个jlGHRs基因,同源性分析和系统树表明它们两两分属于鱼类GHR1和GHR2,命名为jlGHR1a、jlGHR1b;jlGHR2a、jlGHR2b。jlGHR1s和jlGHR2s的两个旁系同源基因间氨基酸差异分别为5%和11%,但功能保守区FGVFS基序、Box1、Box2基本一致,jlGHR1s和jlGHR2s氨基酸差异为41%。jlGHRs和斑马鱼GHRs基因结构相同,在阅读框内存在7个内含子,两旁系同源基因间内含子长度或序列存在差异。jlGHR1s、jlGHR2s与不同鱼类GHR1、GHR2同源性高低与传统分类地位一致。实验过程中发现建鲤肝脏存在jlGHRs的多种转录子,包括丢失了外显子4的jlGHR1b’、保留了内含子3的jlGHR2a’、丢失了部分外显子8的jlGHR2as。实时定量RT-PCR组织表达结果显示4个jlGHRs在脑、肝、心、头肾、肾、肠、脾、肌肉各组织中均有表达,但表达量差异明显,其中肌肉组织中4个基因表达量均最高,脑中4个基因的表达水平相当,其余各组织中jlGHR2b的表达量均最高。从多转录子和较低表达量推测jlGHR2a所受的选择压力低于jlGHR2b。鲤鱼基因组内分离到GHR1、GHR2的两个旁系同源基因在功能基因方面证实了鲤鱼体内存在两套基因,表明鲤鱼是研究同源基因变异分化的好材料,也为今后正确查找jlGHRs基因上的SNP位点奠定了基础。     

鲤IGF2b基因5'侧翼区序列克隆及不同鲤该区域GC富集区的甲基化分析

鲤(Cyprinus carpio)胰岛素样生长因子2b(insulin-like growth factor 2b,IGF2b)基因为鲤IGF基因家族重要的成员,已有的研究表明5'侧翼区序列对其功能的发挥有重要作用。因此,采用基因组步移法获取5'侧翼区序列,通过亚硫酸盐修饰的方法分析不同品种该区域GC富集区的甲基化状况。本文成功从鲤基因组DNA中获得695 bp的IGF2b 5'侧翼区序列。已获取的IGF2b 5'侧翼区序列经过TFSEARCH分析后发现了多个转录因子结合位点和TATA框,通过BLAST比对发现,鲤IGF2b 5'侧翼区DNA序列与斑马鱼(Danio rerio)IGF2b基因相比,相似性为87%。检测该区域富含GC的序列17个位点,发现建鲤(C.c.var.jian)有2个个体的3个位点出现甲基化,而黄河鲤(C.c.haematopterus)只有1个个体1个位点出现甲基化,这说明2个品种鲤在这个区域出现甲基化修饰的几率低,也验证了这2品种在该基因该区域GC富集区是稳定的。     

Cloning of IGF2b 5'Flanking Region and Methylation Analysis of Its GC-rich Sequence in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

鲤(Cyprinus carpio)胰岛素样生长因子2b(insulin-like growth factor 2b,IGF2b)基因为鲤IGF基因家族重要的成员,已有的研究表明5’侧翼区序列对其功能的发挥有重要作用.因此,采用基因组步移法获取5′侧翼区序列,通过亚硫酸盐修饰的方法分析不同品种该区域GC富集区的甲基化状况.本文成功从鲤基因组DNA中获得695 bp的IGF2b 5'侧翼区序列.已获取的IGF2b 5'侧翼区序列经过TFSEARCH分析后发现了多个转录因子结合位点和TATA框,通过BLAST比对发现,鲤IGF2b 5'侧翼区DNA序列与斑马鱼( Danio rerio) IGF2b基因相比,相似性为87％.检测该区域富含GC的序列17个位点,发现建鲤(C.c.var.jian)有2个个体的3个位点出现甲基化,而黄河鲤(C.c.haematopterus)只有1个个体1个位点出现甲基化,这说明2个品种鲤在这个区域出现甲基化修饰的几率低,也验证了这2品种在该基因该区域GC富集区是稳定的.     

鲤sPLA2-III基因结构、系统发育和表达特征

磷脂酶A₂在磷脂代谢、炎症反应、细胞增殖和动脉粥样硬化等生理病理过程中发挥作用。为了探究sPLA₂-III在鲤(Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus)中的生物学功能, 实验使用BLAST同源搜索和线性分析在鲤 (Cyprinus carpio)基因组中挖掘得到5个sPLA₂-III基因, 分别位于5个连锁群, 分别命名为Ccpla2g3a1、Ccpla2g3a2、Ccpla2g3b、Ccpla2g3c1和Ccpla2g3c2。基因结构和序列分析显示Ccpla2g3as含有7个外显子, Ccpla2g3b和Ccpla2g3cs则均含有4个外显子, 分别编码530、525、461、752和753个氨基酸, 均含有PLA₂_bee_venom_like region和sPLA₂-III特征序列。线性分析显示, Ccpla2g3a1和Ccpla2g3a2, Ccpla2g3c1和Ccpla2g3c2来自鲤特异的染色体加倍事件。从2R (Two rounds of genome duplication)鱼雀鳝 (Lepisosteus oculatus)到3R(Fish-specific genome duplication, FSGD)鱼斑马鱼(Danio rerio)等, 雀鳝的pla2g3a(b)加倍为3R鱼的pla2g3a和pla2g3b, pla2g3c因在3R鱼的一个连锁群上丢失, 故3R鱼中只保留一个基因。同源性分析表明已有鱼类Pla2g3a、Pla2g3b和Pla2g3c垂直同源蛋白之间相似性分别为48.8%—93.2%、37.6%—74.3%和49.6%—97.6%, 鲤和斑马鱼的垂直同源基因之间相似性最高。系统发育结果显示, 鱼类及其祖先雀鳝的Pla2g3c以100%的置信值归在一支, 雀鳝Pla2g3a(b)与除了鲤科鱼类 (鲤和斑马鱼) Pla2g3b外的Pla2g3a和Pla2g3b以96%置信值在一支, 鲤和斑马鱼Pla2g3b单独形成一支表明在进化过程中该基因变异较大。荧光定量PCR结果表明Ccpla2g3as在整个鲤早期发育阶段表达量均较低, 在成鱼肝脏中表达量最高 (P<0.01); Ccpla2g3b在鲤受精后0.5h的表达量显著高于之后各取样点 (P<0.05), 在成鱼卵巢中表达量最高 (P<0.01); Ccpla2g3cs在120h表达量达到最高, 在成鱼脑中表达量最高 (P<0.01)。实验比较全面地揭示了鲤sPLA₂-III亚家族基因结构、系统发育和表达特征。     

鲤sPLA_2-Ⅲ基因结构、系统发育和表达特征

磷脂酶A_2在磷脂代谢、炎症反应、细胞增殖和动脉粥样硬化等生理病理过程中发挥作用。为了探究sPLA_2-Ⅲ在鲤(Cyprinus carpioLinnaeus)中的生物学功能,实验使用BLAST同源搜索和线性分析在鲤(Cyprinus carpio)基因组中挖掘得到5个sPLA_2-Ⅲ基因,分别位于5个连锁群,分别命名为Ccpla2g3a1、Ccpla2g3a2、Ccpla2g3b、Ccpla2g3c1和Ccpla2g3c2。基因结构和序列分析显示Ccpla2g3as含有7个外显子,Ccpla2g3b和Ccpla2g3cs则均含有4个外显子,分别编码530、525、461、752和753个氨基酸,均含有PLA_2_bee_venom_like region和sPLA_2-Ⅲ特征序列。线性分析显示, Ccpla2g3a1和Ccpla2g3a2, Ccpla2g3c1和Ccpla2g3c2来自鲤特异的染色体加倍事件。从2R (Two rounds of genome duplication)鱼雀鳝(Lepisosteus oculatus)到3R(Fish-specific genome duplication, FSGD)鱼斑马鱼(Danio rerio)等,雀鳝的pla2g3a(b)加倍为3R鱼的pla2g3a和pla2g3b, pla2g3c因在3R鱼的一个连锁群上丢失,故3R鱼中只保留一个基因。同源性分析表明已有鱼类Pla2g3a、Pla2g3b和Pla2g3c垂直同源蛋白之间相似性分别为48.8%—93.2%、37.6%—74.3%和49.6%—97.6%,鲤和斑马鱼的垂直同源基因之间相似性最高。系统发育结果显示,鱼类及其祖先雀鳝的Pla2g3c以100%的置信值归在一支,雀鳝Pla2g3a(b)与除了鲤科鱼类(鲤和斑马鱼) Pla2g3b外的Pla2g3a和Pla2g3b以96%置信值在一支,鲤和斑马鱼Pla2g3b单独形成一支表明在进化过程中该基因变异较大。荧光定量PCR结果表明Ccpla2g3as在整个鲤早期发育阶段表达量均较低,在成鱼肝脏中表达量最高(P0.01);Ccpla2g3b在鲤受精后0.5h的表达量显著高于之后各取样点(P0.05),在成鱼卵巢中表达量最高(P0.01);Ccpla2g3cs在120h表达量达到最高,在成鱼脑中表达量最高(P0.01)。实验比较全面地揭示了鲤sPLA_2-Ⅲ亚家族基因结构、系统发育和表达特征。     

斑马鱼nr1d4a和nr1d4b基因的表达及其对不同环境刺激的响应

研究获得了斑马鱼nr1d4a和nr1d4b基因的cDNA,进行了序列比对和系统进化分析,并采用实时定量RT-PCR（qPCR）方法研究了其表达模式及对不同环境刺激的转录反应。研究发现,斑马鱼nr1d4a和nr1d4b是由基因复制产生的旁系同源基因,具有高度保守的DNA结合结构域和配体结合结构域。斑马鱼nr1d4a和nr1d4b的表达模式具有明显的差别。nr1d4a在胚胎发育早期的表达量很低,72 hpf时开始显著升高;而nr1d4b具有较高水平的母源性表达,6 hpf时的表达量明显降低,但也在72 hpf显著回升。nr1d4a在脑和肾脏中表达量最高,其次是鳃、卵巢、精巢和眼,在肝脏中的表达量最低;nr1d4b在卵巢中表达量最高,其次是精巢和脑,在肠道和心脏中表达量最低。斑马鱼nr1d4a和nr1d4b都能被多种环境刺激瞬时诱导表达。16℃低温处理0.5h就能显著诱导斑马鱼nr1d4a和nr1d4b基因的表达,但处理6h后其诱导效应开始下降并逐渐消失。除低温外,重金属（2 mol/L镉）、缺氧（5%氧气）和盐度（5）处理均能瞬时诱导nr1d4a和nr1d4b的表达,说明nr1d4a和nr1d4b基因可能参与斑马鱼对多种环境刺激的适应性反应。研究为深入揭示鱼类nr1d4a和nr1d4b基因的生物学功能及其表达调控机制奠定了基础。       

斑马鱼nr1d4a和nr1d4b基因的表达及其对不同环境刺激的响应简

研究获得了斑马鱼nr1d4a和nr1d4b基因的cDNA,进行了序列比对和系统进化分析,并采用实时定量RT-PCR(qPCR)方法研究了其表达模式及对不同环境刺激的转录反应。研究发现,斑马鱼nr1d4a和nr1d4b是由基因复制产生的旁系同源基因,具有高度保守的DNA结合结构域和配体结合结构域。斑马鱼nr1d4a和nr1d4b的表达模式具有明显的差别。nr1d4a在胚胎发育早期的表达量很低,72 hpf时开始显著升高;而nr1d4b具有较高水平的母源性表达,6 hpf时的表达量明显降低,但也在72 hpf显著回升。nr1d4a在脑和肾脏中表达量最高,其次是鳃、卵巢、精巢和眼,在肝脏中的表达量最低;nr1d4b在卵巢中表达量最高,其次是精巢和脑,在肠道和心脏中表达量最低。斑马鱼nr1d4a和nr1d4b都能被多种环境刺激瞬时诱导表达。16℃低温处理0.5h就能显著诱导斑马鱼nr1d4a和nr1d4b基因的表达,但处理6h后其诱导效应开始下降并逐渐消失。除低温外,重金属(2μmol/L镉)、缺氧(5%氧气)和盐度(5‰)处理均能瞬时诱导nr1d4a和nr1d4b的表达,说明nr1d4a和nr1d4b基因可能参与斑马鱼对多种环境刺激的适应性反应。研究为深入揭示鱼类nr1d4a和nr1d4b基因的生物学功能及其表达调控机制奠定了基础。     

建鲤两种Δ6脂肪酸去饱和酶基因克隆与表达

利用逆转录PCR和RACE技术获得建鲤2种Δ6脂肪酸去饱和酶（FADs6-a,FADs6-b）的全长cDNA序列. FADs6-a基因的cDNA总长为1 966 bp,开放阅读框为1 335 bp,编码444个氨基酸;FADs6-b基因的cDNA总长为1 931 bp,开放阅读框为1 335 bp,编码444个氨基酸.FADs6-a和FADs6-b基因都包括N端细胞色素b5结构域、3个富含组氨酸的结构域和2个推测的跨膜区,具有典型的Δ6脂肪酸去饱和酶结构特点.氨基酸同源性分析显示,建鲤FADs6-a和FADs6-b与斑马鱼的相似性较高,而与海水鱼类的相似性较低,与人类FADs6的相似性高于与FADs5的相似性.通过实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)检测该基因在建鲤幼鱼不同组织中的表达量, 发现2种Δ6 脂肪酸去饱和酶基因在建鲤肝脏的表达量最高,其次是肠、脑、肌肉、心和肾,而前肠高于后肠,FADs6-a的表达量高于FADs6-b.得到的结论是,建鲤具有2种类型的合成高度不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)的关键酶-Δ6脂肪酸去饱和酶,在肝脏和肠道中的含量较多,且FADs6-a和FADs6-b在结构和组织的表达方面都存在差异,这为进一步研究建鲤HUFA的合成途径及调控机理奠定了基础.     

建鲤IGFBP 3 基因多态性对生长的影响

胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白3(insulin-like growth factor binding protein,IGFBP3)是调节动物生长和代谢的重要基因.本实验查找了建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.jian)IGFBP3s基因上的SNP位点.使用PCRRFLP检测了其中5个位点(IGFBP3a-I3...     

Sequence-based polymorphisms in the mitochondrial D-loop and potential SNP predictors for chronic dialysis

Background

The mitochondrial (mt) displacement loop (D-loop) is known to accumulate structural alterations and mutations. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the D-loop among chronic dialysis patients and healthy controls.

Methodology and Principal Findings

We enrolled 193 chronic dialysis patients and 704 healthy controls. SNPs were identified by large scale D-loop sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. Chronic dialysis patients had lower body mass index, blood thiols, and cholesterol levels than controls. A total of 77 SNPs matched with the positions in reference of the Revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS) were found in the study population. Chronic dialysis patients had a significantly higher incidence of 9 SNPs compared to controls. These include SNP5 (16108Y), SNP17 (16172Y), SNP21 (16223Y), SNP34 (16274R), SNP35 (16278Y), SNP55 (16463R), SNP56 (16519Y), SNP64 (185R), and SNP65 (189R) in D-loop of CRS. Among these SNPs with genotypes, SNP55-G, SNP56-C, and SNP64-A were 4.78, 1.47, and 5.15 times more frequent in dialysis patients compared to controls (P<0.05), respectively. When adjusting the covariates of demographics and comorbidities, SNP64-A was 5.13 times more frequent in dialysis patients compared to controls (P<0.01). Furthermore, SNP64-A was found to be 35.80, 3.48, 4.69, 5,55, and 4.67 times higher in female patients and in patients without diabetes, coronary artery disease, smoking, and hypertension in an independent significance manner (P<0.05), respectively. In patients older than 50 years or with hypertension, SNP34-A and SNP17-C were found to be 7.97 and 3.71 times more frequent (P<0.05) compared to patients younger than 50 years or those without hypertension, respectively.

Conclusions and Significance

The results of large-scale sequencing suggest that specific SNPs in the mtDNA D-loop are significantly associated with chronic dialysis. These SNPs can be considered as potential predictors for chronic dialysis.     

Synonymous SNPs Provide Evidence for Selective Constraint on Human Exonic Splicing Enhancers

The human SNP database was used to detect selection on 238 hexamers previously identified as exonic splicing enhancers (ESEs). We compared the distribution of the 238 putative ESEs in biallelic and triallelic SNPs within five different functional categories of the SNP database: synonymous, nonsynonymous, introns, UTRs, and nongenic SNPs. Since true ESEs do not function outside of exons, SNPs that disrupt ESE motifs were expected to be more common in nonexonic portions of the genome. Our results supported this expectation: ESEs were least prevalent within synonymous SNPs and most common in nongenic SNPs. There were ∼11% fewer ESEs within synonymous biallelic SNPs than expected under no selective constraint. We also compared the frequency of neutral SNPs, those where neither allele was an ESE, with deleterious SNPs, those where one or more alleles was an ESE, across the five different functional classes of SNPs. In comparison with the other functional classes of SNPs, synonymous SNPs contained an excess of neutral variants (+1.64% and +6.04% for biallelic and triallelic SNPs, respectively) and a dearth of deleterious variants (−13.11% and −52.39% for biallelic and triallelic SNPs, respectively). The observed patterns were consistent with purifying selection on the 238 hexamers to maintain their function as ESEs. However, in contrast to previous work, we did not find evidence for selection to maintain ESE function at nonsynonymous SNPs because selection at the protein level probably obscured any difference at the level of ESE function.     

兴国红鲤MHCⅡ类基因多态性、表达及其与鱼体抗病力关系的分析

对41尾感病和22尾抗病兴国红鲤的308个有效克隆进行测序,获得171条不同的MHC Ⅱ类基因编码序列,分属26个不同的等位基因,其中Cyca-DXA24Cyca-DXA36为新发现的13个等位基因。MHCⅡ类基因片段的长度为624 bp,包括第14个外显子,分别编码信号肽、1和2结构域及连接肽/跨膜区。1结构域的变异明显大于2结构域,表现在1结构域中核苷酸和氨基酸变异位点比例（55.16%和79.76%）明显高于2结构域的变异位点比例（45.96%和68.42%）。1结构域的PBR区的非同义碱基替换率（dN）与同义碱基替换率（dS）的比值 （=dN/dS）为5.742,远远高于非抗原结合位点（non-PBR）及2结构域的0.755、0.592,揭示兴国红鲤MHC Ⅱ类基因的1结构域在进化过程中受到正向选择作用。等位基因Cyca-DXA24 （P0.01）与兴国红鲤对嗜水气单胞菌的抗性相关,等位基因Cyca-DXA3 （P0.05）、Cyca-DXA4 （P0.01）、Cyca-DXA6 （P0.05）、Cyca-DXA33 （P0.05）与兴国红鲤对嗜水气单胞菌的易感性相关。荧光定量PCR结果表明,MHCⅡ类基因在健康兴国红鲤的肾、肝、鳃等10个组织均能普遍表达。人工感染嗜水气单胞菌后,肾、肝、脾3个组织中的MHCⅡ类基因的表达量均发生了不同程度的变化,表明MHCⅡ类分子在兴国红鲤的免疫反应中起到重要作用。       

The impact of natural selection on an ABCC11 SNP determining earwax type

A nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs17822931-G/A (538G>A; Gly180Arg), in the ABCC11 gene determines human earwax type (i.e., wet or dry) and is one of most differentiated nonsynonymous SNPs between East Asian and African populations. A recent genome-wide scan for positive selection revealed that a genomic region spanning ABCC11, LONP2, and SIAH1 genes has been subjected to a selective sweep in East Asians. Considering the potential functional significance as well as the population differentiation of SNPs located in that region, rs17822931 is the most plausible candidate polymorphism to have undergone geographically restricted positive selection. In this study, we estimated the selection intensity or selection coefficient of rs17822931-A in East Asians by analyzing two microsatellite loci flanking rs17822931 in the African (HapMap-YRI) and East Asian (HapMap-JPT and HapMap-CHB) populations. Assuming a recessive selection model, a coalescent-based simulation approach suggested that the selection coefficient of rs17822931-A had been approximately 0.01 in the East Asian population, and a simulation experiment using a pseudo-sampling variable revealed that the mutation of rs17822931-A occurred 2006 generations (95% credible interval, 1,023-3,901 generations) ago. In addition, we show that absolute latitude is significantly associated with the allele frequency of rs17822931-A in Asian, Native American, and European populations, implying that the selective advantage of rs17822931-A is related to an adaptation to a cold climate. Our results provide a striking example of how local adaptation has played a significant role in the diversification of human traits.