The classical definition of mesophyll conductance (gm) represents an apparent parameter (gm,app) as it places (photo)respired CO2 at the same compartment where the carboxylation by Rubisco takes place. Recently, Tholen and co-workers developed a framework, in which gm better describes a physical diffusional parameter (gm,dif). They partitioned mesophyll resistance (rm,dif = 1/gm,dif) into two components, cell wall and plasmalemma resistance (rwp) and chloroplast resistance (rch), and showed that gm,app is sensitive to the ratio of photorespiratory (F) and respiratory (Rd) CO2 release to net CO2 uptake (A): gm,app = gm,dif/[1?+?ω(F?+?Rd)/A], where ω is the fraction of rch in rm,dif. We herein extend the framework further by considering various scenarios for the intracellular arrangement of chloroplasts and mitochondria. We show that the formula of Tholen et al. implies either that mitochondria, where (photo)respired CO2 is released, locate between the plasmalemma and the chloroplast continuum or that CO2 in the cytosol is completely mixed. However, the model of Tholen et al. is still valid if ω is replaced by ω(1?σ), where σ is the fraction of (photo)respired CO2 that experiences rch (in addition to rwp and stomatal resistance) if this CO2 is to escape from being refixed. Therefore, responses of gm,app to (F?+?Rd)/A lie somewhere between no sensitivity in the classical method (σ =1) and high sensitivity in the model of Tholen et al. (σ =0). 相似文献
The rising atmospheric CO2 level is continuously driving the dissolution of more CO2 into the oceans, and some emission scenarios project that the surface waters may reach 1000 μatm by the end of the century. It is not known if fish can detect moderately elevated CO2 levels, and if they avoid areas with high CO2. If so, avoidance behaviour to water with high CO2 could affect movement patterns and migrations of fish in the future. It is also being increasingly recognized that fish behaviour can be altered by exposure to CO2. Therefore this study investigated how long-term exposure to elevated pCO2 affects predator avoidance and CO2 avoidance in juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). The fish were exposed to control water or CO2-enriched water (1000 μatm) for six weeks before being subjected to tests of behaviour.
Results
Despite long term exposure to elevated pCO2 the cod still strongly avoided the smell of a predator. These data are surprising because several coral reef fish have demonstrated reversal of olfactory responses after CO2 exposure, turning avoidance of predator cues into preference for predator cues. Fish from both treatment groups also demonstrated strong avoidance of CO2 when presented with the choice of control or CO2-acidified water, indicating that habituation to the CO2 sensory stimuli is negligible.
Conclusions
As Atlantic cod maintained normal behavioural responses to olfactory cues, they may be tolerant to CO2-induced behavioural changes. The results also suggest that despite the long-term exposure to CO2-acidified water, the fish still preferred the control water over CO2-acidified water. Therefore, in the future, fish may alter their movements and migrations in search of waters with a lower CO2 content.
Saline and alkali soils severely impact plant growth. Endophyte and plant associations are known to significantly modify plant metabolism. This study reports the effects of a type of endophyte on organic acid (OA) accumulation and ionic balance in rice under Na2CO3 stress.
Methods
Rice seedlings with (E+) and without (E-) endophytic infection were subjected to different levels of Na2CO3 stress (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mM) for two weeks. Organic acids and mineral elements in the leaves and roots were determined.
Results
Seedlings with endophytic infection accumulated mainly citrate and fumarate, with some malate and succinate in the leaves. In the roots, accumulation of malate and fumarate was enhanced significantly by endophytic infection, while less citrate and succinate was accumulated under Na2CO3 stress, which suggested that leaves and roots use different mechanisms to control OA metabolism. Endophytes reduced the total Na and Na:K ratios, but increased ST values, the percent changes of other measured nutrients, Chl content, and dry weight per plant under Na2CO3 stress.
Conclusions
Endophytic infection plays a key role in maintaining plant growth by improving nutrient uptake and adjusting OA accumulation under Na2CO3 stress. The application of endophytes can enhance the resistance of rice to salinity.
Global warming is exerting a damaging effect on human health. This damage is not only influenced by future climate conditions but also projected economic development and population growth. That being said, there are no health damage factors related to CO2 emissions which take into account future socioeconomic scenarios in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Thus, the purpose of the current research is to calculate human health damage factors based on the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRESs) developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Methods
The procedure used to calculate the SRES-based damage factors is as follows. First, a framework was developed to calculate damage factors based on multiple parameters: rise in temperature, relative risk increase, mortality rate increase, rise in number of deaths, and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) increase. Secondly, these parameters were calculated for each individual SRES based on the relationship among the parameters and CO2 emissions, GDP, and population values of each scenario. Finally, the damage factor for each SRES was calculated by multiplying all the parameters that had been calculated based on the CO2 emission, GDP, and population data in the corresponding scenarios.
Results and discussion
Using this method, the human health damage factors for four SRESs (A1B, A2, B1, and B2) were calculated. The damage factors consisted of six different items: malaria, diarrhea, cardiovascular disease, malnutrition, coastal flooding, and inland flooding. The calculated results by scenario were 2.0?×?10?7, 6.2?×?10?7, 2.1?×?10?7, and 4.2?×?10?7 DALY/kg CO2, respectively. The damage caused by malnutrition is the greatest, followed by diarrhea. Regions of Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Middle East showed the highest damages due to their high damage from malnutrition and diarrhea. With regard to the differences among the four damage factors, the difference between the projected future mortality rate and DALY per death based on the future GDP per capita is greater than the difference between the increases in temperature among scenarios dependent on future CO2 emission.
Conclusions
The human health damage factors related to CO2 emissions for four SRESs were estimated. As a result of differences between future socioeconomic scenarios, the largest amount of damage per CO2 emission unit was three times greater than the smallest amount. Therefore, sensitive analysis is highly recommended when seeking to compare damage caused by global warming and other impact categories.
Stomatal conductance (gs) of mature trees exposed to elevated CO2 concentrations was examined in a diverse deciduous forest stand in NW Switzerland. Measurements of gs were carried out on upper canopy foliage before noon, over four growing seasons, including an exceptionally dry summer (2003). Across all species reductions in stomatal conductance were smaller than 25% most likely around 10%, with much variation among species and trees. Given the large heterogeneity in light conditions within a tree crown, this signal was not statistically significant, but the responses within species were surprisingly consistent throughout the study period. Except during a severe drought, stomatal conductance was always lower in trees of Carpinus betulus exposed to elevated CO2 compared to Carpinus trees in ambient air, but the difference was only statistically significant on 2 out of 15 days. In contrast, stomatal responses in Fagus sylvatica and Quercus petraea varied around zero with no consistent trend in relation to CO2 treatment. During the 2003 drought in the third treatment year, the CO2 effect became reversed in Carpinus, resulting in higher gs in trees exposed to elevated CO2 compared to control trees, most likely due to better water supply because of the previous soil water savings. This was supported by less negative predawn leaf water potential in CO2 enriched Carpinus trees, indicating an improved water status. These findings illustrate (1) smaller than expected CO2-effects on stomata of mature deciduous forest trees, and (2) the possibility of soil moisture feedback on canopy water relations under elevated CO2. 相似文献
The greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation is one of the most important environmental benefits of using bioenergy replacing fossil fuels. Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are important GHGs and have drawn extra attention for their roles in global warming. Although there have been many works of soil emissions of N2O and CH4 from bioenergy crops in the field scale, GHG emissions in large area of marginal lands are rather sparse and how soil temperature and moisture affect the emission potential remains unknown. Therefore, we sought to estimate the regional GHG emission based on N2O and CH4 releases from the energy crop fields.
Results
Here we sampled the top soils from two Miscanthus fields and incubated them using a short-term laboratory microcosm approach under different conditions of typical soil temperatures and moistures. Based on the emission measurements of N2O and CH4, we developed a model to estimate annual regional GHG emission of Miscanthus production in the infertile Loess Plateau of China. The results showed that the N2O emission potential was 0.27 kg N ha?1 year?1 and clearly lower than that of croplands and grasslands. The CH4 uptake potential was 1.06 kg C ha?1 year?1 and was slightly higher than that of croplands. Integrated with our previous study on the emission of CO2, the net greenhouse effect of three major GHGs (N2O, CH4 and CO2) from Miscanthus fields was 4.08 t CO2eq ha?1 year?1 in the Loess Plateau, which was lower than that of croplands, grasslands and shrub lands.
Conclusions
Our study revealed that Miscanthus production may hold a great potential for GHG mitigation in the vast infertile land in the Loess Plateau of China and could contribute to the sustainable energy utilization and have positive environmental impact on the region.
In tree roots, a large fractionof root-respired CO2remains within the root system rather than diffusing into the soil. This CO2is transported in xylem sap into the shoot, and because respiration is almost always measured as the flux of CO2into the atmosphere from plant tissues, it represents an unaccounted-for component of tree root metabolism.
Abstract
Root respiration has been considered a large component of forest soil CO2 efflux, but recent findings indicate that it may be even more important than previous measurements have shown because a substantial fraction of root-respired CO2 remains within the tree root system and moves internally with the transpiration stream. The high concentration of CO2 in roots appears to originate mainly within the root. It has been suggested that plants can take up dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from soil, but under most conditions uptake from soil is minimal due to the root-to-soil diffusion gradient, which suggests that most of the CO2 in root xylem is derived from root respiration. Estimates of the internal flux of CO2 through root xylem are based on combined measurements of sap flow and internal [CO2]. Results quantifying root xylem CO2 flux, obtained for a limited number of species, have raised important concerns regarding our understanding of tree respiration. Taken together, the results of these studies call into question the partitioning of ecosystem respiration into its above- and belowground components, and redefine the energetic costs of tree root metabolism and hence estimates of belowground carbon allocation. Expanding our observations of root xylem CO2 flux to more species and at longer time scales, as well as improving the techniques used to study this process, could be fruitful avenues for future research, with the potential to substantially revise our understanding of root respiration and forest carbon cycles.
Despite extensive studies on effects of elevated CO2 concentration ([CO2]e) on plant growth, few studies have investigated the responses of native grassland plant species to [CO2]e in terms of nutrient acquisition.
Methods
The effects of [CO2]e (769 ± 23 ppm) on Artemisia frigida and Stipa krylovii, two dominant species in Inner Mongolia steppe were investigated by growing them for 7 weeks in Open-Top Chambers (OTC).
Results
Exposure to [CO2]e enhanced shoot and root growth of A. frigida and S. krylovii. Elevated [CO2] increased photosynthetic rates (Pn) by 34 % in A. frigida but decreased Pn by 52 % in S. krylovii. Moreover, root-secreted acid phosphatase activity in A. frigida was stimulated by [CO2]e, while exudation of malate from roots of S. krylovii was suppressed by [CO2]e. Exposure to [CO2]e led to a decrease in P concentration in shoots and roots of A. frigida and S. krylovii, but total amount of P accumulated in shoots and roots of both species was increased by [CO2]e.
Conclusions
The two dominant species in temperate steppes differed in their responses to [CO2]e, such that A. frigida was more adapted to [CO2]e than S. krylovii under low availability of soil P.
The aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L. is a vector of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) in wheat and other economically important cereal crops. Increased atmospheric CO2 has been shown to alter plant growth and metabolism, enhancing BYDV disease in wheat. However, the biochemical influences on aphid metabolism are not known.
Objectives
This work aims to determine whether altered host-plant quality, influenced by virus infection and elevated CO2, impacts aphid weight and metabolism.
Methods
Untargeted 1H NMR metabolomics coupled with multivariate statistics were employed to profile the metabolism of R. padi reared on virus-infected and non-infected (sham-inoculated) wheat grown under ambient CO2 (aCO2, 400 µmol mol?1) and future, predicted elevated CO2 (eCO2, 650 µmol mol?1) concentrations. Un-colonised wheat was also profiled to observe changes to host-plant quality (i.e., amino acids and sugars).
Results
The direct impacts of virus or eCO2 were compared. Virus presence increased aphid weight under aCO2 but decreased weight under eCO2; whilst eCO2 increased non-viruliferous (sham) aphid weight but decreased viruliferous aphid weight. Discriminatory metabolites due to eCO2 were succinate and sucrose (in sham wheat), glucose, choline and betaine (in infected wheat), and threonine, lactate, alanine, GABA, glutamine, glutamate and asparagine (in aphids), irrespective of virus presence. Discriminatory metabolites due to virus presence were alanine, GABA, succinate and betaine (in wheat) and threonine and lactate (in aphids), irrespective of CO2 treatment.
Conclusion
This study confirms that virus and eCO2 alter host-plant quality, and these differences are reflected by aphid weight and metabolism.
Carbohydrates have drawn considerable interest from researchers recently due to their affinity for CO2. However, most of the research in this field has focused on peracetylated derivatives. Compared with acetylated carbohydrates, which have already been studied in depth, methyl d-glucopyranoside derivatives are more stable and could have additional applications. Thus, in the present work, ab initio calculations were performed to elucidate the characteristics of the interactions of methylglucoside derivatives with CO2, and to investigate how the binding energy (ΔE) is affected by isomerization or the introduction of various acyl groups. Four methyl d-glucopyranosides (each with two anomers) bearing acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, and isobutyryl moieties, respectively, were designed as substrates, and the 1:1 complexes of a CO2 molecule with each of these sugar substrates were modeled. The results indicate that ΔE is mainly influenced by interaction distance and the number of negatively charged donors or interacting pairs in the complex; the structure of the acyl group present in the substrate is a secondary influence. Except in the case of methyl 2-O-acetyl-d-glucopyranose, the ΔE values of the α- and β-anomers of each methylglucoside were found to be almost the same. Therefore, we would expect the CO2 affinities of the four derivatives studied here to be as strong as or even stronger than that of peracetylated d-glucopyranose.
Graphical Abstract The binding energy between methyl d-glucopyranoside derivatives with various substituted acyl groups and CO2 are evaluated by ab initio calculations. The strong interaction between these methyl dglucopyranoside derivatives and CO2 showed the potential of their application for CO2 capture
A decrease of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity in plant cells is associated with the formation of response to adverse factors and reception of signals. A theoretical analysis of the influence of the H+-ATPase activity on the flow of CO2 into a plant cell has been conducted. With this purpose the model of transport processes and electrogenesis in the plant cell developed previously was used, which takes into account transport systems, including H+-ATPase, in the plasma membrane and tonoplast. The CO2 fraction (\({P_{c{o_2}}}\)) in the total amount of inorganic carbon (Ci) in the external medium was used as an indicator of the CO2 amount entering the plant cell; this parameter depends on the extracellular pH, which, in particular, is influenced by the H+-ATPase activity. Excitable and non-excitable cells were simulated. It was shown that a decrease of the H+-ATPase activity causes a \({P_{c{o_2}}}\)reduction in both variants of the model, and this reduction has an extremum: after passing through minimal values, \({P_{c{o_2}}}\)reaches a stationary level. The dynamics of \({P_{c{o_2}}}\)decrease may be related to the Ca2+ influx into the cytoplasm of the plant cell. The reduction of \({P_{c{o_2}}}\)depended on the extent of the H+-ATPase inactivation and on its initial activity. As a whole, it was shown that the inactivation of the H+-ATPase can affect the CO2 uptake in a plant cell and thereby regulate photosynthetic processes. 相似文献
Microalgal-bacterial processes represent a sustainable and cost-effective biotechnology able to promote efficient wastewater treatment, including natural pathogen removal (disinfection), as well as being able to perform CO2 uptake and biogas upgrading. In this context, the influence of CO2 supply from a synthetic gas mixture (30% v/v CO2) on the removal of pathogens (Pseudomonas, enterococci, and Escherichia coli) and total coliforms during secondary domestic wastewater treatment by a microalgal-bacterial symbiosis in a 180-L high-rate algal pond (HRAP) was investigated. The supply of CO2 in the HRAP positively influenced the Pseudomonas aeruginosa removal, with the removal efficiency increasing from 97.4% (1.6 log) to 99.6% (2.5 log) without and with CO2 supply, respectively. Likewise, the total coliform removal efficiency rose from 88.7% (1.1 log) to 99.4% (2.8 log). On the other hand, the effect of CO2 supply on enterococci (99.7% and 2.6 log) and Escherichia coli (98.6% and 2.2 log) removal was negligible. 相似文献
Peatlands are a critical carbon store comprising 30% of the Earth’s terrestrial soil carbon. Sphagnum mosses comprise up to 90% of peat in the northern hemisphere but impacts of climate change on Sphagnum mosses are poorly understood, limiting development of sustainable peatland management and restoration. This study investigates the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) (800 ppm) and hydrology on the growth of Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum capillifolium and Sphagnum papillosum and greenhouse gas fluxes from moss–peat mesocosms. Elevated CO2 levels increased Sphagnum height and dry weight but the magnitude of the response differed among species. The most responsive species, S. fallax, yielded the most biomass compared to S. papillosum and S. capillifolium. Water levels and the CO2 treatment were found to interact, with the highest water level (1 cm below the surface) seeing the largest increase in dry weight under eCO2 compared to ambient (400 ppm) concentrations. Initially, CO2 flux rates were similar between CO2 treatments. After week 9 there was a consistent three-fold increase of the CO2 sink strength under eCO2. At the end of the experiment, S. papillosum and S. fallax were greater sinks of CO2 than S. capillifolium and the ? 7 cm water level treatment showed the strongest CO2 sink strength. The mesocosms were net sources of CH4 but the source strength varied with species, specifically S. fallax produced more CH4 than S. papillosum and S. capillifolium. Our findings demonstrate the importance of species selection on the outcomes of peatland restoration with regards to Sphagnum’s growth and GHG exchange. 相似文献
Do short-term fluctuations in CO2 concentrations at elevated CO2 levels affect net CO2 uptake rates of plants? When exposed to 600 μl CO2 l?1, net CO2 uptake rates in shoots or leaves of seedlings of two tropical C3 tree species, teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) and barrigon [Pseudobombax septenatum (Jacq.) Dug.], increased by 28 and 52% respectively. In the presence of oscillations with half-cycles of 20 s, amplitude of ca. 170 μl CO2 l?1 and mean of 600 μl CO2 l?1, the stimulation in net CO2 uptake by the two species was reduced to 19 and 36%, respectively, i.e. the CO2 stimulation in photosynthesis associated with a change in exposure from 370 to 600 μl CO2 l?1 was reduced by a third in both species. Similar reductions in CO2-stimulated net CO2 uptake were observed in T. grandis exposed to 40-s oscillations. Rates of CO2 efflux in the dark by whole shoots of T. grandis decreased by 4.8% upon exposure of plants grown at 370 μl CO2 l?1 to 600 μl CO2 l?1. The potential implications of the observations on CO2 oscillations and dark respiration are discussed in the context of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) systems in which short-term fluctuations of CO2 concentration are a common feature. 相似文献
Gold is one of the most significant metals in the world, with use in various sectors including the electronic, health, and fashion industries. The Philippines has the world’s third largest known Au deposits and is ranked 20th in global gold production. Of the country’s annual production, about 80% is from the small-scale gold mining (SSGM) sector. This work estimates the first location-specific life cycle energy use and CO2 emissions of SSGM establishments in the Philippines.
Methods
Process-based LCA was used with functional unit of 100 g Au and observed data from 2010 to 2011 for mining, comminution, recovery, and refining. Four gold production paths were observed in the provinces of Benguet and Camarines Norte, namely, amalgamation, cyanidation with carbon-in-leach (CIL), cyanidation with leaching with zinc, and combination of amalgamation and cyanidation with CIL.
Results and discussion
It was estimated that 3–18 g of Au was extracted for every ton of ore within 57–159 man-hours from mining to refining. Energy use estimates ranged from 3501 to 67,325 MJ/100 g Au, while CO2 emission estimates ranged from 398 to 5340 kg CO2/100 g Au. The combination of amalgamation and cyanidation with CIL processes was the least energy and carbon intensive, while cyanidation with CIL process was the most intensive. Electricity use accounted for 95–100% of total emissions, except in cyanidation with CIL where kerosene accounts for 77% of the total. Since SSGMs contributed 80% of the 40 tons of Au produced in the Philippines in 2014, the SSGM energy use was estimated to be between 1120 and 21,544 TJ and the CO2 emissions to be between 129 and 1726 ktons CO2. Energy estimates are most sensitive to refining process yield and electrical equipment efficiency.
Conclusions
The estimated life cycle emissions rate for SSGM in the Philippines is lower than available estimates of large-scale mining. Notwithstanding, given the sector’s reliance on fossil fuels for its energy needs and the Philippines’ pledge to reduce its CO2 footprint by 70% in 2030, every effort to mitigate energy use and CO2 emission counts. Three main recommendations toward energy consumption and CO2 emissions reduction in SSGMs are proposed: (1) policy to promote technologies that are energy-efficient and processes that maximize gold process yield, (2) effective Minahang Bayan (SSGM mining zone mandated by law) implementation to ensure use of higher-grade ores, and (3) adoption of renewable energy in Minahang Bayans to promote energy independence and mitigate CO2 emissions.
Impact of different levels of elevated CO2 on the activity of Frankia (Nitrogen-fixing actinomycete) in Casuarina equisetifolia rooted stem cuttings has been studied to understand the relationship between C. equisetifolia, Frankia and CO2. The stem cuttings of C. equietifolia were collected and treated with 2000 ppm of Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) for rooting. Thus vegetative propagated rooted stem cuttings of C. equisetifolia were inoculated with Frankia and placed in the Open top chambers (OTC) with elevated CO2 facilities. These planting stocks were maintained in the OTC for 12 months under different levels of elevated CO2 (ambient control, 600 ppm, 900 ppm). After 12 months, the nodule numbers, bio mass, growth, and photosynthesis of C. equisetifolia rooted stem cuttings inoculated with Frankia were improved under 600 ppm of CO2. The rooted stem cuttings of C. equisetifolia inoculated with Frankia showed a higher number of nodules under 900 ppm of CO2 and cuttings without Frankia inoculation exhibited poor growth. Tissue Nitrogen (N) content was also higher under 900 ppm of CO2 than ambient control and 600 ppm levels. The photosynthetic rate was higher (17.8 μ mol CO2 m?2 s?1) in 900 ppm of CO2 than in 600 ppm (13.2 μ mol CO2 m?2 s?1) and ambient control (8.3 μ mol CO2 m?2 s?1). This study showed that Frankia can improve growth, N fixation and photosynthesis of C. equietifolia rooted stem cuttings under extreme elevated CO2 level conditions (900 ppm). 相似文献
To investigate the effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on physiology and autumnal leaf phenology, we exposed 3-year-old sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) seedlings to 800 (A8), 600 (A6), and 400 μL(CO2) L–1 (AA) in nine continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) chambers during the growing season of 2014. Leaf abscission timing, abscised leaf area percentages, leaf number, light-saturated net photosynthetic rate (PNmax), leaf area, accumulative growth rates, and biomass were determined and assessed. The results suggested the following: (1) no significant differences were found in the timing of leaf abscission in the three CO2-concentration treatments; (2) PNmax was continuously stimulated to the greatest extent in A8 at 319% and 160% in A6 until the end of the growing season, respectively; and (3) leaf number, leaf area, and accumulative height growth all significantly increased by elevated CO2, which led to a 323% increase in A8 biomass and 235% in A6 biomass after 156-d fumigation. In summary, the results suggest, the timing of leaf abscission of sugar maple in fall was not modified by CO2 enrichment, the increased carbon gain by elevated CO2 was mainly due to increased leaf area, more leaves, and the continuously enhanced high photosynthesis throughout the growing season instead of the leaf life span. 相似文献
A computational study of metal difluorides (MF2; M = Ca to Zn) and their interactions with carbon dioxide and water molecules was performed. The structural parameter values obtained and the results of AIM analysis and energy decomposition analysis indicated that the Ca–F bond is weaker and less ionic than the bonds in the transition metal difluorides. A deformation density plot revealed the stablizing influence of the Jahn–Teller effect in nonlinear MF2 molecules (e.g., where M= Sc, Ti, Cr). An anaysis of the metal K-edge peaks of the difluorides showed that shifts in the edge energy were due to the combined effects of the ionicity, effective nuclear charge, and the spin state of the metal. The interactions of CO2 with ScF2 (Scc3 geometry) and TiF2 (Tic2 geometry) caused CO2 to shift from its usual linear geometry to a bent geometry (η2(C=O) binding mode), while it retained its linear geometry (η1(O) binding mode) when it interacted with the other metal difluorides. Energy decomposition analysis showed that, among the various geometries considered, the Scc3 and Tic2 geometries possessed the highest interaction energies and orbital interaction energies. Heavier transition metal difluorides showed stronger affinities for H2O, whereas the lighter transition metal (Sc and Ti) difluorides preferred CO2. Overall, the results of this study suggest that fluorides of lighter transition metals with partially filled d orbitals (e.g., Sc and Ti) could be used for CO2 capture under moist conditions.
We studied growth and photosynthesis of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seedlings under two vapor-pressure deficit levels (VPD; 0.4 and 3.0 kPa), two salinity levels (0 mM and 34 mM NaCl), and two CO2 concentrations ([CO2]; 400 and 1,000 μmol mol–1). Relative growth rate (RGR) decreased with increasing VPD, but the causal factor differed between salinity levels and CO2 concentrations. Under ambient [CO2], RGR decreased with increasing VPD at low salinity mainly due to decreased leaf area ratio (LAR), and decreased net assimilation rate (NAR) at high salinity. The decrease in intercellular [CO2] (Ci) with decreasing stomatal conductance caused by high VPD did not significantly limit net photosynthetic rate (PN) at low salinity, but PN was potentially limited by Ci at high salinity. At high [CO2], high VPD reduced LAR, but did not affect NAR. This is because the decrease in Ci occurred where slope of PN–Ci curve was almost flat. 相似文献