高效净水异养硝化细菌的筛选鉴定及固定化应用研究

本研究从海参养殖水体、泥土中筛选出4株具有硝化能力的异养硝化细菌。分别将其游离菌体细胞投入海参养殖水体,测定亚硝态氮、氨氮去除率,筛选出HS．NOB2为高效净化菌株,对HS-NOB2进行16SrDNA扩增及序列测定,初步鉴定为节杆菌（Arthrobactersp．）。利用海藻酸钠包埋法对高效净化菌体细胞进行固定化,将该固定化菌投入养殖水体及人工合成污水,研究其对水体中亚硝态氮、氨氮的处理效果,并与游离菌体细胞进行比较。结果表明,固定化后亚硝态氮去除率达到49．85％,氨氮去除率达到56．58％,均明显高于游离菌体细胞。上述研究为探寻水体净化提供了新思路,为水质改良剂的实际生产提供可选菌株。     

茄子幼苗耐低温性生理机制研究

选择耐低温性不同的6份茄子高代自交系幼苗为材料,进行白天10℃/夜间7℃低温处理10d,调查其耐低温性、生长指标(株高、茎粗、鲜重、干重)、生理指标(POD、SOD、APX活性及脯氨酸含量),以探讨低温对茄子幼苗生长过程中的生长和生理指标的影响.结果显示:(1)各材料的上述性状在常温下均差异不显著,而在低温处理下差异极显著;与对照相比较,幼苗株高、茎粗、鲜重和干重下降,而POD、SOD、APX活性及脯氨酸含量上升.(2)各材料指标的升降幅度与其低温耐受性密切相关,耐低温性强的材料生长指标下降幅度较小,而生理指标提高幅度较大,耐低温性弱的材料则表现相反.(3)各指标间相比较,茄子耐低温性与株高、茎粗、干重、POD活性、SOD活性呈显著正相关,与其余性状的相关未达显著水平.研究表明,低温使茄子幼苗的生长受到一定程度的抑制,但耐低温材料能够通过调节自身的保护酶系统活性来减轻低温的伤害,维持植物体的正常生长及生理代谢功能.     

新型固定化硝化细菌和好氧反硝化细菌处理氨氮废水

以改性沸石、聚乙烯醇、海藻酸钠作为固定化载体材料,硼酸和氯化钙作为交联剂,采用吸附-包埋-交联法将硝化细菌和好氧反硝化细菌复合固定化制备成微生物小球.通过复合菌配比实验,考察其对氨氮的去除率以及亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的累积量;对制成的固定化小球做四因素三水平的正交实验,考察不同条件下对氨氮的去除率.结果表明,硝化细菌和好氧反硝化细菌配比为3:2时,氨氮去除率最高达82.32%,亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的累积量为0.032mg·L^-1和0.053 mg·L^-1;通过正交实验,确定沸石投加量为2g·100mL^-1、温度为30℃、pH值为7.5、振荡速度为130r·min^-1时,对氨氮达到最好的去除效果,去除率达90.31%,此法制得的小球机械性能和吸水性能良好.     

光合细菌固定化技术及其应用研究进展

光合细菌是地球上出现最早,且自然界中普遍存在的一种具有原始光能合成体系的原核生物,是处于厌氧环境中可以进行不放氧光合作用的细菌总称。近年来,随着经济的发展与科技进步,光合细菌已被广泛应用到社会生产生活的各个领域。本文总结了光合细菌固定化技术使用的材料和方法,对光合细菌固定化技术在废水处理、生物制氢等方面的应用进行了深入探讨。     

亚硝化细菌的分离和特性的研究

从厌氧/好氧(A/O)工艺的废水处理系统活性污泥中分离出亚硝化细菌A5,鉴定为亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosomonas sp．)．并对其特性进行了研究。得出氨氧化作用最适的温度为32℃,最适的pH值为8．0,需要充足的溶解氧。另外．亚硝化细菌A5具有较高的耐盐能力,NaCl或Na2SO4浓度为50g/L范围内,其氨氧化作用没有受到明显的抑制,适合于投加到处理含有较高的溶解性盐和较高离子强度的废水生化处理系统中去除氨氮。     

固定化技术研究的新进展

固定化生物催化剂的研究近一、二十年来发展非常迅速。它已由原来的单一固定化酶、固定化微生物细咆发展到动植物细胞、组织器官、微生物孢子^[1]、细胞与酶^[2]、好氧微生物与厌氧微生物^[3]的混合固定化等,其应用研究巳涉及发酵、食品、化工、分析、医疗、生化、环境净化等各个领域^[4],展示了广阔的发展前景。     

固定化光合细菌利用有机物产氢的研究

应用固定化细胞技术包埋荚膜红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas capsulata)菌株386．研究在光照下利用有机物产氢的特性。实验观察到,光照培养120小时,悬浮培养物的产氢量为68．2ml·比产氢速率为104．1ml H2/g(生物量)·h;用琼脂包埋后．其产氢能力得到改善,产氢量和比产氢速率分别达到128．4ml和l 9s．8mlH2/g·h。该菌株除可利用苹果酸外,还可利用葡萄糖、乳酸、丙酸等基质高效地产氢。基质浓度只有控制在适当水平时,才具有较高的基质转化产氢效率。此外．菌体生物量、菌龄、培养液pH、光照强度、光照／黑暗时间比以及温度对产氢过程均有不同程度的影响。     

浅谈硝化细菌及其在自然界的意义

硝化细菌简介硝化细菌(如,Ntrifying baeteria),是1889年维诺格拉得斯基第一次分离出来的化能自养菌,是一类具有硝化作用,能将土壤中的氨或胺盐转化成亚硝酸盐及硝酸盐的细菌。 1.硝化细菌的种类硝化细菌包括亚硝酸细菌和硝酸细菌两个生理类群,属独立的硝化杆菌科(Nitrobacteraceae)。 (1)把氨氧化成亚硝酸的细菌是亚硝酸细菌,分两类六个属:一类是有菌胶团的两个属,即亚硝化囊菌属(Nitrosocyotis)和亚硝化     

活性污泥中硝化细菌的分离及其硝化强度的初步研究

通过对活性污泥中硝化细菌的富集,使硝化细菌浓度达１０＾７个／ｍｌ。在硅酸胶平板上分离到硝化细菌的纯培养物。经鉴定主要有三种菌,简称Ｎ－１,Ｎ－２和Ｎ－３,Ｎ－１为亚硝化单胸菌,Ｎ－２为硝化杆菌,Ｎ－３为硝化刺菌,对三力的硝化强度进行了研究。１６ｄ时,Ｎ－１的亚硝化率为５５．６％,Ｎ－２的硝化率为６５．５％,Ｎ－３的硝化率为９３．７％。三株菌在工业化污水处理中将有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of diffusion limitation on immobilized nitrifying microorganisms at low temperatures

Activation energies of suspended and immobilized nitrifying bacteria were determined and compared to determine if diffusion limitation results in decreased sensitivity for temperature. The activation energy for the respiration activity of suspended Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter agilis was found to be 86.4 and 58.4 kJ mol(-1), respectively. The activation energy for oxygen diffusion in the support material, kappa-carrageenan, determined from the effect of temperature on the effective diffusion coefficient (D), was 17.2 kJ mol(-1). Consequently, the apparent actvation energy of diffusion limited cells should be lower. It was indeed shown that due to the effect of diffusion limitation and to temperature effects on the Monod constant K(s), the immobilized-cell activity was less sensitive to temperature. The apparent activation energy for immobilized Ns. europaea was between 28.6 and 94.2 kJ mol(-1) and for immobilized Nb. agilis between 1.4 and 72.9 kJ mol(-1), depending on the oxygen concentration and temperature. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Reduced temperature sensitivity of immobilized Nitrobacter agilis cells caused by diffusion limitation

A dynamic model describing substrate consumption and growth of immobilized biomass was extended to predict and study the effect of variations in temperature. This was done by including temperature relations for all the individual parameters that are influenced by temperature.

A sensitivity analysis was executed to identify the parameters that determine the temperature sensitivity of the overall process in the different cultivation phases. The model was evaluated by cultivating immobilized Nitrobacter agilis cells in an airlift loop reactor at various temperatures between 6–30°C. The dynamics of the system were studied by imposing temperature changes during the cultivation. The model describes the effect of low temperatures on the macroscopic consumption rate fairly well. As predicted, immobilized cells are less sensitive to temperature changes than suspended cells. The macroscopic consumption rate of immobilized N. agilis cells at 10°C is around 70% of the macroscopic consumption rate at 30°C while in the case of suspended cells, this consumption rate is only 15%.     

A simple correlation for predicting effective diffusivities in immobilized cell systems

A simple correlation method has been developed to predict effective diffusivities of small molecules in heterogeneous materials such as immobilized cell systems. This correlation uses a single diffusivity measurement at one cell volume fraction to predict diffusivities for any other volume fraction of cell. The method has been applied to 20 sets of published diffusivity measurements in immobilized cell systems and accurately predicts affective diffusivities of molecules for the full range of cell fractions. It may also be used to predict effective diffusivities in heterogeneous materials in which the diffusivity of a molecule in each phase and the volume fraction of each phase are known. (c) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

产菊糖酶克鲁维酵母Y-85的固定化研究

把产菊糖酶的克鲁维酵母Ｙ—８５细胞固定于不同的载体上,如：脱乙酰几丁质、聚乙烯醇—海藻酸钠、琼脂、海藻酸钠、明胶等,进行连续发酵以生产高果糖浆。经过对凝胶的机械强度、固定化细胞的最适作用条件及稳定性、酶活保留率和制作工艺等综合比较,确认明胶是较好的载体。分批反应１０批次,固定化细胞酶活力及机械强度保持良好,底物转化率在９０％左右;以菊糖浓度３．２％的菊芋粉抽提液过反应柱进行连续反应,在稀释率Ｄ为０．４４ｈ－１时,其还原糖生产力为１２．５ｇ／ｌ·ｈ,转化率９２％。５５℃条件下,连续反应３０ｄ后,底物转化率由起初９４％降至８２％,酶活力只损失１２％。     

固定化假单胞菌CTP-01细胞分解对硫磷的研究

用明胶-戊二醛(GGA)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAA)包埋的固定化Pseudomonas sp.CTP-01细胞具有降解对硫磷的特性。GGA固定化细胞水解对硫磷的活力比PAA固定化细胞高5.8倍。当保存在4℃时GGA和PAA固定化细胞分别可以保持活力31.3和70%。GGA和PAA包埋的细胞最适反应温度分别为50℃到70℃和60℃到70℃,然而整细胞在温度超过65℃时活力很快下降。GGA和PAA两种固定化细胞最适pH为8.0,当pH低于7.0时活力开始下降,pH4吋则完全失活。     

Plant distribution and the temperature coefficient of metabolism

The spatial distribution of a plant species is limited by the range of climatic conditions to which the species can adapt. Temperature is one of the most significant determinants of plant distribution, but except for the effects of lethal limits, little is known about physiological changes in responses to differences in environmental temperature. In this study, temperature coefficients of non-photosynthetic metabolism have been determined in the normal environmental temperature range for selected annual and perennial plants. Distinct differences were found in the temperature coefficient of metabolism of woody perennial plants from high latitudes and high elevations and closely related low-latitude and low-elevation plants. Low-latitude and low-elevation woody perennials have Arrhenius temperature coefficients for metabolism that are larger than those for congeneric high-latitude and high-elevation plants. The Arrhenius temperature coefficient is not rapidly adapted to new environments. A simple function was developed relating Arrhenius temperature coefficient to latitude and elevation for accessions of three, woody, perennial species complexes of plants collected from a wide geographic range but grown in common gardens. Within these taxa, plants that experience broader ranges of temperature during growth in their native habitat have smaller temperature coefficients. Temperature coefficients also varied with growth stage or season. No similar relationship was found for annuals and herbaceous perennials. For the plants tested, Arrhenius temperature coefficients are high during early spring growth, but shift to lower values later in the season. The shift in Arrhenius temperature coefficients occurs early in the season for southern and low-elevation plants and progressively later for plants from further north or higher elevation. The changes in Arrhenius temperature coefficients result largely from increases in plant metabolic rates at lower temperatures while little change occurs in the rates at higher temperatures. Altering the temperature dependence of the control of metabolic rate is apparently an important means of response to climate change.     

一株耐高温高盐亚硝化单胞菌特性的初步研究

从某污水处理站高温高盐外排水中分离出一株严格自养的特殊亚硝化单胞菌。它为革兰氏染色阴性,不产芽孢,细胞椭球形或短杆状,呈单个排列或排列成圆形、直线形,细胞大小为（0.7～0.9)μm×（1.2～1.8)μm。在扫描电镜下发现单个或多个菌体被绒毛状不明物质包裹。该菌株能将氨氮氧化成亚硝酸盐,导致体系中的总氮减少,但是氨氮的减少与亚硝酸盐的增加并不能形成对应,而体系中几乎检测不到硝酸盐氮。在分离菌株50℃培养12 d时,约有10％的NH＋4N转变为NO-2N,15％的NH＋4N未发生转变,剩下的75％的NH＋4N被去除,包括挥发掉的17％的NH＋4N。气相色谱分析表明,菌株培养过程产生气体中氮气含量较对照气体（室内空气）增加了3.5％。     

Studies on neomycin production using immobilized cells of<Emphasis Type="Italic">S marinensis</Emphasis> NUV-5 in various reactor configurations: A technical note

Conclusion  Stirred tank, fluidized bed, and airlift reactors produced similar neomycin activity with immobilized cells. Packed bed reactor clearly under performed, probably because of insufficient aeration or mixing. Neomycin production using immobilized cells in fermentors requires good mixing and aeration.