PVA固定化的生黑醋菌生产L-山梨糖的研究

生黑醋菌可以将D-山梨醇转化为L-山梨塘,用微生物将D-山梨醇氧化为L-山梨糖是维生素C生产的一个重要部分,目前工业上用的都是游离菌批式生产工艺。由于固定化活细胞作为生物催化剂具有生产的连续性和稳定性．操作简便．产物易于分离纯化等优点^[1],已有不少实验室研究甩固定化微生物细胞将D-山梨醇转化为L-山梨糖^[1-6],国内也有用海藻酸固定化生黑醋菌Acetobacteriummelanogenum的报道^[2,3]。用海藻酸钙^[1-3]、聚丙烯酰胺^[4]、铝处理的海藻酸钙^[5]、水合聚丙烯酰胺与海藻酸钙混合固定化的微生物细胞^[6]转化D-山梨醇成为L-山梨糖,都有因机械强度差,而不适合在搅拌式发酵罐中生产的弱点。聚乙烯醇制备的固定化微生物细胞具有机械强度好、类似于橡皮的弹性、成低等特性^[7]。因此,我们选择聚乙烯醇作为固定化生黑醋菌的材料。     

固定化技术研究的新进展

固定化生物催化剂的研究近一、二十年来发展非常迅速。它已由原来的单一固定化酶、固定化微生物细咆发展到动植物细胞、组织器官、微生物孢子^[1]、细胞与酶^[2]、好氧微生物与厌氧微生物^[3]的混合固定化等,其应用研究巳涉及发酵、食品、化工、分析、医疗、生化、环境净化等各个领域^[4],展示了广阔的发展前景。     

利用渗透交联固定化细胞促进生物转化

固定化技术已在生物工程中得到广泛的实际应用,特别是应用于生物转化以提高酶或细胞的稳定性,实现连续操作等。对于含胞内酶的细胞的生物转化．一般先破碎细胞,使酶释放出来,再进行酶固定化。由于酶的稳定性通常与细胞膜的结台有关^[1],细胞破碎中常导致酶的失活。如果不破碎细胞,对完整细胞固定化,又会有传质困难抑制酶活力的发挥。我们研究出渗透交联固定化细胞技术以解决这个矛盾。先采用某种试剂(多为表面活性剂)处理细胞,提高细胞的通透性,再进行交联固定化．可以保证酶的活力破坏较小,又减小了传质阻力。既提高了固定化细胞的稳定性,又提高了固定化细胞的表观酶活。称这种固定化技术为渗透交联固定化细胞技术。Prabhuaney等采用CTAB-戊二醛处理聚丙烯酰胺凝胶包理的含青霉素酰化酶E. coli细胞^[2]。Nmhida采用1,6-己二胺-戊二醛处理含天冬氨酸酶的E．Coli细胞^[3]。渗透交联固定化处理会损伤细胞和酶是这种技术的一个矛盾。本文采用多乙烯多胺-戊二处理方法．因多乙烯多胺既起到表面活性剂的作用．又是交联剂。而且渗透能力比CTAB和1,6-已二 胺为低,故对细胞和酶损伤较小。     

利用固定化酵母细胞生产1，6-二磷酸果糖的研究

目前对1,6-二磷酸果糖(简称FDP)生产基本采用Leisola^[1]等人在1974年提出的以酵母蕾为转化 媒体。以蔗糖、磷酸盐为底物的酶促磷酸化法来进行制备,但在工艺条件上已经有了很大的改进。利用固定化细胞生产FDP是现在人们进行研究的主要方向^[2]。在对常用的几种固定化方法进行比较后．本试验采用聚乙烯醇(PVA)和海藻酸钠为复合载体．对酵母细胞进行包埋,然后在饱和硼酸和CaCl₂溶藏中制成固定化小球。用其制备FDP,转化能力增强,转化周期明显缩短。如果进行工业化生产,可大大高设备利用率．简化工艺条件。     

水-有机溶剂两相体系中甲基单孢菌Z201细胞催化丙烯环氧化的初步研究

Laabe于1987年提出了生物催化剂工程(Biocatalyst engineering)和介质工程(Medium engineering)的概念^[1]。有机相生物催化中溶剂的选择也是介质工程的内容之一。纯酶在有机相中的催化作用已有大量报道^[2],但对完整细胞研究甚步。本文以甲基单胞菌(Methylomonas Z201)完整细胞为生物催化剂．丙烯环氧化为指标反应．研究有机溶剂对活性的影响并对催化活性——溶剂疏水性进行了相关性分析。研究了水一十六烷两相体系中十六烷含量和搅拌速度对丙烯环氧化速度的影响和细胞的操作稳定性。     

云南红豆杉培养细胞系的建立

紫杉醇(Taxol)最初是从红豆杉属植物短叶红豆杉(Taxus brevifolia)树皮中分离出的一种二萜类化合物^[1]．对卵巢癌,转移性乳腺癌和恶性黑色寮瘤等患者疗效显著^[2],全世界红豆杉属植物有近11种,都含紫杉醇成分．但含量很低,加之现存数量很少,生长极为缓慢．造成了紫杉醇原料供应的危机^[3]。紫杉醇化学合成已经成功^[4-6],但繁杂的反应过程及前体化合物来源的限制使得它们无法实现商业化生产。最近从短叶红豆杉中分离出一种生产紫杉醇的内寄生真菌Tgromyer andreanae^[7]．由于紫杉醇含量仅为24～50ng/L．没有实用价值。植物细胞和组织培养可能是解决天然抗肿瘤药物长期供应的有效方法之一^[8]。自1991年Christen等人申请利用红豆杉细胞培养物生产紫杉醇专利以来^[9]．有关红豆杉细胞培养的研究已有不少报^[10-12]。但云南红豆杉(T.yunnanensis)仅见愈伤组织诱导的报道^[13]。本文报道云南红豆杉愈伤组织诱导和细胞培养的初步结果,并分析了细胞培养物中紫杉醇含量。     

色谱反应分离器中青霉素G的水解特性

6-氨基青霉烷酸(6-APA)是半合成青霉素的关键中间体,通常采用固定床反应器在青霉素酰化酶作用下水解青霉素来制备^[1]。由于该反应是典型的产物抑制可逆反应,工业生产中需不断加碱中和苯乙酸,以维持反应在最适pH条件下进行。为进一步提高青霉素的水解速率,除了维持最适反应条件外．消除产物抑制具有重要作用。近年来一些研究者提出采用伴有分离作用的反应分离组合系统水解青霉素 制取6-APA。Ishimura等^[2]采用电渗析膜耦合式生物反应器连续移除苯乙酸．将反应速率提高了近1倍;陈坚等^[3]研究了固定化酶-离子交换组合系统移除苯乙酸过程。本文报道青霉素在生化反应与液相谱分离过程相耦合而形成的色谱反应分离器中的水解特性。     

黑麦胚性愈伤组织和体细胞胚胎形成过程中内源IAA和Zt变化的初步研究

体细胞胚胎发生已经成为许多植物细胞全能性得以实现的主要途径,黑麦也不例外。许多报道就外源生长素物质（2,4-D、Dicamba^[1]、CPA^[2]、Picloram^[3]）、细胞分裂素类（6-BA^[4]）以及ABA^[5.6]等激素物质对体细胞胚胎发生的促进作用作了较为详细的论述。但是,阐明体细胞胚胎发生的内在原因,对这一技术的完善将具有更为实质性的意义。本试验正是基于这一思路,对黑麦体细胞胚胎发生过程中内源IAA和Zt的变化进行了初步研究。     

真菌-氧化氮还原酶细胞色素P-450nor 2 cDNA序列的测定

在真菌的反硝化作用中,一种细胞色素P-450起着一氧化氮还原酶的作用,被称为细胞色素P-450nor^[1]。最近的研究发现：真菌细胞色素P-450nor有三种类型。除了缣孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)P+450nor(即F．P-450nor)外。还有两种存在于柱孢菌(Cylindrocarpon tonkinense)．即C. P-450norl和2^[2]。 F．P-450nox和C．P-450norl能以NADH为直接的电子供体,使NO还原生成N₂O。C. P-450nor2不仅能直接利用NADH。而且能直接利用NADPH．还原NO生成N₂O。F. P-450nor基因已被克隆和测序^[3-4]。本文测定了C．P-450nor2的eDNA编码区全序列,3’非编码区部分序列和5’引导序列。     

高产花色苷玫瑰茄细胞系的筛选

花色苷在植物中呈现粉红、红、紫红、紫等颜色,可以用作食品、药品及化妆品的着色剂,亦有药用价值。作为食品添加剂,颜色较合成色素自然,且安全无毒性。早在１９８７年,Ｍｉｚukami^[1]就建议用植物细胞培养物生产花色苷类代替合成色素。所有的植物培养细胞都是异源性的。各细胞之间产花色苷的能力相差很大^[2].因为产花色苷的细胞系带有颜色标记,所以容易识别并通过肉眼选择即可获得高产花色苷的细胞系。筛选的方法很多,如平板饲喂法^[3]、小细胞团法^[4]、细胞块法^[5]、肉眼观察直接挑选法及细胞分栋器法^[6]等。高产系花色苷的含量可增加几倍到几十倍,而且产量稳定。本文采用平板法及小细胞团法筛选高产花色苷的玫瑰茄(Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)细胞系。     

Effects of diffusion limitation on immobilized nitrifying microorganisms at low temperatures

Activation energies of suspended and immobilized nitrifying bacteria were determined and compared to determine if diffusion limitation results in decreased sensitivity for temperature. The activation energy for the respiration activity of suspended Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter agilis was found to be 86.4 and 58.4 kJ mol(-1), respectively. The activation energy for oxygen diffusion in the support material, kappa-carrageenan, determined from the effect of temperature on the effective diffusion coefficient (D), was 17.2 kJ mol(-1). Consequently, the apparent actvation energy of diffusion limited cells should be lower. It was indeed shown that due to the effect of diffusion limitation and to temperature effects on the Monod constant K(s), the immobilized-cell activity was less sensitive to temperature. The apparent activation energy for immobilized Ns. europaea was between 28.6 and 94.2 kJ mol(-1) and for immobilized Nb. agilis between 1.4 and 72.9 kJ mol(-1), depending on the oxygen concentration and temperature. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Re-interpretation of the logistic equation for batch microbial growth in relation to Monod kinetics

Aims:  To determine the underlying substrate utilization mechanism in the logistic equation for batch microbial growth by revealing the relationship between the logistic and Monod kinetics. Also, to determine the logistic rate constant in terms of Monod kinetic constants.
Methods and Results:  The logistic equation used to describe batch microbial growth was related to the Monod kinetics and found to be first-order in terms of the substrate and biomass concentrations. The logistic equation constant was also related to the Monod kinetic constants. Similarly, the substrate utilization kinetic equations were derived by using the logistic growth equation and related to the Monod kinetics.
Conclusion:  It is revaled that the logistic growth equation is a special form of the Monod growth kinetics when substrate limitation is first-order with respect to the substrate concentration. The logistic rate constant ( k ) is directly proportional to the maximum specific growth rate constant ( μ _m) and initial substrate concentration ( S ₀) and also inversely related to the saturation constant ( K _s).
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The semi-empirical logistic equation can be used instead of Monod kinetics at low substrate concentrations to describe batch microbial growth using the relationship between the logistic rate constant and the Monod kinetic constants.     

Influence of some physicochemical parameters on bacterial activity of biofilm: Ferrous iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

The influence of temperature, pH, and substrate and product concentrations on the oxidation rate of ferrous iron by biofilm of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was determined. The experiments were performed in an inverse fluidized-bed biofilm reactor in which the biofilm thickness was kept constant at 80 mum. Oxygen concentration and diffusion through the biofilm did not limit the oxidation rate. The oxidation rate was almost unaffected by temperature between 13 and 38 degrees C, pH between 1.3 and 2.2, ferric iron concentration up to 14 g/L, or ferrous iron concentration from 4 to 13 g/L. The kinetics of the process was described by the Monod equation with respect to the mass of the biofilm and with ferrous ions as the limiting substrate.     

Growth of Saccharomycopsis fibuligera in a continuous-stirred-tank fermentor

Growth rates and amylase production rates were determined for the yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuligera grown on a simulated potato processing waste in a continuous-stirred-tank fermentor. S. fibuligera formed large multicellular flocs in the fermentor, and cell growth was reduced at low dilution rates because of mass-transfer resistance. The average Thiele modulus, which is the measure of extent of substrate diffusion, had a value ranging from ?_av = 2.2 for D = 0.10 to 0.3 for D = 0.40. Growth rates were described by the Monod equation modified to include mass-transfer effects. This modified Monod equation was used to predict growth rates from measured floc-size distribution. Experimentally determined growth rates were in close agreement with these predicted values.     

Overview of some theoretical approaches for derivation of the Monod equation

The Monod equation has been widely applied to describe microbial growth, but it has no mechanistic basis and is purely empirical. Extensive efforts have been dedicated to develop theoretical approaches for derivation of the Monod equation, which can be classified into three major groups, i.e., kinetic, thermodynamic, and substance transport approaches. In this review, four representative approaches are thus discussed. Due to the fact that different assumptions are made in each approach, no universal physical meaning of the Monod constant (K (s)) can be revealed. However, it seems that the Monod constant would be free energy-dependent and have nonequilibrium thermodynamic characteristics.     

Modelling fungal growth on surfaces

Fungal growth in time and space at the substrate surface was modelled for a simple system mimicking solid-state fermentation, using a polycarbonate Nucleopore membrane laid over a glucose solution. Biomass production depends on both tip density and the diffusion of glucose within the fungal hyphae. The model predicts early increases in both height and concentration, followed by a period in which the biomass profile moves with a constant wavefront. The rate of increase in height increases as tip diffusivity increases or as the Monod saturation constant for glucose decreases. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

Kinetics of microbial growth on pentachlorophenol.

Batch and fed-batch experiments were conducted to examine the kinetics of pentachlorophenol utilization by an enrichment culture of pentachlorophenol-degrading bacteria. The Haldane modification of the Monod equation was found to describe the relationship between the specific growth rate and substrate concentration. Analysis of the kinetic parameters indicated that the maximum specific growth rate and yield coefficients are low, with values of 0.074 h-1 and 0.136 g/g, respectively. The Monod constant (Ks) was estimated to be 60 micrograms/liter, indicating a high affinity of the microorganisms for the substrate. However, high concentrations (KI = 1,375 micrograms/liter) were shown to be inhibitory for metabolism and growth. These kinetic parameters can be used to define the optimal conditions for the removal of pentachlorophenol in biological treatment systems.     

Kinetics of microbial growth on pentachlorophenol

Batch and fed-batch experiments were conducted to examine the kinetics of pentachlorophenol utilization by an enrichment culture of pentachlorophenol-degrading bacteria. The Haldane modification of the Monod equation was found to describe the relationship between the specific growth rate and substrate concentration. Analysis of the kinetic parameters indicated that the maximum specific growth rate and yield coefficients are low, with values of 0.074 h-1 and 0.136 g/g, respectively. The Monod constant (Ks) was estimated to be 60 micrograms/liter, indicating a high affinity of the microorganisms for the substrate. However, high concentrations (KI = 1,375 micrograms/liter) were shown to be inhibitory for metabolism and growth. These kinetic parameters can be used to define the optimal conditions for the removal of pentachlorophenol in biological treatment systems.     

A Thermodynamic Interpretation of the Monod Equation

The Monod equation for microbial growth is purely empirical, and the theoretical basis of this model stays unclear. Similar to any chemical reactions, overall microbial growth process is dependent upon the changes in free energy. This study showed that the Monod equation could be interpreted in a thermodynamic sense very well. It was probably for the first time demonstrated that the Monod constant (K _s ) was inversely related to the equilibrium constant of the overall microbial growth process. Received: 2 August 2002 / Accepted: 23 September 2002     

Blood oxygen equilibria and theoretical models. I. Effect of protons in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and human red cells, in absence of organic phosphates

1. Oxygen equilibrium curves were measured on red cells that had been depleted of organic phosphates, for rainbow trout red cells between pH 7-9, at 15 and 20 degrees C, and for human red cells between pH 6.8-8.0, at 37 degrees C. 2. The data were fitted to the models of Adair and of Monod et al. (MWC model). Parameters were estimated by the non-linear least-squares method, from which the number of Bohr protons released during oxygenation was calculated. 3. For trout as for human red cells, the pH affects the first step of oxygenation and the overall oxygenation in nearly equal proportion. For human red cells, the association constant for binding of the last oxygen, expressed by k4 or kR, is not affected by pH, indicating that the R structure is free of constraints. For trout red cells, there is a pronounced pH dependence of this constant at low pH, which is about 10-fold increased between pH 7-9. This corresponds to the Root effect that impairs the T----R transition, and confirms previously published data for normal trout and human red cells. 4. For trout red cells, small functional heterogeneity is evidenced, despite Hb multiplicity, and effect seems linked to the level of temperature. 5. The specific effect of organic phosphates, evident for human red cells, contrasts with a lack of effect for trout red cells, when taking into account the intracellular pH values.